卓 琳 蔡卿卿 劉丁陽 汪秀英
(新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院2015級5班,河南 新鄉(xiāng) 453003)
慢性腎臟病(CKD)的早期的檢測和預(yù)防是全球的迫切需求。但CKD的病因研究仍然沒有突破。2002年以后,不同地區(qū)、種族、特征的人群CKD流行病學(xué)研究不斷涌現(xiàn),針對CKD患病率的系統(tǒng)綜述陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)〔1~3〕。這3個研究雖然明確了CKD的高患病率,但是數(shù)據(jù)異質(zhì)性較大,且沒有對CKD的危險因素進行統(tǒng)計匯總,本研究使用薈萃分析的方法,總結(jié)2009年以來新的研究證據(jù),進一步估算CKD人群患病率并匯總其危險因素。
檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫:Pubmed。檢索式:(((incidence〔Title〕)AND chronic kidney disease〔Title〕)OR ((prevalence〔Title〕)AND chronic kidney disease〔Title〕))。起止日期:2009年1月1日至2013年12月31日。納入準則:英文文獻,以人群為基礎(chǔ)的CKD患病率及相關(guān)危險因素研究。文獻篩選過程,見圖1。
最終納入26個研究〔4~29〕及CKD患病率結(jié)果,見表1。26個研究中,最大樣本784 563人,最小樣本454人,平均樣本量88 918人。26個研究中有8個研究〔4,6,13,18,19,21,26,27〕沒有報道危險因素。有7個研究〔5,6,9,12,14,17,24〕明確表示使用了生活、行為危險因素的問卷調(diào)查,但是這7個研究中,有2個研究〔6,17〕未報道危險因素。匯總的CKD平均患病率 = 206 001/2 337 875×100%=8.81%。匯總的CKD平均患病率95%CI(8.85%~8.78%)。18個研究〔5,7~12,14~17,20,22~25,28,29〕報告危險因素分別為:老年15次(83.3%);高血壓13次(72.2%);女性、糖尿病各10次(55.6%);有心臟病史4次(22.2%);高三酰甘油3次(16.7%);高收縮壓、高血糖、高膽固醇、肥胖、高體重指數(shù)、居住于東北地區(qū)各2次(11.1%);高舒張壓、高腰臀比、高腰圍值、高尿酸、高肌酐值、低蛋白血癥、谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高、有腎結(jié)石史、教育程度低、婚姻狀況異常、經(jīng)濟狀況良好、使用中藥各1次(5.6%)。
表1 CKD患病率和危險因素匯總表
據(jù)專家預(yù)計,我國2020年每百萬人口中,終末期腎臟疾病(ESRD)患者將達到207人;每年新進入的ESRD患者約26萬人〔30〕。ESRD常常合并貧血、炎癥、營養(yǎng)不良、腎性骨病、神經(jīng)精神異常,同時心血管疾病(CVD)發(fā)病率、死亡率較高,而且血液凈化治療費用昂貴等問題給患者的身心健康、家庭經(jīng)濟負擔(dān)及整個社會的醫(yī)療資源配置等造成沉重的負擔(dān),尤其是發(fā)展中國家〔31,32〕。因此,盡快開展病因研究,指導(dǎo)社區(qū)一級預(yù)防已經(jīng)迫在眉睫。本研究匯總的相關(guān)危險因素有25個,大致可以歸為6類。第一類,高齡和女性是CKD的危險因素,但也是兩個不可控因素,不能用來開展一級預(yù)防。第二類,高血壓(含高收縮壓、高舒張壓)。高血壓與腎臟病關(guān)系密切,高血壓既是CKD的病因,也是它的并發(fā)癥之一〔33〕。既往研究顯示,50%以上的CKD患者合并高血壓,28.1%為難治性高血壓〔34,35〕。高血壓似乎成為CKD確定的危險因素,2009年的世界腎臟病日用“穩(wěn)定血壓保護腎臟”為口號。第三類,糖尿病(含高血糖、胰島素抵抗),有研究表明,積極降糖,隨訪15年,蛋白尿患者有明顯下降〔36〕。糖尿病成為繼高血壓之后,第二個幾乎確定的危險因素,2010年世界腎臟病日用“保護您的腎臟,控制糖尿病”為主題。年齡、性別不可控,高血壓、糖尿病本身病因未明,尚無有效治療手段,似乎不能作為CKD的一級預(yù)防因素。但高血壓、糖尿病的危險因素(如吸煙、飲酒、高鹽飲食等)能不能作為控制CKD的危險因素?邏輯上可以,但是證據(jù)上不足,有可能是橫斷面研究方法使用不當。后面三類因素支持率都在22%以下,第四類因素和過度營養(yǎng)有關(guān),包括高脂血癥、高膽固醇血癥,肥胖,體重指數(shù)(BMI)高,腰臀比高,腰圍大。雖然這一類因素是可以用于CKD社區(qū)預(yù)防的,但報告支持率不高,尚存在爭議。第五類因素包括生活在東北地區(qū)、教育水平低、婚姻狀況不良、經(jīng)濟狀況改善、使用中藥。這一類因素雖然可控,但支持率不高,且太過籠統(tǒng),并不適用于普通社區(qū)人群開展一級預(yù)防。第六類因素為CKD的并發(fā)癥狀或者疾病,包括:高尿酸血癥、高血肌酐、低血紅蛋白、谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高、心臟疾病史、腎臟結(jié)石史。臨床研究表明,心腦血管疾病是CKD最常見最嚴重的并發(fā)癥〔37〕。2011年世界腎臟病日使用“齊保腎,同護心”為主題,也反映了心臟疾病和CKD是并發(fā)關(guān)系,不是因果關(guān)系。生活行為危險因素不能被明確的主要原因是腎臟有很強的代償功能,從有危險因素暴露到CKD結(jié)局出現(xiàn),要經(jīng)過10~20年的時間。有危險因素出現(xiàn)的時候,尚無結(jié)局。當有腎臟功能異常結(jié)局的時候,其他癥狀高血壓、糖尿病、血脂異常、心臟疾病等已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)多年,與其相關(guān)的生活行為危險因素已經(jīng)得到有效控制。這種嚴重的因果滯后性、因果不同步性是生活行為危險因素研究和確認的最大障礙。同時也反映了橫斷面研究在CKD病因研究方法的局限性。
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