文/王雪芃

○姜子牙雕像。圖／姜仁東The statue of Jiang Ziya

傳承千年的文明之火賦予了中國異彩紛呈的傳統(tǒng)文化，山東更是許多優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的發(fā)源地。這片人杰地靈的土地之所以被稱為“齊魯大地”，是因孕育出儒學的魯文化與開放靈活的齊文化相融合，并共同凝結成山東人的文化基因。

齊文化的起源要追溯到公元前1044年。那時的中國漸漸陷入各方勢力割據(jù)時期，姜太公受封于齊地，也就是今天山東東北部地區(qū)。姜太公在這里行富民強國之政走務實發(fā)展、因時而變的道路。由于臨近海洋，自然資源優(yōu)渥，這里的人依靠海上資源煮鹽墾田，生活很快富裕起來，使齊國迅速成為“春秋五霸之首”，在當時被稱為“海王之國”。

變革、開放、務實、包容被認為是齊文化的精髓。姜太公立國不拘禮數(shù)“因俗簡禮”；名相管仲在其后推行了一系列政治、軍事、經(jīng)濟的創(chuàng)新改革措施；后來田氏代替姜氏統(tǒng)治時，吸收各國之所長，重用人才、變法革新、富國強兵。

富裕繁華的經(jīng)濟基礎、開放多元的施政策略讓富裕起來的“齊人”形成了恣意瀟灑的精神氣質和文化風俗，并孕育出特色鮮明的稷下之學、齊商文化、蹴鞠文化、陶瓷文化、聊齋文化。

智慧的盛宴

誕生于齊地的稷下學宮，可以說是世界上第一所由官方舉辦的特殊形式的高等學府。當時的掌政者有目的、有計劃、有組織地收羅和培養(yǎng)了一大批有識之士。

當時，凡到稷下學宮的文人學者，無論其學術派別、思想觀點、政治傾向，以及國別、年齡、資歷等如何，都可以自由發(fā)表自己的學術見解，從而使稷下學宮成為當時各學派薈萃的中心。這些學者們互相辯論，修正吸收他人觀點，形成一派“百家爭鳴”的景象，許多影響中國后世的哲學文化由此濫觴?？鬃釉诖寺勆貫橹叭露恢馕丁?；荀子在稷下學宮寫成《勸學篇》；孟子旅居于此長達約20年之久……

更為可貴的是，當時齊國統(tǒng)治者對待這些學者態(tài)度十分尊敬，賜予他們爵位和俸養(yǎng)，允許他們議論國事。因此，稷下學宮創(chuàng)立具有學術和政治的雙重性質，為后世中華文明的燦爛輝煌奠定了深厚悠遠的思想文化基礎。

足球運動的起源

2004年，國際足聯(lián)將中國古代蹴鞠認定為足球的起源，這項在中國流傳了2000多年的傳統(tǒng)體育運動項目，與風靡世界的現(xiàn)代足球同出一源。

蹴鞠起源于2300多年前的古代中國，那時的文獻中已有關于訓練蹴鞠的記載。在最開始，這是一項用來鍛煉士兵體格的訓練。后來，為了訓練士兵的對抗能力，蹴鞠漸漸發(fā)展為分兩組對抗，每組各有一處球門，并允許雙方發(fā)生肢體沖突。有趣的是，這個時期蹴鞠已經(jīng)有腳踢、膝頂、雙腿齊飛、單腳停鞠、躍起后勾球等技術動作。由于這項訓練能讓戰(zhàn)士保持良好的體力和情緒，也豐富了軍中生活，因此大受歡迎。

○復原的蹴鞠制作工藝。圖／劉富國Recovering the craftsmanship of Cuju.

這項運動在流傳了將近千年后，在中國唐代、宋代迎來了最為鼎盛的時期。隨著制球工藝的提高，空心球被普及，蹴鞠也演變?yōu)樯现粱始屹F族下到平民百姓都喜愛的嬉戲活動，甚至當時的中國皇帝也與官員一起下場踢球，球隊中每位隊員開始有了分工和明確的位置。

到了現(xiàn)代，中國人或許是繼承了民族文化傳承中對蹴鞠的喜好，癡迷現(xiàn)代足球的“球迷”大有人在。而臨淄作為足球的發(fā)源地，也一直在挖掘和發(fā)揚蹴鞠文化，將其當成城市的一張名片，介紹給更多對足球運動感興趣的人。

在齊文化的影響下，山東人養(yǎng)成了熱情誠實的品格。歷史的車輪滾滾向前。齊文化以其深厚的底蘊、悠久的歷史、豐富的內(nèi)容、鮮明的特點不僅影響了中國整個早期文化的形成和發(fā)展，其中崇尚改革、注重經(jīng)濟、重視科教、倡導勤儉持政等許多優(yōu)秀內(nèi)涵，時至今日仍有強大的輻射力，在政治、經(jīng)濟、軍事、哲學、文化、民俗等各個領域，對今日的山東乃至中國具有良多啟迪和借鑒意義。

編輯/王天宇

The torch of civilization that has been passed down for millennia has endowed China with colorful traditional cultures. Shandong is the cradle of many excellent traditional cultures. The land of great talents is known as the “Land of Qilu”,because the Lu culture breeding Confucianism and the open yet fl exible Qi culture integrated with each other and jointly formed the cultural gene of the Shandong people.

The origin of Qi culture can be traced back to 1044 BC. In those years,China gradually fell into a period of fragmented feudal lords. Jiang Ziya was feoffed with the land of Qi, that is Northeastern Shandong, where, he implemented a policy of enriching the people and strengthening the country, and took the road of practical development and adapting to the times.As the land of Qi was adjacent to the sea and owned superior natural resources,the natives soon became affluent by boiling salt and tilling the land in reliance upon sea resources, and so enabled the State of Qi to become the“Top 1 among the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period”, known as the “State of the King of Sea”.

Reform, openness, pragmatism and inclusiveness are considered as the quintessence of Qi culture. When founding a state, Jiang Ziya “simplif i ed etiquette due to customs”; later,Chancellor Guan Zhong implemented a series of innovation and reform policies concerning politics, military matters and economy; afterwards,when the Tian family became the ruler of Qi, replacing the Jiang family, they absorbed the strengths of other states,attached importance to talents and carried out political reforms to enrich the state and strengthen its military power.

With an affluent and prosperous economic foundation as well as open and diversified policies, the wealthy“Qi people” not only developed an unrestrained spiritual temperament and cultural customs, but also established the distinctive Jixia Academy, Qi merchant culture, Cuju culture, ceramic culture and Liaozhai culture.

○考古出土的文物彰顯著中國的傳統(tǒng)美學。圖／何延海The excavated historical relic displays the traditional aesthetics of China.

Feast of Wisdom

Jixia Academy established on the land of Qi can be counted as the world’s first special higher learning institution organized by the official government. In that period, the people in power recruited and trained a large number of farsighted personages in a purposeful,planned and organized manner. Any scholars in Jixia Academy, regardless of their academic schools, thoughts& viewpoints, political tendencies, as well as states, age, qualifications, and the like, could be free to express their academic opinions, thereby, enabling Jixia Academy to become the center for various schools of thought. Those scholars debated with one another,modified and absorbed others’ views,and formed the scene of “contention of a hundred schools of thought”.Then, many philosophies and cultures influencing the later generations of China began to be generated.Confucius heard the amazing music“Shao” here, and “did not know the taste of fl esh for three months”; Xunzi wrote An Exhortation to Study in Jixia Academy; Mencius resided here for about 20 years…

More importantly, the rulers of the State of Qi held those scholars in high esteem, offered them titles of nobility and official salary, and allowed them to discuss state affairs.Therefore, Jixia Academy had both academic and political natures, and laid a profound and far-reaching ideological and cultural foundation for the glory and resplendency of the Chinese civilization.

Origin of Football

In 2004, FIFA recognized Cuju of ancient China as the origin of football.The traditional sport that had been passed down in China for more than 2,000 years shares the same origin with modern football as it prevails worldwide.

○蹴鞠表演。圖／崔立來Cuju performance

Cuju originated in ancient China 2,300 years ago. The information of Cuju training is recorded in some historical texts in that period. In the beginning, it was a drill for building up soldiers’ physiques. Later, to train soldiers’ resistance capability,Cuju gradually developed into a confrontation between two teams,each of which had a goalmouth, and allowed the two teams to have physical contact. The interesting thing is that Cuju in that period had such technical motions as kicking, kneeing, kicking with both legs, stopping the ball with a single leg and kicking the ball after jumping up. As the training enabled soldiers to maintain good strength and spirit, and enriched their military life,it enjoyed great popularity.

Nearly a thousand years later,the sport ushered in its heyday in the Tang and Song Dynasties. With the improvement of ball manufacturing process, a hollow ball was popularized,and Cuju evolved into a game that was popular with both the royal families and civilians. Moreover, the Chinese emperors and officials also played Cuju. All members of the team began to have a division of work and specif i c positions.

In the modern era, the Chinese people naturally inherited the fondness of Cuju in the national tradition. There are a lot of modern“football fans”. Linzi, as the birthplace of football, has always been exploring and carrying forward the Cuju culture,and introducing it as an image icon of the city to more people who are interested in football.

Inf l uenced by the Qi culture, the Shandong people have developed a character of zeal and honesty. With profound deposits, long history, rich contents and distinct features, the Qi culture influenced the formation and development of culture in early China; in addition, many excellent connotations concerning advocating reforms, laying stress on economy,valuing science and education,upholding governance with diligence and thriftiness, and so forth, still have powerful radiation today, and give much enlightenment and reference significance to contemporary Shandong and China in the fields of politics, economy, military matters,philosophy, culture, folk customs, and much else.