田德瑞,吳 奎,張如才,潘文靜,王 鑫
(中海石油(中國(guó))有限公司 天津分公司,天津 300459)
遼東灣坳陷是渤海灣盆地下遼河坳陷在海域的延伸部分,是一個(gè)NE走向的狹長(zhǎng)構(gòu)造帶,共劃分為“三凹兩凸”5個(gè)次級(jí)構(gòu)造單元(圖1),自西向東依次為遼西凹陷、遼西凸起、遼中凹陷、遼東凸起和遼東凹陷,各構(gòu)造單元呈NE-SW向平行展布[1]。遼東灣坳陷的油氣勘探始于20世紀(jì)60年代早期[2-4],截止到目前,共發(fā)現(xiàn)三級(jí)石油地質(zhì)儲(chǔ)量超過14億噸,天然氣600多億方。隨著勘探程度不斷提高,遼西凸起上的大部分構(gòu)造圈閉均已鉆探,下一步的勘探方向需逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向斜坡帶和洼陷中心。
圖1 渤海灣盆地遼西凸起北段錦州20油田區(qū)域位置Fig.1 Regional location of the JZ20 oil field on the northern margin of Liaoxi Uplift,Bohai Bay Basin
近十年的油氣勘探證實(shí),遼西凹陷和遼中凹陷是2個(gè)富生烴凹陷。錦州20油田位于遼西凸起北傾末端,緊鄰兩大富烴凹陷,具有雙洼供烴的優(yōu)勢(shì)。前人曾對(duì)遼東灣地區(qū)發(fā)育的烴源巖和主要油田的油源進(jìn)行了大量分析[5-6],但針對(duì)錦州20油田原油的地球化學(xué)特征的研究較少,且針對(duì)該油田的油源問題缺乏系統(tǒng)的研究,極大地制約著該區(qū)下一步的油氣勘探進(jìn)程。本文通過對(duì)錦州20油田已鉆五口探井的原油地球化學(xué)特征分析,結(jié)合遼西凹陷和遼中凹陷沙河街組和東營(yíng)組烴源巖的有機(jī)地球化學(xué)特征,分析了錦州20油田原油母質(zhì)的形成環(huán)境和成熟度,進(jìn)行油源對(duì)比,以期為遼西凸起北段及圍區(qū)斜坡帶的油氣勘探提供參考。
錦州20油田位于渤海灣盆地遼東灣坳陷遼西凸起北傾末端,是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的斷塊型圈閉,構(gòu)造整體呈NE-SW走向。目前,錦州20油田已鉆探五口探井,主要鉆遇了古近系、新近系和第四系。古近系自下而上主要包括沙河街組三段、沙河街組二段、沙河街組一段、東營(yíng)組三段、東營(yíng)組二段下亞段、東營(yíng)組二段上亞段和東營(yíng)組一段。沙河街組三段主要為淺湖—半深湖相泥巖沉積,是遼東灣地區(qū)的主力烴源巖。沙河街組二段主要為扇三角洲相和湖相交互沉積,主要為砂巖夾泥巖和生屑灰?guī)r,是主要的儲(chǔ)集層。沙河街組一段以淺湖相泥巖沉積為主,是該區(qū)發(fā)育的一套非常重要的烴源巖。東營(yíng)組三段主要為淺湖—半深湖相泥巖沉積,也是本區(qū)的一套重要烴源巖[7]。現(xiàn)今,錦州20油田的原油主要分布在古近系沙河街組二段中,此外在東營(yíng)組二段下亞段也有少量分布。本區(qū)東營(yíng)組發(fā)育大套湖相超壓泥巖,分布廣且厚度大,為油氣的保存提供了較好的區(qū)域蓋層。
錦州20油田的原油主要儲(chǔ)層是沙河街組二段(以下簡(jiǎn)稱沙二段),其中JZ20-3a井在東營(yíng)組二段下亞段(以下簡(jiǎn)稱東二下亞段)中也有少量原油分布。分析顯示,原油密度為0.75~0.85 g/cm3、黏度為0.77~6.76 mPa·s,為輕質(zhì)油;原油含硫量為0.01%~0.06%,為低硫原油。
原油的族組成與母質(zhì)成因具有相關(guān)性[8-9],不同類型烴源巖生成的原油具有不同的族組成。錦州20油田沙二段(Es2)原油具有飽和烴含量相對(duì)較高、非烴和瀝青質(zhì)的含量較低的特征(表1)。其中,JZ20-2a、JZ20-3a和JZ20-4a三口井飽和烴含量均大于70.0%,非烴和瀝青質(zhì)含量約為5.5%~11.97%;JZ20-1a飽和烴含量略低,為59.29%,芳烴含量19.76%,非烴和瀝青質(zhì)含量為18.81%。由原油族組成特征分析認(rèn)為,沙二段原油具有相似的母質(zhì)來源。
表1 遼西凸起錦州20油田原油族組分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)Table 1 Group composition data of crude oil in JZ20 oil field, Liaoxi Uplift
2.3.1 鏈烷烴
根據(jù)錦州20油田原油中類異戊二烯烷烴之間的相對(duì)豐度分析顯示,姥鮫烷略占優(yōu)勢(shì),植烷含量相對(duì)較低。姥鮫烷/植烷值(Pr/Ph)是判斷有機(jī)質(zhì)來源和沉積環(huán)境最常用的參數(shù)之一[10-14],可應(yīng)用于油源對(duì)比研究。前人通過對(duì)渤海海域的研究認(rèn)為低Pr/Ph(小于1)指示缺氧環(huán)境,通常為高鹽度或者碳酸鹽巖沉積環(huán)境;高Pr/Ph(大于3)指示有陸源有機(jī)質(zhì)輸入的富氧環(huán)境,Pr/Ph介于1和3之間指示低氧環(huán)境[15-17]。錦州20油田原油Pr/Ph值介于1.0~1.5之間(表2),姥鮫烷和植烷的分布差異較小,以姥鮫烷略占優(yōu)勢(shì)為特征,指示生油母質(zhì)形成于還原—弱還原的低氧沉積環(huán)境。原油中的Pr/nC17值和Ph/nC18值常用來研究生烴母質(zhì)類型、烴源巖沉積環(huán)境和原油成熟度[18-20]。Pr/nC17與Ph/nC18交會(huì)圖也反映出錦州20油田的原油母質(zhì)來源相似,均為混合型(圖2)。
錦州20油田原油的飽和烴色譜特征差異較小,均呈單峰正態(tài)分布,峰型完整,以C17-C23為主峰,說明有機(jī)質(zhì)母質(zhì)類型以低等水生生物為主,且原油未遭受明顯生物降解。正構(gòu)烷烴奇偶優(yōu)勢(shì)不明顯,CPI值在1.10~1.14,OEP值在1.08~1.09(表2)。
2.3.2 萜烷類化合物
錦州20油田沙二段原油伽馬蠟烷指數(shù)均較高,分布于0.32~0.46,而東二下亞段(Ed2下)原油伽馬蠟烷指數(shù)僅為0.11(表3),說明形成沙二段和東二下亞段原油的有機(jī)質(zhì)沉積環(huán)境不同。大量的伽馬蠟烷常常指示烴源巖沉積時(shí)分層水體的存在[21],一般為高鹽度分層水體的表征[15,22-26]。伽馬蠟烷指數(shù)的差異反映了生成沙二段原油的烴源巖形成于半咸水—咸水環(huán)境,而東二下亞段原油的烴源巖為淡水環(huán)境。此外,根據(jù)前人對(duì)遼東灣地區(qū)烴源巖的研究[5],長(zhǎng)鏈三環(huán)萜烷比值(ETR)在湖泊沉積環(huán)境中可以作為反映沉積介質(zhì)條件的有效指標(biāo)。沙二段原油ETR分布于0.37~0.55,平均為0.48,東二下亞段原油ETR較低(0.25),反映沙二段原油的生烴母質(zhì)為半咸水—咸水環(huán)境;而東二下原油的生烴母質(zhì)為淡水環(huán)境,這與伽馬蠟烷指數(shù)所反映的烴源巖水體環(huán)境是一致的。
圖2 遼西凸起錦州20油田原油中Pr/nC17和Ph/nC18值相關(guān)圖
沙二段原油的Ts/Tm分布于1.24~1.72,平均為1.51,東二下亞段原油Ts/Tm為1.0(表3),說明沙二段原油成熟度略高。沙二段原油C19/C23三環(huán)萜烷(C19TT/C23TT)和C24四環(huán)萜烷/C26三環(huán)萜烷(C24Tet/C26TT)含量總體較低,分別為0.09~0.20和0.35~0.45,而東二下亞段原油C19TT/C23TT和C24Tet/C26TT含量較高,分別為0.30和2.81(表3),說明東二下亞段原油的生烴母質(zhì)具有相對(duì)較多的陸源有機(jī)質(zhì)的貢獻(xiàn),兩者可能具有不同的物質(zhì)來源。
2.3.3 甾烷類化合物
前人研究證實(shí),甾烷異構(gòu)化參數(shù)可以用來反映原油的成熟度[22,27-30]。黃第藩等[31]研究認(rèn)為,C2920S/(20S+20R)和C29ββ/(αα+ββ)在0.25以下為未熟油,0.25~0.4為低熟油,大于0.4為成熟油。
表2 遼西凸起錦州20油田原油全烴氣相色譜數(shù)據(jù)Table 2 Gas chromatography data of crude oil in JZ20 oil field, Liaoxi Uplift
表3 遼西凸起錦州20油田原油及遼東灣地區(qū)不同層位烴源巖地球化學(xué)參數(shù)Table 3 Geochemical parameters of crude oil in JZ20 oil field in Liaoxi Uplift and source rocks in different layers in the Liaodong Bay area
注:TT.三環(huán)萜烷;Tet.四環(huán)萜烷;Ga/C30H.伽馬蠟烷/αβC30霍烷;4-MSI.4-甲基甾烷/C29甾烷;ETR.長(zhǎng)鏈三環(huán)萜烷比值。
錦州20油田原油C2920S/(20S+20R)為0.26~0.36,C29ββ/(αα+ββ)為0.35~0.39,均屬于低成熟原油(圖3),且東二下亞段原油成熟度低于沙二段原油(表3)。
沙二段和東二下亞段原油規(guī)則甾烷差異不大,總體上以C27占優(yōu)勢(shì)為特征,C28和C29含量相對(duì)較少,其形態(tài)呈L形或不對(duì)稱V形分布,說明有機(jī)質(zhì)母源以浮游植物為主,同時(shí)存在高等植物的貢獻(xiàn)[32-33](表3,圖4)。
根據(jù)前人對(duì)渤海灣盆地的研究,4-甲基甾烷與渤海藻和副渤海藻等溝鞭藻類的勃發(fā)有關(guān)[12]。錦州20油田原油均含有一定數(shù)量的4-甲基甾烷,沙二段原油的4-甲基甾烷指數(shù)(0.23~0.39)略高于東二下亞段原油(0.20),反映沙二段原油的原始沉積母質(zhì)具有相對(duì)較多的溝鞭藻類的貢獻(xiàn)(表3)。
圖3 遼西凸起錦州20油田原油中C29 20S/(20S+20R)甾烷與C29ββ/(αα+ββ) 甾烷值相關(guān)圖Fig.3 Correlation of C29 20S/(20S+20R) vs. C29ββ/(αα+ββ) ratios of crude oil in JZ20 oil field, Liaoxi Uplift
黃第藩等[31,34]曾利用C29甾烷研究油氣運(yùn)移現(xiàn)象,由于異膽甾烷(C29ββR)的運(yùn)移能力高于正常膽甾烷(C29ααR),故隨著運(yùn)移效應(yīng)的增加,C29ββR/ααR比值會(huì)顯著增加。研究區(qū)錦州20油田原油的C29ααS/R和C29ββR/ααR分別為0.35~0.57和0.46~0.60(表3),還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)未達(dá)到異構(gòu)化的終點(diǎn)(圖5),沒有表現(xiàn)出明顯的運(yùn)移效應(yīng),推測(cè)錦州20油田原油應(yīng)該來源于圍區(qū)附近烴源巖的貢獻(xiàn)。
根據(jù)前人對(duì)遼東灣地區(qū)已發(fā)現(xiàn)油氣田的油氣來源分析表明,遼西凹陷主要發(fā)育沙三段和沙一段2套烴源巖,遼中凹陷發(fā)育沙三段、沙一段和東三段3套烴源巖[5-6,35-36]。
遼東灣地區(qū)3套烴源巖的有機(jī)質(zhì)豐度(TOC)、生烴潛力(S1+S2)和氫指數(shù)(IH)差異較大,體現(xiàn)了烴源巖時(shí)空分布具有較強(qiáng)的非均質(zhì)性[37-38]。通過對(duì)遼東灣地區(qū)1 000多個(gè)烴源巖樣品熱解分析結(jié)果的統(tǒng)計(jì)可知(表4),沙三段TOC平均為1.79%,最大可達(dá)8.88%,生烴潛力平均為8.52 mg/g;沙一段TOC平均為1.85%,最大可達(dá)5.62%,生烴潛力平均為9.90 mg/g;東三段TOC平均為1.53%,最大可達(dá)4.74%,生烴潛力平均為5.84 mg/g。沙三段和沙一段以好烴源巖為主,有機(jī)碳含量整體較高;東三段以中等—好烴源巖為主,有機(jī)碳含量較沙三段和沙一段略低(圖6)。
圖4 遼西凸起錦州20油田原油m/z191,m/z217和m/z245質(zhì)量色譜特征Fig.4 Mass chromatogram of m/z191, m/z217 and m/z245 of crude oil in JZ20 oil field, Liaoxi Uplift
圖5 遼西凸起錦州20油田原油中C29ααS/R甾烷與C29ββR/ααR甾烷值相關(guān)圖Fig.5 Correlation of C29ααS/R vs. C29ββR/ααR ratios of crude oil in JZ20 oil field, Liaoxi Uplift
已有研究表明[6,39],遼東灣地區(qū)烴源巖干酪根總體以Ⅱ型為主,其中沙三段主要為Ⅱ型,少量Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型,沙一段以Ⅰ和Ⅱ型為主,東三段以Ⅱ和Ⅲ型為主。
表4 遼東灣地區(qū)烴源巖評(píng)價(jià)數(shù)據(jù)Table 4 Evaluation of source rocks in the Liaodong Bay area
注:數(shù)值分別為測(cè)量值范圍和平均值,括號(hào)內(nèi)為樣本個(gè)數(shù)。
圖6 遼東灣地區(qū)烴源巖有機(jī)質(zhì)豐度與生烴潛力的關(guān)系Fig.6 Relationship between organic carbon abundance and hydrocarbon potential of source rocks in the Liaodong Bay area
由于烴源巖母質(zhì)類型和沉積環(huán)境的不同,3套烴源巖具有各自不同的生物標(biāo)志物組合[5,39-40]。沙三段烴源巖總體表現(xiàn)為低—中等Pr/Ph,低—中等C19TT/C23TT和C24Tet/C26TT、低伽馬蠟烷指數(shù)和高4-甲基甾烷指數(shù),指示陸源有機(jī)質(zhì)輸入較少、富溝鞭藻和弱氧化—弱還原的淡水沉積環(huán)境(圖7a)。沙一段烴源巖總體表現(xiàn)為低Pr/Ph,低C19TT/C23TT和 C24Tet/C26TT,高伽馬蠟烷指數(shù)和低—中等4-甲基甾烷指數(shù),指示陸源有機(jī)質(zhì)輸入較少、低—中等溝鞭藻和還原的咸水沉積環(huán)境(圖7b)。東三段烴源巖總體表現(xiàn)為低—中等Pr/Ph,中等—高C19TT/C23TT和C24Tet/C26TT,低伽馬蠟烷指數(shù)和低4-甲基甾烷指數(shù),指示陸源有機(jī)質(zhì)輸入較多、貧溝鞭藻和弱氧化—弱還原的淡水沉積環(huán)境(圖7c)。
根據(jù)飽和烴和芳烴色譜質(zhì)譜分析結(jié)果,錦州20油田沙二段原油表現(xiàn)為低C19TT/C23TT、低—中等C24Tet/C26TT、中等伽馬蠟烷、中等—高4-甲基甾烷、中等C294-甲基-24-乙基三芳甾烷和中等—高C294,23,24三甲基三芳甾烷(表3,圖7)。從原油與烴源巖的生物標(biāo)志化合物參數(shù)對(duì)比(圖8)中可以看出,沙二段原油與遼西凹陷沙三段和沙一段烴源巖具有很好的相關(guān)性,而與遼中凹陷東三段烴源巖對(duì)比性較差。東二下亞段原油表現(xiàn)為中等C19TT/C23TT、高C24Tet/C26TT、低伽馬蠟烷、低—中等4-甲基甾烷、低C294-甲基-24-乙基三芳甾烷和中等—高C294,23,24三甲基三芳甾烷(表3,圖7),具有遼西凹陷沙三段和遼中凹陷東三段烴源巖混合供烴的特征(圖8)。
圖7 遼東灣地區(qū)不同層位烴源巖m/z191、m/z217和m/z245質(zhì)量色譜特征Fig.7 Mass chromatogram of m/z191, m/z217 and m/z245 of source rocks in different layers in the Liaodong Bay area
圖8 遼西凸起錦州20油田原油與不同層位烴源巖生物標(biāo)志化合物參數(shù)相關(guān)圖Fig.8 Correlation of biomarker parameter between crude oils in JZ20 oil field and source rocks in different layers in the Liaoxi Uplift
(1)錦州20油田原油屬于低硫、輕質(zhì)低成熟原油,未遭受明顯生物降解。
(2)生成原油的烴源巖主要形成于還原—弱還原條件下的微咸水—咸水環(huán)境,沙河街組原油母質(zhì)陸源有機(jī)質(zhì)輸入較少,東營(yíng)組原油母質(zhì)陸源有機(jī)質(zhì)輸入較多。
(3)錦州20油田沙二段原油主要來源于遼西凹陷沙三段和沙一段烴源巖的貢獻(xiàn)。東二下亞段原油具有雙洼混源的特征,除來源于遼西凹陷沙三段烴源巖外,還有遼中凹陷東三段烴源巖的貢獻(xiàn)。
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