方安寧,嚴家來,周衛(wèi)鳳,黃玲,丁艷
(1.安徽醫(yī)學高等??茖W校,安徽合肥230601;2.南京市第二醫(yī)院,江蘇南京210003)
成熟的miRNAs是一類長約21~25個核苷酸的小分子非編碼RNA,編碼miRNAs的基因在細胞核中經(jīng)RNA聚合酶Ⅱ加工生成一種長度約為70 nt的初始轉(zhuǎn)錄本pri-miRNAs。該轉(zhuǎn)錄本在RNA酶Dorsha的作用下加工成miRNA前體pre-miRNA。Exportin 5蛋白能與pre-miRNA特異性結(jié)合并將其輸出細胞核進入細胞質(zhì)。進入細胞質(zhì)的pre-miRNA在Dicer酶的作用下進一步被剪切成為一個不穩(wěn)定的dsRNA分子,接著在解旋酶的作用下生成成熟的單鏈miRNA,通過與靶mRNA的3’-非翻譯區(qū)(UTR)和編碼區(qū)域的堿基互補配對抑制靶mRNA翻譯,在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平調(diào)控靶基因表達[2]。miRNAs的功能非常重要,包括參與早期發(fā)育、細胞增殖、細胞凋亡、細胞死亡、脂肪代謝和細胞分化,目前認為體內(nèi)至少30%的基因表達受miRNAs調(diào)控[3]。
既往對miRNAs的研究主要集中于它們在細胞內(nèi)的活動,目前已有一些文獻報道了在肝癌中表達失調(diào)的miRNAs[4-15],隨著miRNAs功能研究的不斷深入,miRNAs在肝癌發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中的作用也逐漸被研究者所關(guān)注。自2005年Murakami等首次報道m(xù)iRNAs在正常肝臟和肝癌中的表達差異以來,已有多篇文獻報道了肝癌中異常表達的miRNAs[4-15]。在肝癌中表達上調(diào)的miRNAs有:miR-122、miR-21、miR-199a/b-3p、miR-223等,在正常肝臟中僅有9個miRNAs處于高豐度表達,占整個肝臟的miRNAs組的88.2%。其中表達最高的是miRNAs-122,第三高的miRNAs199a/b-3p的低表達與生存期顯著相關(guān)。在HCC中表達下調(diào)的miRNAs有Let-7a、miR-101、miR-122、miR-125a、miR-139a、miR-143、miR-195、miR-26和miR-29等。由HsuPW[16]預(yù)測人類miRNAs在病毒基因中作用位點的一個軟件(http:vita.mbe.nctu.edu.tw),Let-7a是HBV基因組的保守序列中的一個潛在的作用位點。另有文獻[17-18]報道組織中miR-17-5p在肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移中升高,可以作為預(yù)后標志物。miRNAs在肝相關(guān)疾病組織中的研究比較熱門,但無法確定哪一個或哪幾個miRNA的表達失調(diào)在HCC發(fā)展中發(fā)揮核心作用,但是我們還是可以看出一些在肝癌診斷方面達成共識的miRNAs,像miR-122a、miR199[19]等,在肝癌中不同miRNAs的表達所影響的信號通路(見圖1)[4]可以很直觀地發(fā)現(xiàn)受體絡(luò)氨酸激酶(這里表示肝細胞生長因子HGF/蛋氨酸原癌基因MET唯一軸),RAS和P13K途徑被下調(diào)的miR-199a/b-3p,Let-7和上調(diào)的miR-21所影響,導致細胞的癌變。miR-199a/b-3p、Let-7、miR-21這3種miRNA在病毒肝炎、肝硬化及肝細胞性癌患者的外周循環(huán)中也比較有意義,是否可以作為腫瘤標志物尚不可知。在HCC腫瘤發(fā)生過程中各種miRNAs所起的作用,其中miR-21、miR-199、miR-221、miR-122、miR-101和Let-7同樣起重要作用,見圖2[12]。
圖1 肝癌中不同miRNAs的表達的信號通路示意圖
圖2 miR-21、miR-199、miR-221、miR-122、miR-101和Let-7在HCC發(fā)生中的作用
半個多世紀前,Mandel和Metais在血漿和血清中發(fā)現(xiàn)了循環(huán)核酸(CNAs)[20]。隨著不斷改進檢測技術(shù)和方法,循環(huán)核酸在臨床疾病診斷中的應(yīng)用得到了較大進步,在很多領(lǐng)域取得了巨大成就,如器官移植、遺傳性疾病的產(chǎn)前檢查等[21]。早期的研究也表明,在腫瘤患者的血漿中,RNA的量顯著增加,腫瘤細胞的基因表達譜也和正常細胞有顯著差異[22-23]。近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)的miRNA也和腫瘤等各種疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展有著密切的聯(lián)系。由于病變組織細胞中的miRNA表達往往失調(diào),且miRNA在血漿中極其穩(wěn)定,研究者推測miRNA可以作為一種理想的以血液檢測為基礎(chǔ)的生物標志。
Chen等[24]通過對健康中國人的血清進行Solexa測序,鑒定了男性和女性血清中的miRNA數(shù)目分別為100和91。Taylor等[25]對同一卵巢癌患者的細胞和外核體研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在467條miRNA中有218條呈現(xiàn)陽性。Mitchell等[26]通過分離健康人血漿中的18~24個核苷酸的RNA,得到37種左右miRNAs,包括Let-7a、miR-16、miR-15b等。對3份獨立的健康人血漿miR-16、miR-24(血漿中中等豐度表達)和miR-15b(血漿中低等豐度表達)進行qRT-PCR分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)這3種miRNAs的濃度為8 910~133 970拷貝/微升。同時,他們將人的前列腺癌細胞22Rvl導入NOD/SCID免疫缺陷小鼠中,發(fā)現(xiàn)能在小鼠血漿中檢測到原本不存在的miR-629*和miR-660,而且miRNAs的豐度與腫瘤的大小相關(guān),并可作為診斷腫瘤的生物標志物。
循環(huán)中miRNAs可作為疾病的“指紋”去預(yù)測生存狀態(tài)[27-30]。大多數(shù)人認為循環(huán)RNA來自細胞凋亡或壞死、細胞主動釋放以及循環(huán)細胞的分裂。有些核酸蛋白1(NPM1)能夠介導部分miRNAs由胞內(nèi)釋放到胞外并且保護它在胞外不被核酸酶降解,有些循環(huán)miRNA由多種未知的成分構(gòu)成。由于它們含量豐富且具有組織的特異性、循環(huán)中的相對穩(wěn)定性,循環(huán)中miRNAs作為獨特的、易獲得的分子標志物來檢測和監(jiān)控癌癥具有深遠的影響。循環(huán)中的miRNAs能夠反映組織的一些信號,像丙型肝炎患者血清miR-122表達比正常人高,且和ALT表達有非常高的一致性[31],而且還與病毒載量、乙肝表面抗原量、γ谷氨酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶(GGT)等相關(guān)[32]。有學者報道m(xù)iR-500在外周血中的表達隨肝癌術(shù)前術(shù)后發(fā)生變化,但只觀察了3例[33]。最新研究表明,miR-101可能是HBV相關(guān)肝癌診斷及進展監(jiān)控的潛在標志物[34-35]。
循環(huán)miRNAs在肝癌中表達失調(diào)的報道比較少[36],具體哪些miRNA在診斷中起主要作用目前還存在很多爭論,距離在臨床診斷中應(yīng)用還有待進一步驗證。本課題擬進行如下3個方面工作:(1)以乙型及丙型肝炎單獨和重疊感染、肝硬化和肝細胞癌患者血清為參考樣本,通過exqion的LNATMmiRNA芯片對健康對照、肝硬化及肝癌患者血清中潛在的循環(huán)miRNAs進行初步分析與對比,篩選可能與肝病相關(guān)的miRNAs;(2)通過臨床病例對照研究,用莖環(huán)法實時熒光定量PCR對幾種可能與肝病相關(guān)的循環(huán)miRNAs進行初步驗證,以此初步探索循環(huán)miRNAs作為肝臟相關(guān)疾病分子標志物的可能性,再聯(lián)合AFP、AFP-L3及GP73做相關(guān)性研究及通過受試者工作特征曲線(ROC曲線)來評價實驗的特異性和準確性;(3)利用生物信息學并結(jié)合有關(guān)文獻,對優(yōu)勢的miRNAs潛在靶基因進行預(yù)測并探討肝病患者血清中的miRNAs可能原因。期待能發(fā)現(xiàn)特異性較強的miRNAs生物標志物,為早期診斷或鑒別診斷肝癌及為肝相關(guān)疾病的miRNAs靶向治療提供依據(jù)。
參考文獻:
[1]Bartel D P.MicroRNAs:genomics,biogenesis,mechanism,and function[J].Cell,2004(2):281-297.
[2]Kim V N,Nam J W.Genomics of microRNA[J].TRENDS in Genetics,2006,22(3):165-173.
[3]Bushati N,Cohen S M.microRNA functions[J].Cell Dev Biol,2007(23):175-205.
[4]Gramantieri L,F(xiàn)ornari F,Callegari E,et al.MicroRNA involvement in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Journal of cellular and molecular medicine,2008,12(6a):2189-2204.
[5]Yang H,Kong W,He L,et al.MicroRNA expression profiling in human ovarian cancer:miR-214 induces cell survival and cisplatin resistance by targeting PTEN[J].Cancer Research,2008,68(2):425-433.
[6]Huang Y S,Dai Y,Yu X F,et al.Microarray analysis of microRNA expression in hepatocellular carcinoma and non-tumorous tissues without viral hepatitis[J].Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology,2008,23(1):87-94.
[7]Ladeiro Y,Couchy G,Balabaud C,et al.MicroRNA profiling in hepatocellular tumors is associated with clinical features and oncogene/tumor suppressor gene mutations[J].Hepatology,2008,47(6):1955-1963.
[8]Varnholt H,Drebber U,Schulze F,et al.MicroRNA gene expression profile of hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Hepatology,2008,47(4):1223-1232.
[9]Wang Y,Lee A T C,Ma J Z I,et al.Profiling microRNA expression in hepatocellular carcinoma reveals microRNA-224 up-regulation and apoptosis inhibitor-5 as a microRNA-22-specific target[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,2008,283(19):13205-13215.
[10]Wong Q W,Lung R W,Law P T,et al.MicroRNA-223 is commonly repressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and potentiates expression of Stathmin1[J].Gastroenterology,2008,135(1):257-269.
[11]Anadol E,Schierwagen R,Elfimova N,et al.Circulating microRNAs as a marker for liver injury in human immunodeficiency virus patients[J].Hepatology,2015,61(1):46-55.
[12]Mizuguchi Y,Takizawa T,Yoshida H,et al.Dysregulated microRNAs in progression of hepatocellular carcinoma:A systematic review[J].Hepatol Res,2015,46(5):391-406.
[13]Budhu A,Jia H L,F(xiàn)orgues M,et al.Identification ofmetastasis-related microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Hepatology,2008,47(3):897-907.
[14]Gramantieri L,F(xiàn)erracin M,F(xiàn)ornari F,et al.Cyclin G1 is a target of miR-122a,a microRNA frequently down-regulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Cancer research,2007,67(13):6092-6099.
[15]Ura S,Honda M,Yamashita T,et al.Differential microRNA expression between hepatitis B and hepatitis C leading disease progression to hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Hepatology,2009,49(4):1098-1112.
[16]Lewis B P,Shih I,Jones-Rhoades M W,et al.Prediction of mammalian microRNA targets[J].Cell,2003,115(7):787-798.
[17]Chen L,Jiang M,Yuan W,et al.miR-17-5p as a novel prognostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Journal of Investigative Surgery,2012,25(3):156-161.
[18]Zheng J,Dong P,Gao S,et al.High expression of serum miR-17-5p associated with poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Hepato-gastroenterology,2012,60(123):549-552.
[19]Wang C,Song B,Song W,et al.Underexpressed microRNA-199b-5p targets Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α in hepatocellular carcinoma and predicts prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients[J].Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology,2011,26(11):1630-1637.
[20]Mandel P M.Les acides nucleiques du plasma sanguin chez 1'Homme[J].C RAcad Sci Paris,1948(142):241-243.
[21]Tsang J C.Circulating nucleic acids in plasma serum[J].Pathology,2007,39(2):197-207.
[22]Chan K C.Circulating tumour-derived nucleic acids in cancer patients:potential applications as tumour markers[J].Br J Cancer,2007,96(5):681-685.
[23]Anker P,Mulcahy H,Stroun M.Circulating nucleic acids in plasma and serum as a noninvasive investigation for cancer:time for large-scale clinical studies?[J].Int J Cancer,2003,103(2):49-152.
[24]Chen X,Y Ba,L Ma,et al.Characterization of microRNAs in serum:a novel class of biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases[J].Cell Res,2008,18(10):997-1006.
[25]Taylor D D,C Gercel-Taylor.MicroRNA signatures of tumor-derived exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers of ovarian cancer[J].Gynecol Oncol,2008,110(1):13-21.
[26]Mitchell P S,Parkin R K,Kroh E M,et al.Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2008,105(30):10513-10518.
[27]Xu J,Wu C,Che X,et al.Circulating MicroRNAs,miR-21,miR-122 and miR-223,in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or chronic hepatitis[J].Molecular carcinogenesis,2011,50(2):136-142.
[28]Qi P,Cheng S,Wang H,et al.Serum microRNAs as biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection[J].PloS one,2011,6(12):28486.
[29]Qu K Z,Zhang K,Li H R,et al.Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Journal of clinical gastroenterology,2011,45(4):355-360.
[30]Diaz G,Melis M,Tice A,et al.Identification of microRNAs specifically expressed in hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma[J].International Journal of Cancer,2013,133(4):816-824.
[31]Bihrer V,F(xiàn)riedrich-Rust M,Kronenberger B,et al.Serum miR-122 as a biomarker of necroinflammation in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection[J].The American journal of gastroenterology,2011,106(9):1663-1669.
[32]Akamatsu S,Hayes CN,Tsuge M,et al.Differences in serum microRNA profiles in hepatitis B and C virus infection[J].J Infect,2015,70(3):273-287.
[33]Yamamoto Y,Kosaka N,Tanaka M,et al.MicroRNA-500 as a potential diagnostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Biomarkers,2009,14(7):529-538.
[34]Xie Y,Yao Q,Butt AM,et al.Expression profiling of serum microRNA-101 in HBV-associated chronic hepatitis,liver cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Cancer Biol Ther,2014,15(9):1248-1255.
[35]Sheng Y,Li J,Zou C,et al.Downregulation of miR-101-3p by hepatitis B virus promotes proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by targeting Rab5a[J].Arch Virol,2014,159(9):2397-2410.
[36]Li L M,Hu Z B,Zhou Z X,et al.Serum microRNA profiles serve as novel biomarkers for HBV infection and diagnosis of HBV-positive hepatocarcinoma[J].Cancer research,2010,70(23):9798-9807.■