方偉林,張正望,張宗云,鄭吉瓊,葉茂飛,錢偉慶,呂堅(jiān)偉
(1.上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬仁濟(jì)醫(yī)院南院,上海 201114;2.復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬華東醫(yī)院,上海 200040)
尿道中段懸吊術(shù)(mid-urethral suspension,MUS)是目前國際公認(rèn)的壓力性尿失禁(stress urinary incontinence,SUI)的一線治療[1-3],包括恥骨后尿道中段懸吊術(shù)(tension-free vaginal tape,TVT)、經(jīng)閉孔后尿道中段懸吊術(shù)(trans-obturater tape,TOT)、從內(nèi)向外經(jīng)閉孔后尿道中段懸吊術(shù)(trans obturater vaginal tape inside-out,TVT-O)等多種術(shù)式,迄今已經(jīng)歷了20年的臨床實(shí)踐[4],以及長達(dá)10年的隨訪[5]。
目前,美國約有2/3的泌尿外科醫(yī)師進(jìn)行過MUS手術(shù),每年的總完成數(shù)量超過10 000例[6],手術(shù)成功率高達(dá)80%~90%[7]。然而,仍有部分患者術(shù)后再次出現(xiàn)SUI癥狀,根據(jù)其癥狀的輕重,甚至需要再次外科干預(yù)治療,這種情況被稱為復(fù)發(fā)性尿失禁(recurrent stress urinary incontinence,rSUI)[8].對rSUI的處理是MUS手術(shù)醫(yī)生的一項(xiàng)重大挑戰(zhàn)。
MUS治療壓力性尿失禁的原理是重新建立尿道背面的支持,將尿道穩(wěn)定在適當(dāng)?shù)慕馄仕?,從而將更多的腹壓傳?dǎo)至尿道。當(dāng)手術(shù)沒能提供足夠的尿道支持,或該支持不能長期維持時,尿失禁就可能復(fù)發(fā)。
復(fù)發(fā)性壓力性尿失禁具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)目前尚未統(tǒng)一,LEE等[9]將rSUI分為癥狀持續(xù)(persistent)和復(fù)發(fā)(recurrent)兩種,其中癥狀持續(xù)是指SUI的癥狀在初次MUS后的6周內(nèi)仍然顯著,而復(fù)發(fā)則是指MUS術(shù)后暫時達(dá)成尿控,在數(shù)月乃至數(shù)年后再次出現(xiàn)SUI癥狀。
我國夏紅等[10]將癥狀持續(xù)定義為:術(shù)后主觀判斷無效,術(shù)后每3個月隨訪 1次,共2次,壓力試驗(yàn)均陽性,癥狀無改善;復(fù)發(fā)的定義則是:術(shù)后主觀判斷治愈或明顯改善,但術(shù)后6個月癥狀重新出現(xiàn)并漸加重至術(shù)前狀態(tài),壓力試驗(yàn)陽性,每 3個月隨訪1次,共2次,癥狀、體征仍與術(shù)前類似。
在診斷rSUI時應(yīng)注意排除以下疾?。耗蚵犯腥尽⑿掳l(fā)的膀胱過度活動癥、排尿障礙、尿道陰道瘺以及尿道憩室[11]。
2.1高齡高齡患者因雌激素減退及生產(chǎn)史等往往存在盆底功能不全、易引發(fā)逼尿肌無力或過度活動、常伴有膀胱有效容量不足以及尿道中段閉合壓降低,以上情況均可能導(dǎo)致MUS手術(shù)的失敗。相對于年輕患者,高齡(>75歲)SUI患者M(jìn)US的成功率明顯較低(79.7%vs.55.7%)[12],術(shù)后相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)病率也更高[13]。
2.2低尿道阻力(ISD/Ⅲ型SUI) 有尿道手術(shù)、子宮全切、盆腔放療、雌激素水平減低等病史的患者易伴有內(nèi)括約肌缺損(intrinsic sphincter deficiency,ISD),表現(xiàn)為最大尿道閉合壓(maximum urethral closure pressure,MUCP)<20 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa)、腹壓漏尿點(diǎn)壓(abdominal leak point pressure,ALPP)<60 cmH2O (1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa)[14]。
PAICK等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn),對于ALPP<60 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa)的患者,其治愈率(82%)要明顯低于ALPP>60 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa)患者(93%),ABDEL-FATTAH等[16]則指出,MUCP<30 cm水柱是MUS手術(shù)失敗的獨(dú)立危險因素。REZAPOUR等[17]的研究證實(shí)尿道靜息壓<10 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa)的SUI患者TVT手術(shù)失敗率顯著升高。
2.3糖尿病糖尿病與包括SUI在內(nèi)的多種下尿路癥狀相關(guān)[18],其可能的機(jī)制包括盆底功能紊亂[19]、糖尿病性膀胱病(dialletic cystopathy,DC)等[20]。DANESHGARI等[21]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病患者復(fù)發(fā)性尿失禁的發(fā)生率較高。
2.4盆腔器官脫垂(pelvicorganprolapse,POP)手術(shù)史POP術(shù)后患者的MUS手術(shù)成功率更低[22],其原因尚無定論,POP伴發(fā)SUI的患者整體盆底功能更差,POP術(shù)中的陰道損傷都是可能的原因[21],LAU等[23]認(rèn)為POP術(shù)后膀胱頸活動度降低,從而影響尿道中段吊帶的控尿機(jī)制。
2.5混合性尿失禁雖然混合型尿失禁并非手術(shù)的禁忌[24],但HOLMGREN[25]和DEBODINANCE等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相對于單純性尿失禁,混合性尿失禁患者行MUS的長期療效更差,這可能與患者為控制癥狀所服用的抗膽堿能藥物相關(guān)[22]。
2.6術(shù)式的選擇根據(jù)報(bào)道,MUS術(shù)后總體的復(fù)發(fā)率約為10%~20%[7]。選用恥骨后或經(jīng)閉孔途徑[27-28],以及經(jīng)閉孔途徑選擇TVT-O或TOT都不影響手術(shù)的最終療效[17,29]。單切口吊帶的有效率在76%~90.6%[30,32],其中,TVT-S(U)的有效率稍高[31],有研究認(rèn)為單切口吊帶的手術(shù)失敗率顯著高于恥骨后途徑[29,33]。
同時,對于伴有ISD的SUI患者,經(jīng)閉孔途徑的MUS可能不如恥骨后途徑有效[34],特別是當(dāng)其MUCP<40 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa)時[35],這或許與TVT吊帶對尿道不僅有支持,還有一定程度的包裹作用相關(guān)。
一旦懷疑患者為rSUI,在對其進(jìn)行任何補(bǔ)救性治療前都必須先進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的評估[36]。
包括排尿日記在內(nèi)的詳細(xì)的病史是必不可少,可以明確患者癥狀,排除急迫性尿失禁。誘發(fā)實(shí)驗(yàn)和尿墊試驗(yàn)則可以評估患者當(dāng)前患者SUI的嚴(yán)重程度。陰道檢查有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)POP,并可同時行盆腔器官脫垂量化測試(pelvic organ prolapse quantification system,POP-Q)。
尿失禁對生活質(zhì)量的影響可以通過不同的調(diào)查問卷,例如,國際尿失禁咨詢簡表(international consultation on incontinence-short form,ICIQ-SF)進(jìn)行評估,這些表的結(jié)果均可作為后續(xù)治療評估指標(biāo)。
尿常規(guī)檢查有助于排除泌尿系感染和腫瘤。殘余尿B超則可以排除充盈性尿失禁,膀胱鏡檢查可以明確是否存在吊帶侵蝕或吊帶異位。術(shù)前尿流動力學(xué)檢查(urodynamic study,UDS)的必要性尚存在爭議,對于伴隨膀胱過度活動(overactive bladder,OAB)癥狀、神經(jīng)性膀胱功能障礙、壓力誘發(fā)試驗(yàn)陰性、存在排尿障礙/大量殘余尿以及Ⅲ期以上的POP的患者可以行UDS。
4.1非手術(shù)方法關(guān)于非手術(shù)方法治療rSUI的研究是極度匱乏的,建議僅當(dāng)rSUI患者受癥狀困擾程度不大[36],或是無法耐受/拒絕行手術(shù)治療時,才考慮采用非手術(shù)方法中的一種或幾種以控制癥狀。
4.2手術(shù)方法
4.2.1再次行MUS術(shù) 對rSUI的患者再次行MUS治療可有61.0%~77.0%的主觀治愈率和63.5%~89.6%的客觀治愈率[37-40],AMAYE-OBU等[41]使用改良的Marlex吊帶獲得了89%的客觀治愈率和96%的主觀治愈率,張耀光等[42]使用恥骨后無張力吊帶手術(shù)的有效率則達(dá)到了92.3%。此外,再次行MUS術(shù)時選擇經(jīng)閉孔或是恥骨后途徑[43]以及術(shù)前是否接受過吊帶松解/切除術(shù)[37]對手術(shù)結(jié)果均無顯著影響。
4.2.2恥骨陰道懸吊術(shù)(pubovaginal sling,PS) 恥骨陰道懸吊術(shù)治療rSUI的療效與MUS類似(83%~92%),但并發(fā)癥的發(fā)病率更高,包括恥骨上疼痛和盆腔膿腫等,住院時間也更長[44-47]。
4.2.3腹腔鏡下Cooper韌帶懸吊術(shù)(Colposuspension,“Burch”surgery) 腹腔鏡下Cooper韌帶懸吊術(shù)治療rSUI的成功率在71%~81.1%[49-51],AMAYE- OBU等[41]發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)腹腔鏡下Cooper韌帶懸吊術(shù)是尿失禁手術(shù)失敗后的第一選擇時,其成功率為81%,作為第2次或第3次手術(shù)嘗試時成功率則下降到25%和0%,因此他們建議避免在腹腔鏡下Cooper韌帶懸吊術(shù)前行其他術(shù)式治療rSUI。
4.2.4尿道旁填充劑注射 如何避免填充劑的流失和移位一直是尿道旁填充劑治療的一大難題,這也導(dǎo)致其治療rSUI的長期療效不佳。JASON等[51]使用碳衣包裹珠的混懸液(Durasphere?)治療rSUI,成功率為40%,LEE等[52]使用硅植入物(Macroplastique?)尿道周圍注射,10月的治愈率則為34.8%,現(xiàn)有報(bào)道中聚丙烯酰胺水凝膠(Bulkamid?)的療效最佳,治療MUS術(shù)后rSUI,12個月時有效率可達(dá)83.6%:對于已經(jīng)復(fù)發(fā)2次的rSUI,13.5個月的有效率也可達(dá)到58.3%[53]。
間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的尿道周圍注射理論上有長期維持療效的可能性,在SU等[54]的研究中治愈率為50%,但隨訪時間只有2.9個月。
4.2.5可調(diào)節(jié)裝置 可調(diào)節(jié)裝置主要分為氣囊和吊帶兩種,其最大優(yōu)勢在于術(shù)后可以根據(jù)療效進(jìn)行多次充盈量/松緊度的調(diào)整,直至達(dá)到最佳尿控。
除了上述優(yōu)點(diǎn),可調(diào)節(jié)氣囊由于環(huán)繞在尿道周圍,因此可以一定程度上替代內(nèi)括約肌的功能,適合于ISD導(dǎo)致的rSUI??烧{(diào)節(jié)氣囊一般在術(shù)后每4~6周調(diào)整1次,直至達(dá)成最佳的尿控,據(jù)報(bào)道可有47%~68%的患者達(dá)到完全尿控,80%~87%的患者癥狀得到改善[55-57]。
可調(diào)節(jié)吊帶可以顯著增加rSUI患者的最大尿流率時逼尿肌壓和MUCP[58],其調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制各不相同,AJUST system? 是一種帶有錨定系統(tǒng)的、可調(diào)節(jié)的單切口吊帶,其治療rSUI的有效率僅有26%[59],可以長期調(diào)節(jié)的Remeex system? 和A.M.I?吊帶有效率則分別達(dá)到了52%[60]和84%[58]。
4.2.6MUS吊帶的再調(diào)整 MUS吊帶再調(diào)整手術(shù)的本質(zhì)都是通過增加吊帶的張力,增大吊帶對尿道的支持作用,從而達(dá)成尿控。其中,通過縫線和固定夾在吊帶兩側(cè)拉緊吊帶方法的治愈率為71.4%[61],中段吊帶的折疊則有65%~73.7%的治愈率和84%~85%的改善率[62-65],但吊帶撕裂是該方法可能的術(shù)中并發(fā)癥之一,一旦發(fā)生,將需要重新行MUS術(shù)[63]。
4.2.7其他 HASSONAH等[66]報(bào)道了腹腔鏡下植入兩組吊帶的方法,相當(dāng)于同時行TVT和TOT,并在腹腔鏡下將吊帶與Cooper韌帶縫在一起,其客觀和主觀治愈率分別可達(dá)到91.7%和79.2%。
補(bǔ)救型螺旋吊帶使用吊帶同時提供尿道支持以及替代內(nèi)括約肌的功能,在15個月的隨訪中有 72%~75.6%的治愈率[67-68]。
使用人工尿道括約肌的研究較少,CHUNG等[69]的研究納入了29名手術(shù)治療SUI失敗的患者,其中5名之前行的是MUS術(shù),最終治愈率為70%。
MUS術(shù)基于DELANCEY[4]提出的吊床理論,試圖通過對中段尿道提供力學(xué)支持,從而修補(bǔ)局部的解剖缺陷,進(jìn)而恢復(fù)原有尿控。然而,良好的控尿是諸多綜合因素的共同作用的結(jié)果,因此,MUS不可能全面應(yīng)付復(fù)雜的控尿障礙,尤其是對于已經(jīng)存在rSUI危險因素的患者來說。
當(dāng)懷疑患者為rSUI后,應(yīng)對患者進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的檢查,以明確診斷并評估癥狀。但是,并沒有研究能建立起具體檢查結(jié)果與rSUI的治療方法之間的聯(lián)系,Cochrane協(xié)作網(wǎng)提出了一個可供參考的rSUI的診療流程(圖1)。
rSUI治療方法的選擇目前尚無定論,出現(xiàn)這一結(jié)果重要原因是:各研究對于rSUI治愈的定義并未達(dá)成一致,比如評價客觀治愈時,有些研究選擇參考誘發(fā)實(shí)驗(yàn)時的尿墊增重,有些則使用尿流動力學(xué)檢查的結(jié)果,這使得各研究間的比較變得極為困難,亟需采用統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的單中心/多中心大樣本隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)[70]。
圖1 Cochrane協(xié)作網(wǎng)提出的復(fù)發(fā)性尿失禁診療流程
總體上,泌尿外科醫(yī)師似乎更趨向于使用TVT,其次是TOT/TVT-O[71],特別是當(dāng)初次失敗的手術(shù)是經(jīng)閉孔吊帶時[72],這可能是由于以下原因:①TVT吊帶與尿道方向所成的角度更銳,對尿道中段的支持更好。②若患者為ISD/Ⅲ型SUI,TVT術(shù)的吊帶可在一定程度上對尿道形成包裹,可能效果更好[34]。③作為補(bǔ)救性的手術(shù),腹腔鏡下Cooper韌帶懸吊術(shù)恥骨陰道懸吊術(shù)的手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷更大,并發(fā)癥也更多。
此外,醫(yī)患的術(shù)前溝通也很重要,PARDEN等[73]發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然rSUI患者行MUS手術(shù)的失敗率是SUI患者的2倍,但其主觀生活質(zhì)量改善度反而優(yōu)于初次手術(shù)的患者。這說明一旦能成功改善癥狀,rSUI患者的生活質(zhì)量提升將非??捎^。因此,rSUI術(shù)前要充分聆聽患者和家屬的意愿,既告知患者任何挽救性方案的成功率必定低于首次手術(shù),也告訴患者進(jìn)行補(bǔ)救性治療的價值所在。
高齡、尿道內(nèi)括約肌缺損、肥胖、盆底脫垂手術(shù)史、混合性尿失禁、糖尿病、不當(dāng)?shù)男g(shù)式選擇均可能提高尿道中段懸吊術(shù)后發(fā)生復(fù)發(fā)性尿失禁的風(fēng)險。一旦懷疑復(fù)發(fā)性尿失禁,應(yīng)當(dāng)對患者行詳細(xì)的檢查及評估;包括MUS、恥骨后膀胱頸懸吊以及尿道旁填充物注射在內(nèi)的多種治療均可作為治療rSUI的手段,術(shù)前應(yīng)尤其注意醫(yī)患溝通。
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