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        基于應(yīng)力路徑試驗(yàn)的小麥糧堆力學(xué)特性和應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系模型

        2018-04-11 02:08:16蔣敏敏陳桂香
        關(guān)鍵詞:割線糧堆糧倉

        蔣敏敏,陳桂香

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        基于應(yīng)力路徑試驗(yàn)的小麥糧堆力學(xué)特性和應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系模型

        蔣敏敏1,2,陳桂香1,2

        (1. 河南工業(yè)大學(xué)土木建筑學(xué)院,鄭州 450001;2. 糧食儲運(yùn)國家工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室,鄭州 450001)

        糧倉中糧堆在裝卸時存在著復(fù)雜的應(yīng)力路徑,為了得出復(fù)雜應(yīng)力路徑對糧堆模量和臨界狀態(tài)特性的影響規(guī)律,以及糧堆應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系模型,該文在側(cè)向應(yīng)力50~300 kPa下,進(jìn)行了常規(guī)三軸壓縮(conventional triaxial compression,CTC)、等壓縮(constant mean normal stress compression,CMS)、三軸主動壓縮(reduced triaxial compression,RTC)三軸應(yīng)力路徑試驗(yàn),分析了應(yīng)力路徑和側(cè)向壓力對模量的影響和糧堆臨界狀態(tài)特性;修正巖土體三次曲線模型,建立了適于描述倉內(nèi)小麥糧堆應(yīng)力應(yīng)變的模型,并通過應(yīng)力路徑試驗(yàn)結(jié)果和文獻(xiàn)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果對模型的適用性進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。研究結(jié)果表明:各應(yīng)力路徑下初始模量、割線模量50均隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力呈冪函數(shù)增長;CTC、CMS試驗(yàn)的割線模量50比初始模量發(fā)生較大的降低,而RTC試驗(yàn)沒有明顯降低。在參考壓力(大氣壓力)下,對于初始模量,CTC試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果最大,RTC試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果最小;對于割線模量50,CTC試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果最小,RTC試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果最大。CTC試驗(yàn)的初始模量、割線模量均隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力增長最慢,而RTC試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果均隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力增長最快。不同應(yīng)力路徑和側(cè)向應(yīng)力下,試驗(yàn)的破壞點(diǎn)均落于同一臨界狀態(tài)線上,小麥糧堆臨界狀態(tài)應(yīng)力比為0.976。修正三次曲線模型反映了糧堆強(qiáng)度、峰度系數(shù)和峰值應(yīng)變等特性,并通過8個參數(shù)進(jìn)行計(jì)算;通過應(yīng)力路徑試驗(yàn)結(jié)果和文獻(xiàn)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果對該模型進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。研究結(jié)果可為糧倉裝卸料壓力、變形的計(jì)算提供更符合實(shí)際應(yīng)力路徑條件的參量,建立的修正三次曲線模型可用于糧堆應(yīng)力和變形的數(shù)值模擬,為糧倉的設(shè)計(jì)提供參考。

        應(yīng)力;應(yīng)變;模型;小麥糧堆;應(yīng)力路徑三軸試驗(yàn)

        0 引 言

        糧倉是重要的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,中國各地糧倉中糧食儲藏總量達(dá)2億t,保障糧食安全是農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的重要任務(wù)。中轉(zhuǎn)倉、儲備倉等各類糧倉在儲藏周期結(jié)束后均需要進(jìn)行裝卸糧,此時糧倉中不同位置糧堆的豎向和側(cè)向應(yīng)力將發(fā)生復(fù)雜的變化,并會進(jìn)一步作用在倉壁上,引起倉體結(jié)構(gòu)的開裂、破壞、失穩(wěn)等問題[1-5]。因此不同加卸載路徑下糧堆的力學(xué)特性對糧倉極為重要[6-7]。

        糧倉內(nèi)糧堆是由糧食籽粒堆聚而成的散粒體,不少研究者對糧堆的力學(xué)特性和參數(shù)進(jìn)行了研究,Moya等[8]、Afzalinia等[9]利用直剪、壓縮試驗(yàn),得出不同品種糧堆的單向壓縮、直剪抗剪強(qiáng)度等性質(zhì)。曾長女等[10-11]利用三軸試驗(yàn),得出了小麥糧堆孔隙率、含水率對抗剪強(qiáng)度的影響規(guī)律。許啟鏗等[12]將小麥糧堆的三軸應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線分為4個階段,得出彈性模量的變化規(guī)律。陳家豪等[13]根據(jù)三軸試驗(yàn)提出小麥糧堆模量的計(jì)算式,得出各階段模量的特性。Stasiak等[14]利用聲波法測得谷物、油菜籽的彈性模量,并得出了彈性模量隨著壓力的增長規(guī)律。程緒鐸等[15-19]通過三軸等試驗(yàn)得出小麥、玉米、稻谷、大豆等糧堆的密度、彈性模量、體變模量,并分析了含水率、圍壓等因素對各力學(xué)指標(biāo)的影響。蔣敏敏等[20]研究小麥糧堆直剪強(qiáng)度和剪脹特性,得出強(qiáng)度參數(shù)和剪脹角的分布范圍,提出剪脹發(fā)展規(guī)律,得出最大剪縮體變、最大剪脹體變的變化范圍。Nielsen[21]提出糧倉內(nèi)糧堆應(yīng)力應(yīng)變模型對糧倉壓力的計(jì)算極為重要。研究者還提出利用巖土本構(gòu)理論反映糧堆的力學(xué)性質(zhì)。姜勇等[22]采用了Duncan-Chang模型研究了筒倉內(nèi)糧堆應(yīng)力,但該模型不能反映周圍壓力降低的情況和剪脹性。Ayuga等[6,23]在筒倉卸料數(shù)值研究中,提出采用Drucker-Prager模型模擬糧堆力學(xué)性質(zhì)。

        目前在糧堆強(qiáng)度、模量等參量的研究,利用巖土本構(gòu)模型計(jì)算糧堆的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變,均有相當(dāng)多的研究成果。然而糧倉在裝卸料等過程中,糧堆中的應(yīng)力路徑發(fā)生復(fù)雜變化,裝糧時豎向加載,卸糧時豎向卸載,常規(guī)三軸和直剪試驗(yàn)難以反映糧倉中復(fù)雜應(yīng)力路徑的影響?,F(xiàn)有的巖土模型是否完全適用于描述糧堆的力學(xué)特性,仍有待驗(yàn)證。

        應(yīng)力路徑試驗(yàn)通常用來研究復(fù)雜堆載、開挖卸荷時地基和結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)力變形[24-27]。模量是糧堆應(yīng)力變形計(jì)算的關(guān)鍵參量,臨界狀態(tài)特性反映了裝卸糧時破壞面力學(xué)特性。本文通過應(yīng)力路徑三軸試驗(yàn),模擬糧倉中不同深度以及不同加卸載應(yīng)力路徑條件,得出各應(yīng)力路徑下模量規(guī)律和臨界狀態(tài)特性,分析糧堆強(qiáng)度、應(yīng)力應(yīng)變參數(shù)規(guī)律,修正土石料應(yīng)力應(yīng)變的三次曲線模型,提出適于模擬各種應(yīng)力路徑下糧堆應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系的模型。為糧倉裝卸料荷載、變形的計(jì)算提供了更符合實(shí)際應(yīng)力路徑條件的參量結(jié)果;應(yīng)力應(yīng)變模型應(yīng)用于糧倉數(shù)值計(jì)算中,得出更符合實(shí)際的應(yīng)力和變形規(guī)律,可為糧倉的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算提供理論基礎(chǔ)。

        1 材料與方法

        1.1 試驗(yàn)材料和設(shè)備

        本研究采用的試驗(yàn)材料為鄭州產(chǎn)小麥,品種是鄭麥113。根據(jù)散體材料三軸試驗(yàn)的規(guī)定[28],試驗(yàn)中試樣為圓柱形,直徑為61.8 mm,高度為125 mm,密度為0.85 g/cm3,質(zhì)量含水率為10.9%,小麥籽粒平均直徑為4.5 mm。試樣直徑與籽粒平均直徑的比值為13.7,符合三軸試驗(yàn)關(guān)于試樣直徑與顆粒直徑之比不小于10的要求[28]。試驗(yàn)在全自動三軸儀中進(jìn)行,將制成的圓柱形小麥糧堆試樣放入三軸壓力室中,施加側(cè)向壓力和軸向壓力,側(cè)向壓力和軸向壓力分別獨(dú)立作用于試樣上。

        1.2 應(yīng)力路徑試驗(yàn)方案

        首先對糧堆試樣施加各向相等的壓縮應(yīng)力,模擬糧倉內(nèi)糧堆受到的初始周圍壓力,再通過獨(dú)立控制軸向應(yīng)力和側(cè)向應(yīng)力,實(shí)現(xiàn)對糧堆試樣施加不同應(yīng)力路徑的作用。應(yīng)力路徑包括常規(guī)三軸壓縮(conventional triaxial compression,CTC)、等壓縮(constant mean normal stress compression,CMS)、三軸主動壓縮(reduced triaxial compression,RTC)3種。常規(guī)三軸壓縮試驗(yàn)中,保持側(cè)向應(yīng)力不變,增加軸向應(yīng)力;等壓縮試驗(yàn)中,降低側(cè)向應(yīng)力,同時增加軸向應(yīng)力,并保持平均法向應(yīng)力為常數(shù);三軸主動壓縮試驗(yàn)中,保持軸向應(yīng)力不變,降低側(cè)向應(yīng)力。在-平面上,試驗(yàn)應(yīng)力路徑如圖1所示。根據(jù)大型糧倉中糧堆的壓力范圍,各類應(yīng)力路徑試驗(yàn)的初始側(cè)向應(yīng)力設(shè)定為6個等級:50、100、150、200、250、300 kPa。試樣剪切直至達(dá)到臨界狀態(tài),即隨著應(yīng)變的增大,偏應(yīng)力為常數(shù)(偏應(yīng)力達(dá)到30%)[29]。各組試驗(yàn)均重復(fù)3次,因模量、強(qiáng)度的變異系數(shù)均小于2%,本文試驗(yàn)結(jié)果取3次結(jié)果的平均值。

        圖1 小麥糧堆三軸應(yīng)力路徑試驗(yàn)示意圖

        2 結(jié)果與分析

        2.1 模量和臨界狀態(tài)特性

        2.1.1 模量特性

        各類應(yīng)力路徑和不同側(cè)向應(yīng)力下小麥糧堆的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線如圖2所示。根據(jù)圖2分析各試驗(yàn)的峰值偏應(yīng)力(應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線最高值)和殘余偏應(yīng)力(軸向應(yīng)變大于15%后的穩(wěn)定值)結(jié)果,側(cè)向應(yīng)力介于50至300 kPa時,CTC試驗(yàn)的峰值偏應(yīng)力介于98.3至400.4 kPa,殘余偏應(yīng)力介于92.7至373.5 kPa,CMS試驗(yàn)的峰值偏應(yīng)力介于51.2至244.4 kPa,殘余偏應(yīng)力介于43至232.5 kPa,RTC試驗(yàn)的峰值偏應(yīng)力介于23.9至136 kPa,殘余偏應(yīng)力介于15.2至60.8 kPa。相同側(cè)向應(yīng)力下,CTC試驗(yàn)的偏應(yīng)力最大,RTC試驗(yàn)的偏應(yīng)力最??;CTC試驗(yàn)應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線總體呈應(yīng)變硬化型,RTC試驗(yàn)結(jié)果總體呈應(yīng)變軟化型[29]。CTC試驗(yàn)的側(cè)向應(yīng)力不變,軸向應(yīng)力不斷增大,側(cè)向應(yīng)力的約束能增大糧堆的剛度,糧堆表現(xiàn)出硬質(zhì)材料的特性,因此偏應(yīng)力大,材料呈應(yīng)變硬化[29]。RTC試驗(yàn)的側(cè)向應(yīng)力不斷減小,軸向應(yīng)力不變,側(cè)向的約束效應(yīng)最小,糧堆表現(xiàn)出軟質(zhì)材料的特性,因此偏應(yīng)力小,材料呈應(yīng)變軟化。

        圖2 不同側(cè)向應(yīng)力下小麥糧堆應(yīng)力路徑三軸試驗(yàn)的偏應(yīng)力與軸向應(yīng)變關(guān)系

        三軸試驗(yàn)割線模量=/(MPa)(ε為軸向應(yīng)變,%)。初始模量E表示小應(yīng)變(本文取軸向應(yīng)變0.05%)時的割線模量,散粒體材料在極小的應(yīng)變下即會產(chǎn)生塑性應(yīng)變,初始模量近似為糧堆應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線的彈性模量,是應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線中模量的最大值[30-31]。50表示偏應(yīng)力為q/2(q為三軸剪切破壞的偏應(yīng)力,kPa)時的割線模量。各參量的計(jì)算方法如圖3所示。

        注:qf為三軸剪切破壞的偏應(yīng)力,kPa,Ei為初始模量,MPa,E50為割線模量,MPa。

        各側(cè)向壓力和應(yīng)力路徑下初始模量和割線模量的結(jié)果,如圖4所示,圖4縱橫坐標(biāo)均為對數(shù)坐標(biāo)。由圖4可知,側(cè)向應(yīng)力為50至300 kPa時,CTC試驗(yàn)的初始模量介于14.6和51.4 MPa之間,CMS試驗(yàn)的初始模量介于8和34.6 MPa之間,RTC試驗(yàn)的初始模量介于4.1和34.8 MPa之間。側(cè)向應(yīng)力越大,初始模量越大;相同側(cè)向應(yīng)力下,CTC試驗(yàn)的初始模量最大,RTC試驗(yàn)的初始模量最小。圖4結(jié)果表明,在雙對數(shù)坐標(biāo)圖中,各應(yīng)力路徑試驗(yàn)初始模量均隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力呈線性增長;即初始模量隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力呈冪函數(shù)增長,表示為:

        式中p為參考壓力(大氣壓力常數(shù)),100 kPa;3為側(cè)向應(yīng)力,kPa;Kn為模型參數(shù),其中K為參考壓力下初始模量,n為雙對數(shù)坐標(biāo)中初始模量隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力的增長速率,是圖4雙對數(shù)坐標(biāo)軸中直線的斜率。各應(yīng)力路徑試驗(yàn)?zāi)P蛥?shù)Kn結(jié)果如表1所示。對于參數(shù)K,CTC試驗(yàn)最大,為240.5,RTC試驗(yàn)最小,為79.2,該參數(shù)是初始模量E與參考壓力p的比值,表示參考壓力(大氣壓100 kPa)下CTC試驗(yàn)的初始模量為24.1 MPa,RTC試驗(yàn)的初始模量為7.9 MPa;參考壓力下CTC試驗(yàn)初始模量最大,RTC試驗(yàn)初始模量最小。對于參數(shù)n,CTC試驗(yàn)最小,為0.639;RTC試驗(yàn)最大,為1.184;即RTC試驗(yàn)初始模量隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力增長最快,CTC試驗(yàn)初始模量隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力增長最慢。

        從圖4試驗(yàn)結(jié)果可見,CTC試驗(yàn)和CMS試驗(yàn)的割線模量50比初始模量發(fā)生較大的降低,而RTC試驗(yàn)割線模量50與初始模量較接近。在雙對數(shù)坐標(biāo)圖中,各應(yīng)力路徑下割線模量50也隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力呈線性增長;即割線模量50隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力也呈冪函數(shù)增長,表示為:

        式中K50和n50為模型參數(shù),K50反映了參考壓力100 kPa下的割線模量,n50反映了在雙對數(shù)坐標(biāo)中割線模量隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力的增長速率。各應(yīng)力路徑試驗(yàn)?zāi)P蛥?shù)K50和n50的結(jié)果見表1。對于參數(shù)K50,CTC試驗(yàn)最小,為77.3,RTC試驗(yàn)最大,為90.3,該參數(shù)是初始模量E50與參考壓力pa的比值,表示參考壓力(大氣壓100 kPa)下CTC試驗(yàn)的初始模量為7.7 MPa,RTC試驗(yàn)的初始模量為9 MPa;參考壓力下CTC試驗(yàn)割線模量E50最小,RTC試驗(yàn)割線模量E50最大。對于參數(shù)n50,CTC試驗(yàn)最小,為0.719,RTC試驗(yàn)最大,為1.096;即RTC試驗(yàn)割線模量隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力增長最快,CTC試驗(yàn)割線模量隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力增長最慢。

        表1 小麥糧堆模量模型參數(shù)

        注:系數(shù)K為參考壓力下初始模量,無量綱;系數(shù)50為參考壓力下割線模量,無量綱;系數(shù)n為雙對數(shù)坐標(biāo)中初始模量隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力的增長速率,無量綱;系數(shù)50為雙對數(shù)坐標(biāo)中割線模量隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力的增長速率,無量綱。

        Note: parameterKis initial modulus under reference pressure, dimensionless; parameter50is secant modulus under reference pressure, dimensionless; parameternis increasing rate of initial modulus under logarithmic scale, dimensionless; parameter50is increasing rate of secant modulus under logarithmic scale, dimensionless.

        2.1.2 臨界狀態(tài)特性

        不同應(yīng)力路徑和側(cè)向應(yīng)力下,剪切過程中小麥糧堆的偏應(yīng)力-平均法向應(yīng)力路徑結(jié)果如圖5所示。由圖5可知,本文應(yīng)力路徑試驗(yàn)的軸線應(yīng)變均達(dá)到30%,遠(yuǎn)大于破壞應(yīng)變。CTC試驗(yàn)的應(yīng)力路徑沿著偏應(yīng)力增量與平均法向應(yīng)力增量比值D/D=3升高至最大偏應(yīng)力,側(cè)向應(yīng)力300 kPa時最大偏應(yīng)力為400.4 kPa;CMS試驗(yàn)的應(yīng)力路徑沿著平均法向應(yīng)力增量D=0升高至最大偏應(yīng)力,后隨著平均法向應(yīng)力的微降,偏應(yīng)力略有降低,側(cè)向應(yīng)力300 kPa時最大偏應(yīng)力為244.4 kPa,后略降至232.5 kPa;RTC試驗(yàn)的應(yīng)力路徑沿著D/D=-3/2升高至最大偏應(yīng)力,后隨著平均法向應(yīng)力的降低,偏應(yīng)力有較大的降低,側(cè)向應(yīng)力300 kPa時最大偏應(yīng)力為136 kPa,后降至60.8 kPa。

        圖5 剪切過程中偏應(yīng)力-平均法向應(yīng)力路徑

        各應(yīng)力路徑下偏應(yīng)力達(dá)到峰值后均會有一定的降低,峰值偏應(yīng)力后不能繼續(xù)承載,為破壞點(diǎn),如圖5所示。在破壞點(diǎn)之前,偏應(yīng)力不斷增大,在破壞點(diǎn)之后,偏應(yīng)力不斷減小,糧堆中的偏應(yīng)力不會高于破壞點(diǎn);在偏應(yīng)力-平均法向應(yīng)力(-)平面上糧堆中的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)始終位于破壞點(diǎn)之下。

        在-平面上,由圖5提取不同應(yīng)力路徑(包含CTC、CMS和RTC)和側(cè)向應(yīng)力(50~300 kPa范圍)條件下的破壞點(diǎn),如圖6所示。由圖6可見,在不同應(yīng)力路徑和側(cè)向應(yīng)力條件下,破壞點(diǎn)均落于同一直線上,該直線為小麥糧堆的臨界狀態(tài)線[29],小麥糧堆臨界狀態(tài)線的斜率為0.976,表明不同條件下破壞點(diǎn)的偏應(yīng)力與平均法向應(yīng)力呈正比。在各類應(yīng)力路徑和不同側(cè)向應(yīng)力下,小麥糧堆在-平面上應(yīng)力狀態(tài)均位于臨界狀態(tài)線以內(nèi),當(dāng)達(dá)到臨界狀態(tài)線時試樣破壞。

        圖6 q-p平面上小麥糧堆臨界狀態(tài)線

        2.2 應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系參數(shù)

        2.2.1 峰值強(qiáng)度和殘余強(qiáng)度

        式中為表觀黏聚力,kPa;為內(nèi)摩擦角,(°);下標(biāo)表示峰值強(qiáng)度對應(yīng)的結(jié)果。根據(jù)公式(3)和圖7a得出小麥糧堆在不同應(yīng)力路徑下的表觀黏聚力和內(nèi)摩擦角結(jié)果如表2所示,3種應(yīng)力路徑表觀黏聚力介于7~34.2 kPa之間,內(nèi)摩擦角介于34°~47.7°之間。

        圖2結(jié)果顯示,在較大軸向應(yīng)變下,小麥糧堆偏應(yīng)力趨于一個較低的穩(wěn)定值,稱為殘余強(qiáng)度[29]。本文研究表明,小麥糧堆的殘余強(qiáng)度也符合莫爾-庫倫破壞準(zhǔn)則[35],如圖7b所示,表示為:

        式中為殘余偏應(yīng)力,kPa;為相應(yīng)的平均應(yīng)力,kPa;cr為殘余表觀黏聚力,kPa;φr為殘余內(nèi)摩擦角,(°);下標(biāo)r表示殘余強(qiáng)度對應(yīng)的結(jié)果。根據(jù)公式(4)和圖7b得出不同應(yīng)力路徑下小麥糧堆的殘余表觀黏聚力和殘余內(nèi)摩擦角結(jié)果如表2所示,3種應(yīng)力路徑殘余表觀黏聚力介于11.6~29.4 kPa之間,殘余內(nèi)摩擦角介于29.1°~44.7°之間。

        表2 小麥糧堆三次曲線模型參數(shù)

        2.2.2 峰度系數(shù)

        式中a和k為參數(shù),結(jié)果如表2所示。

        2.2.3 峰值軸向應(yīng)變

        式中b和m為參數(shù),結(jié)果如表2所示;pa為大氣壓力常數(shù),100 kPa。

        2.3 應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系模型

        2.3.1 修正三次曲線模型

        由于巖土體材料的種類繁多,其應(yīng)力應(yīng)變特性和破壞規(guī)律也較復(fù)雜,有多種用于模擬應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系的本構(gòu)模型[37]。沈珠江三次曲線模型是一種能反映應(yīng)變軟化和塑性破壞等多重特征的模型[36],且參數(shù)易于獲取,便于在大型復(fù)雜工程中進(jìn)行數(shù)值計(jì)算。該模型的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系為:

        2.3.2 應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系的模擬

        本文進(jìn)行了常規(guī)三軸壓縮、等壓縮和三軸主動壓縮3種應(yīng)力路徑試驗(yàn),試驗(yàn)側(cè)向應(yīng)力為50、100、150、200、250、300 kPa,覆蓋糧堆通常的應(yīng)力范圍[38]。應(yīng)用本文提出的修正三次曲線模型計(jì)算小麥糧堆偏應(yīng)力應(yīng)變結(jié)果,并與圖2中試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行對比,如圖10a~10c所示。應(yīng)用本文計(jì)算模型和參數(shù),模擬Zhang等[39]的小麥常規(guī)三軸壓縮試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,如圖10d所示。

        CTC試驗(yàn)和CMS試驗(yàn)實(shí)測值與計(jì)算值的相關(guān)系數(shù)2通常大于0.95,具有較好的相關(guān)性。RTC試驗(yàn)實(shí)測值與計(jì)算值的相關(guān)系數(shù)2通常大于0.8,圖10c中,側(cè)向應(yīng)力較大的三軸主動壓縮試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與模型計(jì)算結(jié)果存在一定的偏差。分析原因如下:三軸主動壓縮路徑下應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線的應(yīng)變軟化現(xiàn)象明顯(偏應(yīng)力達(dá)到峰值后下降),尤其是側(cè)向應(yīng)力為300 kPa時,偏應(yīng)力在峰值后急劇降低,剪切面上顆粒錯動和顆粒位置變化更難均勻地調(diào)整,受到兩端端部和橡皮膜的約束,試樣更不易產(chǎn)生均勻的變形,形成鼓脹變形,導(dǎo)致偏應(yīng)力在軸向應(yīng)變約4%(偏應(yīng)力急劇下降點(diǎn))后,略有上升后,再出現(xiàn)降低,引起模型計(jì)算結(jié)果與試驗(yàn)結(jié)果在峰值偏應(yīng)力后產(chǎn)生差異[40]。

        由圖10可知修正三次曲線模型具有如下特點(diǎn):模型計(jì)算結(jié)果總體可較好地反映糧堆不同應(yīng)力路徑的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系;該模型可較好地反映小麥糧堆的應(yīng)變硬化和應(yīng)變軟化力學(xué)特性;能較準(zhǔn)確地模擬各應(yīng)力路徑下糧堆的峰值強(qiáng)度和殘余強(qiáng)度。

        注:圖中點(diǎn)為試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,線為模型計(jì)算結(jié)果。

        3 結(jié) 論

        本文針對糧倉裝卸糧過程中存在的復(fù)雜應(yīng)力路徑問題,利用三軸應(yīng)力路徑試驗(yàn),研究了不同路徑、側(cè)向應(yīng)力下糧堆的模量規(guī)律和臨界狀態(tài)特性,建立了新的小麥糧堆應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系模型,并通過應(yīng)力路徑三軸試驗(yàn)和文獻(xiàn)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,對模型進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證,得到以下主要結(jié)論:

        1)相同側(cè)向應(yīng)力下,CTC試驗(yàn)的初始模量最大,RTC試驗(yàn)的初始模量最小。各應(yīng)力路徑下初始模量、割線模量50均隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力呈冪函數(shù)增長。CTC、CMS試驗(yàn)的割線模量50與初始模量相比發(fā)生較大的降低,而RTC試驗(yàn)割線模量50與初始模量相比沒有明顯降低。參考壓力(大氣壓力)下,CTC試驗(yàn)初始模量最大,為24.1 MPa,RTC試驗(yàn)結(jié)果最小,為7.9 MPa;CTC試驗(yàn)初始模量隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力增長最慢,RTC試驗(yàn)結(jié)果增長最快。參考壓力下CTC試驗(yàn)割線模量50最小,為7.7 MPa,RTC試驗(yàn)結(jié)果最大,為9 MPa;CTC試驗(yàn)割線模量隨著側(cè)向應(yīng)力增長最慢,RTC試驗(yàn)結(jié)果增長最快。

        2)不同應(yīng)力路徑和側(cè)向應(yīng)力條件下,糧堆三軸應(yīng)力路徑試驗(yàn)在破壞前的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)位于臨界狀態(tài)線以內(nèi);破壞點(diǎn)均落于同一臨界狀態(tài)線上。小麥糧堆臨界狀態(tài)線為直線,本文試驗(yàn)臨界狀態(tài)應(yīng)力比為0.976。

        3)修正巖土體應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系的三次曲線模型,提出適用于小麥糧堆強(qiáng)度、峰度系數(shù)和峰值軸向應(yīng)變的新計(jì)算方法,得出了適用于模擬糧倉內(nèi)小麥糧堆應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系的新模型。模型包括表觀黏聚力、內(nèi)摩擦角、殘余表觀黏聚力、殘余內(nèi)摩擦角、、、、共8個參數(shù),并可通過三軸試驗(yàn)得出。

        4)通過修正的三次曲線模型計(jì)算糧倉內(nèi)壓力范圍內(nèi)的應(yīng)力路徑結(jié)果,并與試驗(yàn)結(jié)果和文獻(xiàn)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行對比,表明計(jì)算模型可模擬復(fù)雜應(yīng)力路徑下糧堆應(yīng)變硬化和軟化、強(qiáng)度特性、偏應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系等力學(xué)特性。

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        Mechanical properties and stress strain model for bulk wheat based on stress path test

        Jiang Minmin1,2, Chen Guixiang1,2

        (1.450001,; 2.450001,)

        Total amount of stored grain in China is about 200 million tons, which is of great importance to ensure the quality and safety of grain during storage period, and to modernization of agriculture engineering. When a storage cycle is ended, grain will be discharged from bins, and then loaded in for another storage cycle. Vertical stress increases in loading process, while decreases in discharging process, and different stress path will be generated in the bulk grain, resulting in complicated pressure and frictional force on bin wall, which will cause crack, failure or even overturn of bin structures. It is vital to study stress strain relation and strength properties of bulk grain under different stress paths. Geotechnical constitutive models have been used in grain bin simulation, however, the feasibility of these models for bulk grain has not been validated. In this study, stress path triaxial test was utilized to simulate complicated load path in grain bins. Wheat purchased from grain depot in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province was used in this study. Specimen had water content of 10.9%, bulk density of 0.85 g/cm3, diameter of 61.8 mm and height of 125 mm, the average axial length of wheat kernel was 4.5 mm, and the ratio of specimen diameter to kernel axial length was 13.7, which was larger than the minimum specified ratio for triaxial test. Three types of stress paths were investigated in this study: conventional triaxial compression (CTC), constant mean normal stress compression (CMS), and reduced triaxial compression (RTC). In CTC test, radial stress was set as constant, while axial stress increased simultaneously; in CMS test, radial stress decreased, while axial stress increased simultaneously to keep mean normal stress constant; in RTC test, axial stress was set as constant, and radial stress decreased simultaneously. Stress path triaxial test procedure was as follows: After bulk wheat specimen was mounted on triaxial apparatus, isotropic stress was applied from 0 to prescribed value (50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 kPa); then CTC, CMS or RTC stress path was applied on specimen, and stress strain result was recorded until axial strain reached 30%. Initial modulus, secant modulus and critical state properties were determined from stress strain curve, strength and stress strain parameters were determined, and finally new model was proposed to depict stress strain relation for bulk wheat under different stress paths. Test results show that, under the same radial stress, CTC test has the largest initial modulus, and RTC test has the lowest value. Under all stress paths, initial modulus and secant modulus are found to be in a power function growth with the ascent of radial stress. In CTC test and CMS test, secant modulus is significantly lower than initial modulus; while in RTC test, secant modulus is not significantly reduced compared with initial modulus. Under reference pressure (atmospheric pressure), CTC test has the largest initial modulus of 24.1 MPa, and RTC test has the lowest value of 7.9 MPa; while initial modulus of RTC test has the largest increasing rate, CTC test has the lowest increasing rate. Under reference pressure, CTC test has the lowest secant modulus of 7.7 MPa, and RTC test has the largest value of 9 MPa; secant modulus of RTC test has the largest increasing rate, and CTC test has the lowest increasing rate. Deviator stress increased during shearing process, and specimen failed at the peak point on-(deviator stress - mean normal stress) plane. Under all stress path and radial stress situations, failure point fell on the same critical state line. Critical state line for bulk wheat has straight line form, and critical state stress ratio is 0.976. New modified cubic curve model for bulk wheat grain under different stress path conditions was proposed. In the model, strength conforms to Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion; crest reduction coefficient has linear relation with residual strength ratio; peak axial strain has linear relation with radial stress. Model parameters comprised apparent cohesion, internal friction angle, residual apparent cohesion, residual internal friction angle, parameterandfor crest reduction coefficient, and parameterandfor peak axial strain. Calculated results show that the proposed model can simulate the results of all stress paths under different confining stress levels. The model can reflect strain softening and strain hardening properties of bulk wheat; peak shear strength and residual shear strength can be determined; and the simulated stress and strain curve coincide well with the test results. The result of this paper provides more accurate parameters for grain bin load calculation considering the stress path conditions, and the new model can be used to estimate stress and deformation of bulk wheat, and to improve the designing method of grain bins.

        stress; strain; models; bulk wheat; stress path triaxial test

        蔣敏敏,陳桂香. 基于應(yīng)力路徑試驗(yàn)的小麥糧堆力學(xué)特性和應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系模型[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2018,34(7):280-287. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.07.036 http://www.tcsae.org

        Jiang Minmin, Chen Guixiang. Mechanical properties and stress strain model for bulk wheat based on stress path test[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(7): 280-287. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.07.036 http://www.tcsae.org

        2017-11-06

        2018-02-22

        國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(51408197);糧食公益性行業(yè)科研專項(xiàng)(201513001);河南省科技攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目(162102210188);河南省屬高校基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)資金(2015RCJH16)

        蔣敏敏,男,江蘇鹽城人,博士,副教授,主要從事糧食倉儲結(jié)構(gòu)研究。Email:jiangmmhaut@126.com

        10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.07.036

        TS210

        A

        1002-6819(2018)-07-0280-08

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