高思 于燕
[摘要] 目的 了解西安市二級以下醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)污水處理情況、排放衛(wèi)生質(zhì)量與存在問題。方法 采用問卷方式了解全市13個(gè)區(qū)縣198家公立二級及以下醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)(其中二級醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)25家,二級以下醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)174家)污水處理情況的現(xiàn)狀。結(jié)果 該市的25家二級醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中建有污水設(shè)備的有22家,占88%,全部可以正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn);3家無污水處理設(shè)備,12%。該市二級以下醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)173家中,79家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)對醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)污水進(jìn)行消毒處理,占46%;94家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)對醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)污水不處理,占54%,其中59家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)污水直接排放入地標(biāo)水體,占63%。198家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中,52家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)對污水處理效果進(jìn)行監(jiān)測,占26%;其中,23家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)是由環(huán)保部門進(jìn)行污水排放的監(jiān)測,占44%,19家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結(jié)果是合格的,占83%;17家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)由單位自行監(jiān)測污水排放質(zhì)量,占33%,最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結(jié)果全部合格,占100%;9家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)是由有資質(zhì)的專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行污水監(jiān)測,占17%,最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結(jié)果全部合格;2家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)是由環(huán)保部門和有資質(zhì)的專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)共同進(jìn)行污水監(jiān)測,占3.8%,最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結(jié)果均合格;1家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)是由環(huán)保部門和單位共同進(jìn)行污水監(jiān)測,占2%,最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結(jié)果合格。198家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中,174家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置有檢驗(yàn)科,其中10家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)將檢驗(yàn)科樣本直接倒入下水道,占5.7%;159家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)將檢驗(yàn)樣本按醫(yī)廢消毒處理,占91%。198家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中,98家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)由專人管理污水處理工作,占49%;其中44家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)管理污水處理的工作人員參加過相關(guān)培訓(xùn),占45%。結(jié)論 西安市二級及以下醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)污水處理仍存在一些問題,醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)對污水處理工作不夠重視,應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)監(jiān)督監(jiān)測,確保污水質(zhì)量達(dá)標(biāo)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)污水;污水處理設(shè)備;污水排放質(zhì)量
[中圖分類號] R197.32 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1672-5654(2018)08(a)-0154-03
[Abstract] Objective To know the sewage treatment, sanitary emission quality and existing issues of medical institutions at the second level or below in Xian. Methods The sewage treatment of 198 medical institutions at the second level or below in 13 counties and regions in the whole city were investigated by the questionnaire (25 medical institutions at the second level, 174 medical institution below the second level. Results Of 25 medical institution at the second level, there were 22 with sewage equipment, accounting for 88%, all could operate normally; 3 without sewage treatment equipment, accounting for 12%, of 173 medical institutions below the second level in our city, 79 medical institutions conducted the disinfection treatment of sewage in the medical institutions, accounting for 46%, 94 medical institutions did not conduct the treatment of sewage in the medical institutions, accounting for 54%, including 59 medical institutions directly emitting the sewage to the landmark water body, accounting for 63%. Of 198 medical institutions, 52 medical institutions conducted the monitoring of the sewage treatment effect, accounting for 26%, the sewage treatment of 23 medical institutions was monitored by the environmental protection department, accounting for 44%, the sewage treatment monitoring results of 19 medical institutions recently was qualified, accounting for 83%; the sewage emission quality was monitored by the unit in 17 medical institutions, accounting for 33%, the sewage treatment monitoring results recently was qualified, accounting for 100%, and the sewage of 9 medical institutions was monitored by the qualified professional institutions, accounting for 17%, and the sewage treatment monitoring results recently were qualified, and the sewage monitoring of 2 medical institutions was conducted by the environmental protection department and qualified professional institutions, accounting for 3.8%, and the sewage treatment monitoring results recently were qualified, and the sewage monitoring of 1 medical institution was conducted by the environmental protection department and unit, accounting for 2%, and the sewage treatment and monitoring results recently were qualified, of 198 cases of medical institutions, 174 medical institutions were equipped with the department of clinical laboratory, including 10 medical institutions directly pouring the samples in the department of clinical laboratory into the sewer, accounting for 5.7%; 159 medical institutions giving the test samples the disinfection treatment as the medical waste, accounting for 91%. Of 198 medical institutions, the sewage treatment work was managed by the specially-assigned persons in 98 medical institutions, accounting for 49%; the working staff of managing the sewage treatment of 44 medical institutions participated in the related training, accounting for 45%. Conclusion There are some problems in the sewage treatment in the medical institution at the second level and below in our city, and the medical institutions do not pay enough attention to the sewage treatment work, instead, they should enhance the supervision and monitoring and ensure the sewage quality to reach the standards.
[Key words] Sewage in the medical institution; Sewage treatment equipment; Sewage emission quality
醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的污水是一種特殊的污水,含有很多病毒、病菌和有毒、有害物質(zhì),具有極大的危害性,如果不進(jìn)行消毒處理直接排放,就會(huì)成為病原菌擴(kuò)散的重要途徑,嚴(yán)重污染環(huán)境,甚至引起多種傳染性疾病的發(fā)生和流行,嚴(yán)重危害人民群眾的身體健康。為了解該市二級及以下醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)污水處理情況,2017年6—9月對西安市13個(gè)區(qū)縣的198家二級及以下醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的污水排放量、污水處理進(jìn)行調(diào)查。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象
西安市13個(gè)區(qū)縣198家二級及以下醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu),其中二級醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)25家,二級以下醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)173家。
1.2 方法
問卷調(diào)查法:向13個(gè)區(qū)縣衛(wèi)計(jì)局發(fā)放設(shè)計(jì)好的調(diào)查表和填表要求,由區(qū)縣衛(wèi)計(jì)局向轄區(qū)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)放和收集調(diào)查表。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 污水處理情況
25家公立二級醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中,24家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)對污水進(jìn)行消毒處理,占96%;1家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)對污水不處理。173家二級以下(包括未定級)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中,79家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)對污水進(jìn)行消毒處理,占46%;94家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)對污水不處理,其中59家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)污水直接排入地表水,占62.8%。
2.2 污水處理設(shè)備建有情況
25家公立二級醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中,建有污水設(shè)備的有22家,占88%;3家無污水處理設(shè)備,12%。173家二級(包括未定級)以下公立醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中,建有污水處理站的有30家,占17%。
2.3 污水設(shè)備運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)情況
建有污水處理設(shè)備的22家二級公立醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu),全部可以正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),占100%;建有污水處理設(shè)備的30家二級(包括未定級)以下公立醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中,可以正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的有26家,占87%。
2.4 污水處理方式
建有污水處理設(shè)備的52家污水處理設(shè)備的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中,19家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)污水處理設(shè)備屬于一級污水處理設(shè)備設(shè)施;15家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)污水處理設(shè)備屬于二級污水處理設(shè)備設(shè)施;8家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)污水處理設(shè)備屬于簡易生化處理;10家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)污水處理設(shè)備是簡易污水消毒池。
2.5 醫(yī)院污水處理監(jiān)測結(jié)果
198家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中,52家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)對污水處理效果進(jìn)行監(jiān)測,占26%;其中,23家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)是由環(huán)保部門進(jìn)行污水排放的監(jiān)測,占44%,19家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結(jié)果是合格的,占83%;17家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)由單位自行監(jiān)測污水排放質(zhì)量,占33%,最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結(jié)果全部合格,占100%;9家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)是由有資質(zhì)的專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行污水監(jiān)測,占17%,最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結(jié)果全部合格;2家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)是由環(huán)保部門和有資質(zhì)的專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)共同進(jìn)行污水監(jiān)測,占3.8%,最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結(jié)果均合格;1家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)是由環(huán)保部門和單位共同進(jìn)行污水監(jiān)測,占2%,最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結(jié)果合格。
2.6 醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)對檢驗(yàn)科污水處理情況
198家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中,198家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中,174家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置有檢驗(yàn)科,其中10家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)將檢驗(yàn)科樣本直接倒入下水道,占5.7%;159家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)將檢驗(yàn)樣本按醫(yī)廢消毒處理,占91%。
2.7 醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)污水處理管理工作
198家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中,98家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)由專人管理污水處理工作,占49%;其中44家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)管理污水處理的工作人員參加過相關(guān)培訓(xùn),占45%。
3 討論
根據(jù)國家環(huán)??偩趾蛧屹|(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)檢疫總局發(fā)布的《醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)水污染排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB 18466-2005),凡從事疾病診斷、治療活動(dòng)的醫(yī)院、衛(wèi)生院、療養(yǎng)院、門診部、診所、衛(wèi)生急救站等都是醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu);而從醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)門診、病房、手術(shù)室、各類檢驗(yàn)室、病例解剖室、放射室、洗衣房、太平間等處排除的診療、生活及糞便污水都是醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的污水。為防止病原微生物二次污染,不同的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)需要遵循不同的排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。本次調(diào)查顯示,西安市二級及以下醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的污水排放還存在很多問題,醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)對醫(yī)療污水處理工作不夠重視,尤其是二級以下醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu),大部分醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)對醫(yī)療污水不進(jìn)行處理,直接排放;且二級及以下醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)對污水處理的監(jiān)測也不夠,不能確保消毒后的污水能否達(dá)標(biāo)排放。因此,建議監(jiān)管部門和監(jiān)測部門加大監(jiān)督檢測力度,尤其是二級及以下醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)醫(yī)療污水排放情況,按照《醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)污水污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB 18466-2005)要求,對污水排放不合格的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行定期、不定期的監(jiān)測,落實(shí)污水消毒處理措施,確保達(dá)標(biāo)排放。
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(收稿日期:2018-05-07)