那延立,張城碩,張佳林*
(1.中一東北國際醫(yī)院普通外一科,遼寧 沈陽 110623;2.中國醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院肝膽外科暨器官移植科)
原發(fā)性肝癌是我國最常見的消化系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤之一,2015年我國肝癌新發(fā)病例及死亡病例分別估計為46.6萬人和42.2萬人,位列全部惡性腫瘤第四位和第三位[1]。在原發(fā)性肝癌中,近91.5%為肝細胞癌,因此,不斷深入研究并發(fā)現(xiàn)肝細胞癌重要的分子標志物及關(guān)鍵生物治療靶點,對于提高肝細胞癌綜合療效具有重要的臨床意義。肝細胞癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展是由于基因變異及其表觀遺傳改變共同導致的異質(zhì)性疾病[2]?;蛲蛔?、轉(zhuǎn)位、缺失以及異常擴增等基因變異已被廣泛證實可引起腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展[3]。而表觀遺傳作為一個關(guān)鍵點在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展以及相應的細胞功能上發(fā)揮著重要作用。
微小核糖核酸(microRNAs,miRNAs)是一類長度約為19~23個核苷酸的非編碼小分子RNA,由具有發(fā)夾結(jié)構(gòu)、約70~90個堿基大小的單鏈RNA前體經(jīng)過Dicer酶加工生成,主要通過與 靶 基 因 mRNA 3′非 翻 譯 區(qū)(3′untranslated region,3′UTR)的完全或不完全配對,引起mRNA降解或翻譯抑制,在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平調(diào)節(jié)基因的表達,從而在功能上通過調(diào)控下游基因的表達來調(diào)節(jié)細胞的生物學功能。人類基因中3%的基因可編碼miRNAs,已有超過1 500種miRNAs被預測或證實在細胞功能中發(fā)揮作用[4-5]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNAs在細胞增殖、分化、轉(zhuǎn)移、凋亡、免疫調(diào)節(jié)及腫瘤發(fā)生等方面起著重要作用[6]。Morishita等[7]的研究證實miRNAs可能成為肝細胞癌的生物標志物。本文擬對近些年幾種常見miRNAs在肝細胞癌中的作用進行簡要綜述,以期為今后相關(guān)研究提供經(jīng)驗借鑒與創(chuàng)新思路。
miR-122是一個含有22個核苷酸的非編碼RNA,其在肝臟組織中特異性表達,且占到肝臟miRNAs總量的70%[8]。Chang等[9]通過動態(tài)觀察小鼠肝臟,發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-122在肝臟發(fā)育過程中特異性表達,該研究說明miR-122參與肝臟發(fā)育的變化過程。Deng等[10]研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)適當增加miR-122的表達可通過miR-122-FoxA1-HNF4a正反饋通路調(diào)節(jié)增殖與分化之間的平衡,促進肝臟細胞的分化與成熟。此外,miR-122在肝細胞癌中也發(fā)揮重要作用:研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-122在肝細胞癌組織和細胞中表達下降,其表達水平與腫瘤大小、血管浸潤程度及腫瘤AJCC分期密切相關(guān)。低表達miR-122的肝細胞癌患者其腫瘤更易復發(fā),總生存時間更短。體外相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)過表達miR-122 可 通 過 抑 制 ZEB1/2、Snail1/2、N-cadherin、Vimentin和E-cadherin等蛋白調(diào)控上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)以及通過抑制Wnt/β-catenin通路影響肝細胞癌的生物學行為[11-12]。也有研究通過生物信息學軟件預測,發(fā)現(xiàn)2個與肝臟腫瘤發(fā)生密切相關(guān)的miR-122靶基因cyclin G1基因和N-myc基因[13-14]。有研究利用TAT轉(zhuǎn)導肽表面修飾的MS2噬菌體病毒樣顆粒(bacteriophage virus-like particles,VLPs)作為遞送載體,將其攜帶的miR-122運送到肝細胞癌細胞內(nèi),該載體攜帶的miR-122可明顯地在體外抑制肝細胞癌細胞的增殖、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移,促進細胞的凋亡,明顯降低腫瘤在體內(nèi)的形成[15]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-122通過調(diào)節(jié)cyclin G1影響p53蛋白的穩(wěn)定性和轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,降低肝細胞癌細胞的侵襲力,同時研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在肝細胞癌切除患者中,miR-122水平下降與患者復發(fā)期短相關(guān)[16]。綜上所述,miR-122與肝細胞癌的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),其可能作為肝細胞癌治療靶點,在未來的肝細胞癌治療中發(fā)揮作用。
miR-101是一個抑癌基因,miR-101在肝細胞癌組織及細胞中表達下降,其可通過調(diào)節(jié)下游靶基因發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)抗凋亡BCL-2家族中MCL-1為miR-101靶基因[17]。Cao等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-101通過靶基因Girdin抑制肝細胞癌增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移等生物學行為。Sheng等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)乙肝病毒通過抑制miR-101啟動子活性而降低miR-101表達,下調(diào)miR-101可通過其靶基因Rab5a的異?;罨龠M肝細胞癌的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移。此外,Wei等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與正常癌旁組織相比,miR-101在乙肝病毒相關(guān)性肝細胞癌組織中表達下降,其在肝細胞癌的表達情況與DNMT3A呈負相關(guān),在肝細胞癌發(fā)生過程中,下調(diào)miR-101可增加DNMT3A的表達,誘導細胞異常甲基化。Xu等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-101通過直接作用于EZH2抑制肝細胞癌細胞的進展,并增加細胞對化療藥物的敏感性。Shen等[22]研究則證實miR-101通過調(diào)節(jié)異常表達的NLK活性而發(fā)揮抑癌作用。有報道稱自噬可以促進病毒復制,而miR-101可以通過抑制自噬來抑制病毒的復制。Xu等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-101在肝細胞癌HepG2細胞中可以通過調(diào)節(jié)RAB5A、STMN和ATG4D等基因表達抑制細胞自噬。Li等[24]利用TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫對353例肝細胞癌患者miR-101表達水平進行分析,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤組織中miR-101低表達可作為肝細胞癌診斷和預后評估的重要標志物,其低表達與腫瘤分化差、分期晚、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及AFP值高密切相關(guān)。綜上所述,目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-101不但可以作為監(jiān)測肝細胞癌進展的分子標記物,還可作為肝細胞癌潛在預后評估及靶向治療的作用位點。
miR-124是一種在腦組織中豐富表達的miRNAs,其在原腸胚形成及神經(jīng)發(fā)育過程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用[25]。在肝細胞癌中,F(xiàn)uruta等[26]研究首次證實miR-124為抑癌miRNAs,其在肝細胞癌形成過程中表達沉默。Xu等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-124在肝細胞癌組織和細胞中表達下降,降低肝細胞癌細胞miR-124的表達可以促進其啟動子甲基化;過表達miR-124可以抑制細胞體內(nèi)外增殖,其可通過抑制靶基因CASC3進而抑制MAPK通路來影響腫瘤的生物學行為。Zheng等[28]研究證實過表達miR-124可以通過調(diào)控EMT及靶基因ROCK2和EZH2抑制肝細胞癌細胞在體外的遷移和侵襲能力,在體內(nèi)可以抑制腫瘤的肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移及肺轉(zhuǎn)移,該結(jié)果說明miR-124可抑制肝細胞癌細胞的轉(zhuǎn)移。進一步研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-124在肝細胞癌組織及細胞中表達均下降,miR-124表達降低往往與肝細胞癌患者病情進展快及預后差密切相關(guān)。Wu等[29]研究指出miR-124在肝細胞癌中低表達,其可通過下游靶基因KLF4的激活來影響腫瘤進展。Lang等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-124通過抑制靶基因PIK3CA的表達進而抑制腫瘤形成。Lu等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-124在肝細胞癌中通過靶向抑制STAT3的表達進而發(fā)揮抑癌基因作用。以上結(jié)果表明miR-124通過與靶基因結(jié)合從而抑制肝細胞癌的發(fā)生與發(fā)展,miR-124在調(diào)節(jié)肝細胞癌侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移等分子機制中發(fā)揮重要作用,可作為評價預后及分子治療的關(guān)鍵miRNAs。
let-7家族共含有13個成員,位于人類9號染色體中,其首先在秀麗隱桿線蟲中被發(fā)現(xiàn),且其功能在人和蠕蟲中相對保守[32]。最近,很多研究確認let-7在肝細胞形成過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。Zhu等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)let-7在肝細胞癌組織中表達下降,其低表達與組織低分化密切相關(guān)。Xue等[34]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)增加let-7表達可通過調(diào)控靶基因STAT3增加肝細胞癌細胞對化療藥物的敏感性。Shimizu等[35]通過芯片分析發(fā)現(xiàn)let-7負性調(diào)節(jié)Bcl-xL基因的表達并可通過靶向干擾Mcl-1基因表達誘導肝細胞癌細胞凋亡。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)let-7g可通過COL1A2進而抑制肝細胞癌的轉(zhuǎn)移[36],let-7含有的包括DNA復制、凋亡及細胞分化等功能產(chǎn)生一種綜合的抑制肝細胞癌進展的效應。因此,在let-7缺失的肝細胞癌細胞中增加let-7的表達是未來肝細胞癌治療的一種可行方式。
Li等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血清miR-221的表達水平與腫瘤大小、肝硬化程度及腫瘤分期密切相關(guān);Kaplan-Meier生存分析發(fā)現(xiàn)高miR-221表達組的總體生存時間明顯低于低miR-221表達組,說明肝細胞癌患者血清miR-221表達水平可為預后評估提供一種手段。miR-221在腫瘤發(fā)生中的促進作用可能是由于miR-221可靶向干擾某些抑癌基因。miR-221是高侵襲性肝細胞癌中主要上調(diào)的miRNAs之一,miR-221可靶向調(diào)控抑癌基因CDKN1C/p57、 CDKN1B/p27、 PTEN、DDIT4 和Caspase-3等表達[38-40]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在移植肝細胞癌小鼠模型中抑制miR-221的表達可改善小鼠生存,說明該靶點可能改善進展期肝細胞癌患者的預后[41]。最近有研究利用轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白標記的負電荷脂質(zhì)體給藥系統(tǒng)將反義寡核苷酸antimiR-221轉(zhuǎn)入肝細胞癌細胞中,其可更加有效地抑制腫瘤細胞內(nèi)miR-221的水平,增加PTEN等抑癌基因的表達[42]。鑒于此,使用miR-221抑制劑或許可以成為將來治療肝細胞癌的有效手段之一。
miR-21的異常表達是通過人膠質(zhì)母細胞瘤miRNAs芯片篩查首次發(fā)現(xiàn)的[43]。與腫瘤癌旁組織及正常細胞系相比,miR-21在肝細胞癌組織及肝細胞癌細胞系中表達上調(diào)[44]。Meng等[45]通過miRNAs芯片也發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-21在肝細胞癌組織及細胞系中過表達。miR-21的表達上調(diào)與腫瘤增殖、遷移及浸潤能力密切相關(guān),上調(diào)miR-21可能導致抗腫瘤蛋白表達的降低,最終促進肝細胞癌的發(fā)生;抑制miR-21在肝細胞癌中的表達可增加抑癌基因PTEN、PDCD4等表達,抑制細胞增殖、遷移及浸潤能力[46]。在人類及鼠肝細胞癌細胞系中,特異性沉默miR-21的核苷酸類似物可降低肝細胞癌細胞的增殖及克隆形成能力[47]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著沉默miR-21的核苷酸類似物可作為肝細胞癌大有前景的治療途徑。
近年來,外泌體miRNAs日益成為最受關(guān)注的一類可能作為腫瘤診斷、預后評估及靶向精準治療的生物分子,這是由于脂質(zhì)的包裹作用使得外泌體不易被RNA酶降解從而能穩(wěn)定存在于細胞外液中,但目前相關(guān)研究尚處在起步階段,其轉(zhuǎn)化價值尚需時日加以評估。此外,雖然部分miRNAs已發(fā)展為肝細胞癌等疾病潛在的重要分子標志物與治療靶點[6,16],但目前的研究大多局限于尋找肝細胞癌組織與正常組織中差異表達的miRNAs,進而研究其功能,卻往往忽視了探尋導致這些miRNAs異常表達的原因。如果能更進一步闡明肝細胞癌中miRNAs變化的具體機制,將其作為靶點來逆轉(zhuǎn),那么可能將會為肝細胞癌的臨床治療提供一種全新的思路。
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