馬淑偉,王 軍,單瑞后,張振忠,汝少國
(中國海洋大學(xué)海洋生命學(xué)院,山東 青島 266003)
魚類卵黃原蛋白(vitellogenin, Vtg)是目前檢測環(huán)境雌激素活性最常用的生物標(biāo)志物,其測定通常采用基于Vtg或卵黃脂磷蛋白(lipovitellin, Lv)多克隆抗體建立的酶聯(lián)免疫吸附方法(ELISA)[1-2]。與多克隆抗體相比,單克隆抗體識(shí)別單一抗原表位,具有更高的特異性,利用單克隆抗體建立的ELISA能顯著提高檢測的精確度,可以更加準(zhǔn)確地定量Vtg[3-4]。然而,單克隆抗體的制備成本高,技術(shù)難度大,目前只開發(fā)了青鳉(Oryziaslatipes)、虹鱒魚(Oncorhynchusmykiss)等幾種魚類的Vtg或Lv單克隆抗體[3,5-6]。金魚(Carassiusauratus)是環(huán)境雌激素研究常用的受試生物[2,7],研究者已經(jīng)利用多克隆抗體建立了金魚Vtg的ELISA[8-9],但是至今未見金魚Vtg單抗ELISA的報(bào)道。同科魚類的Vtg具有相近的免疫源性,能被同科魚類Vtg抗體識(shí)別,例如鯉魚(Cyprinuscarpio)Vtg多克隆抗體常被用于檢測黑頭呆魚(Pimephalespromelas)和金魚等鯉科魚類的Vtg[1,10],推測單克隆抗體也可以檢測同科魚類的Vtg。因此,本研究嘗試?yán)脤?shí)驗(yàn)室制備的斑馬魚Lv單克隆抗體[11]建立金魚Vtg的ELISA。
魚類Vtg ELISA建立后需要開展17β-雌二醇(17β-estradiol, E2)或其它雌激素類物質(zhì)的暴露實(shí)驗(yàn),以檢驗(yàn)方法的可靠性[12]。血漿是檢測Vtg常用的樣品[2,13],但是血樣采集過程會(huì)對魚體造成傷害甚至死亡。隨著人們對動(dòng)物保護(hù)與福利的日益關(guān)注,開發(fā)無傷害的檢測方法引起了研究者的關(guān)注。Moncaut等[14]提出南美鯛魚(Cichlasomadimerus)體表粘液中含有Vtg,可以用作檢測樣品。因此,本研究利用建立的單抗夾心ELISA測定了E2暴露后金魚血漿和體表粘液中的Vtg含量,評價(jià)了以金魚體表粘液代替血漿,用于Vtg檢測的可行性。
金魚購自青島市南山花鳥蟲魚市場,體重(21.6±3.6) g、體長(9.4±0.6) cm,實(shí)驗(yàn)室馴養(yǎng)兩周后用于實(shí)驗(yàn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)容器為50 L玻璃水族箱,實(shí)驗(yàn)用水為連續(xù)曝氣24 h的自來水,溶解氧為(7.0±0.1) mg·L-1,光周期(光暗比)為16∶8,每天飼喂適量金魚顆粒餌料。
金魚Vtg與Lv的提取和純化采用此前實(shí)驗(yàn)室報(bào)道的兩步層析法[15]。
將對照雄魚血漿、E2誘導(dǎo)雄魚血漿、純化的金魚Vtg進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE,將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)印到PVDF膜,封閉后,利用8株斑馬魚Lv單克隆抗體室溫孵育4 h;TBST洗3次后,用辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記羊抗兔LgG室溫孵育4 h,TBST洗膜3次后,用DAB顯色液顯色,待條帶清晰時(shí),用蒸餾水終止反應(yīng)。將篩選出的雜交瘤細(xì)胞株進(jìn)行擴(kuò)大培養(yǎng)。
參照An等[6]的方法制備大量單克隆抗體。向小鼠腹腔注射雜交瘤細(xì)胞105個(gè);10 d后取腹水,收集上清,純化單克隆抗體。利用Bradford法測定蛋白濃度,保存于-80 ℃。
參考Mitsui等[16]的方法,將純化的斑馬魚Lv單克隆抗體用碳酸鈉包被緩沖液(0.05 Mol/L, pH 9.6)稀釋至5 μg·mL-1后,4℃包被過夜;次日,37 ℃封閉1 h,用PBST清洗3次后,加入100 μL梯度稀釋的純化金魚Lv,37 ℃孵育1 h,隨后加入100 μL不同稀釋倍數(shù)的HRP-標(biāo)記金魚Lv多克隆抗體(1∶5 000、1∶10 000、1∶20 000、1∶40 000),于37°C孵育1 h;最后,加入100 μL TMB單組分顯色液(Solarbio, China),37 ℃顯色10 min,用2N H2SO4終止反應(yīng),測定450 nm下的吸光值。
參照Nilsen等[17]與Maltais等[18]的方法測定ELISA的精確度與檢出限。精確度通過組內(nèi)差異與組間差異評價(jià),檢出限定義為12個(gè)0標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品孔吸光值的平均值加上兩倍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差所對應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品濃度。
采用半靜態(tài)毒性試驗(yàn)方法,E2暴露濃度分別為0、10、100和1 000 ng·L-1,3、21 d后采集血樣與體表粘液。體表粘液的采集按照Maltais和Roy[19]的方法略加修改,用刀片輕輕擦拭金魚尾鰭,將刀片上粘液轉(zhuǎn)移至1.5 mL離心管中,稱重,按1∶10(w∶v)加入預(yù)冷的含有抑酶肽(0.05 IU·mL-1)的0.01 mol/L PBS (pH 7.4),勻漿后,4℃ 8 000 g離心10 min,取上清。利用Western blot和ELISA檢測血漿與體表粘液中的Vtg。
金魚(n=6)血漿與體表粘液中Vtg含量經(jīng)Tukey’s檢驗(yàn)后進(jìn)行單因素方差分析(ANOVA)。所有數(shù)據(jù)以平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差的形式表示,當(dāng)P<0.05時(shí),定為差異顯著,P<0.01時(shí),定為差異極顯著。數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)檢驗(yàn)采用SPSS軟件(version 18)進(jìn)行。
Western blot結(jié)果顯示,H2H6、H1C8、H4C11、H3A8檢測到純化Vtg與E2誘導(dǎo)組雄魚血漿的多條清晰條帶,但與對照雄魚血漿不發(fā)生交叉反應(yīng)(見圖1)。將這4株細(xì)胞擴(kuò)大培養(yǎng)后,利用Protein G純化獲得了H2H6、H1C8、H4C11、H3A8單克隆抗體的IgG組分。
(1:純化的Vtg;2:E2誘導(dǎo)組雄魚血漿;3:對照組雄魚血漿。1: purified Vtg; 2: E2-induced male plasma; 3: control male plasma.)
圖1 Western blot測定斑馬魚Lv單克隆抗體對金魚Vtg的特異性
Fig.1 Specificity ofanti-zebrafish Lvmonoclonal antibodies to goldfish Vtg by Western blot analysis
以純化的4種單抗分別包被酶標(biāo)板,以HRP標(biāo)記的金魚Lv多抗(稀釋倍數(shù)為10 000倍)為檢測抗體建立了夾心ELISA。以單抗H2H6與H4C11包被時(shí),金魚Lv標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品的吸光值很低,且不呈線性;在利用單抗H3A8與H1C8建立的ELISA中,金魚Lv的吸光值較高,具有較好的線性,相比之下,在基于單抗H3A8建立的夾心ELISA中Lv曲線的斜率更大(見圖2)。
當(dāng)單抗H3A8包被濃度為5 μg·mL-1時(shí),不同稀釋倍數(shù)HRP標(biāo)記抗體獲得的曲線如圖3A所示。當(dāng)HRP標(biāo)記抗體稀釋1∶10 000時(shí),曲線具有很寬的工作范圍,呈現(xiàn)較好的線性,并且最大吸光值在3.0左右,在該反應(yīng)條件下,ELISA的工作范圍為15.6~1 000 ng·mL-1(y=1.664 9x-2.106 2,R2=0.990 4),檢出限為9.6 ng·mL-1(見圖3B)。
圖2 利用夾心ELISA篩選單克隆抗體Fig.2 Screening monoclonal antibody by sandwich ELISA
圖3 HRP標(biāo)記抗體稀釋倍數(shù)的確定(A)與夾心ELISA的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線(B)Fig. 3 Determination of the optimal dilution of HRP-labeled antibody (A) and a standard curve of sandwich ELISA (B)
利用單抗H3A8建立的夾心ELISA同時(shí)檢測了純化的金魚Vtg與Lv,發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線幾乎重合(見圖4)。
圖4 金魚Vtg和Lv免疫同源性檢測Fig. 4 Test of immunologic similarities between goldfishVtg and Lv
利用Lv標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品測定了ELISA的精確度。其組內(nèi)差異為1.30%~4.99%,組間差異為2.30%~4.37%(見表1),均低于5%。
表1 ELISA組內(nèi)差異與組間差異的測定
2.3.1 E2暴露3 d Western blot結(jié)果顯示,單抗H3A8在對照組、10和100 ng·L-1E2暴露3 d后的雄魚血漿、體表粘液均未檢測到Vtg條帶;在1 000 ng·L-1暴露組雄魚血漿、體表粘液均檢測到兩條與純化Vtg相同的條帶(見圖5)。
(1:對照組;2:10 ng·L-1組;3:100 ng·L-1組;4:1000 ng·L-1組;5:純化的金魚Vtg。Land 1: control; land 2: 10 ng·L-1; land 3: 100 ng·L-1; land 4: 1 000 ng·L-1; land 5:purified goldfishVtg.)
圖5 Western blot檢測E2暴露3 d后雄魚血漿(A)和體表粘液(B)中的Vtg.
Fig.5 Vtg inductionin plasma(A)and surface mucus(B) of male goldfish exposed to E2for 3 days detected by Western blot
對照組、10 ng L-1和100 ng L-1E2暴露3 d后的雄魚血漿和體表粘液均未檢測到Vtg,1 000 ng L-1暴露組雄魚血漿和體表粘液中Vtg含量分別為(168.5±32.2) μg·mL-1和(9.9±1.7)μg·mL-1,顯著高于對照組(P<0.01,見圖6)。
2.3.2 E2暴露21 d Western blot結(jié)果顯示,對照組與10 ng·L-1E2暴露21 d后的雄魚血漿和體表粘液未檢測到Vtg條帶,100 ng·L-1E2暴露組雄魚血漿檢測到兩條帶,1 000 ng·L-1E2暴露組出現(xiàn)了多條清晰條帶(見圖7A)。100和1 000 ng·L-1E2暴露組雄魚體表粘液檢測到2條清晰條帶及1條較弱條帶(見圖7B)。
ELISA結(jié)果顯示,對照組與10 ng·L-1E2暴露組雄魚血漿和體表粘液中未檢測到Vtg,100與1 000 ng·L-1E2暴露后雄魚血漿Vtg含量顯著升高至(14.6±4.7)、(1 216.0±525.2)μg·mL-1(P<0.01,見圖8A)。100與1 000 ng·L-1暴露組雄魚體表粘液中的Vtg含量顯著升高至(17.2±0.2)、(288.53±125.6)μg·mL-1(P<0.01,見圖8B)。
圖6 利用ELISA測定不同濃度E2暴露3 d后雄性金魚血漿(A)和體表粘液(B)中的Vtg濃度Fig. 6 Vtgconcentrations in plasma (A) and surface mucus(B) of male goldfishexposed to different E2for 3 daysdetected by ELISA.
本研究利用斑馬魚Lv單克隆抗體建立了金魚Vtg的夾心ELISA,為金魚Vtg的檢測提供了新的方法。Western blot結(jié)果顯示,單抗H2H6、H1C8、H4C11、H3A8能夠檢測到E2誘導(dǎo)組雄魚血漿與純化Vtg的陽性條帶,但是與對照組雄魚血漿無交叉反應(yīng),表明它們對金魚Vtg具有很高的特異性,這與斑馬魚Vtg的研究結(jié)果相近[20];并且金魚Vtg在以上4種單抗的檢測下都顯示一條清晰的主帶與多條弱帶,這與金魚Vtg多克隆抗體的Western blot結(jié)果相一致[21],表明斑馬魚Lv單抗能夠識(shí)別金魚Vtg的多個(gè)亞基,可以用于金魚Vtg的檢測。ELISA的結(jié)果顯示單抗H3A8對金魚Lv具有更寬的檢測范圍,且斜率明顯高于其它抗體,表明該抗體對金魚Lv具有更高的親和力。以單抗H3A8為包被抗體,以純化的金魚Lv為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品,以HRP標(biāo)記金魚Lv多克隆抗體為檢測抗體建立了夾心ELISA,發(fā)現(xiàn)金魚Vtg與Lv的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線幾乎完全重合,可見單抗H3A8對金魚Vtg與Lv具有相同的結(jié)合能力;ELISA的組內(nèi)與組間差異均低于5%,低于金魚Vtg多克隆抗體建立的ELISA方法[21],表現(xiàn)出很高的精確度。以上結(jié)果證實(shí)基于斑馬魚Lv單克隆抗體建立的夾心ELISA能夠準(zhǔn)確定量金魚Vtg。本研究建立的ELISA工作范圍為15.6~1 000 ng·mL-1,檢出限約為9.6 ng·mL-1,與鯉魚和紋鱧(Channastriata)等魚類Vtg ELISA的研究結(jié)果相近[22-23], 但是高于金魚Vtg多克隆抗體建立的ELISA[21]。為進(jìn)一步提高檢測方法的敏感度,今后有必要開發(fā)金魚Vtg的單克隆抗體。
(1:對照組;2:10 ng·L-1組;3:100 ng·L-1組;4:1 000 ng·L-1組;5:金魚Vtg。Land 1: control; land 2: 10 ng·L-1; land 3: 100 ng·L-1; land 4: 1 000 ng·L-1; land 5: goldfish Vtg.)
圖7 Western blot檢測E2暴露21 d后雄魚血漿(A)和體表粘液(B)中的Vtg
Fig.7 Vtg induction in plasma (A)and surface mucus (B) of male goldfish exposed to E2for 21 days detected by Western blot
有研究報(bào)道魚類血漿與體表粘液中的Vtg含量在外源雌激素的誘導(dǎo)下存在正相關(guān)性[18,24],并且魚類體表粘液取樣較血漿取樣方便,對魚體沒有傷害,更適合用作Vtg的檢測樣品[24-25]。為檢驗(yàn)金魚體表粘液中的Vtg是否能夠有效指示外源化合物的雌激素活性,本研究利用建立的ELISA測定E2暴露后雄性金魚血漿和體表粘液中的Vtg含量。E2的環(huán)境濃度通常在5~199.0 ng/L之間[26-27],本研究據(jù)此設(shè)計(jì)了E2的暴露濃度為10、100與1 000 ng·L-1。檢測結(jié)果顯示,100與1 000 ng·L-1E2暴露21 d能誘導(dǎo)雄性金魚血漿產(chǎn)生Vtg,這與E2對斑馬魚Vtg的誘導(dǎo)結(jié)果相一致[28],證明基于斑馬魚Lv單抗建立的ELISA能夠用于檢測外源化合物對金魚的雌激素活性。此前,有研究報(bào)道腹腔注射E2能夠誘導(dǎo)雄性羅非魚(Oreochromismossambicus)和金魚體表粘液產(chǎn)生Vtg[21,29]。本研究在1 000 ng·L-1E2暴露3 d、100和1 000 ng·L-1E2暴露21 d后雄魚體表粘液檢測到了Vtg,表明E2水體暴露同樣會(huì)誘導(dǎo)金魚體表粘液生成Vtg。在1 000 ng·L-1E2暴露3 d時(shí),雄魚血漿中Vtg含量遠(yuǎn)高于體表粘液,約為體表粘液Vtg含量的17倍,但是100 ng·L-1E2暴露21 d后雄魚血漿中Vtg的含量是體表粘液的1.2倍,可見在外源化合物質(zhì)長期暴露下,體表粘液與血漿中的Vtg含量更為接近,可以有效指示外源化合物的雌激素活性。
圖8 利用ELISA測定不同濃度E2暴露21 d后雄魚血漿(A)和體表粘液(B)的Vtg濃度Fig.8 Vtg concentrations in plasma (A) and surface mucus (B) of male goldfish exposed to different E2 for 21 days detected by ELISA
綜上,本研究首次建立了金魚Vtg的單抗夾心ELISA,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)金魚體表粘液Vtg可以用作環(huán)境雌激素的無傷害檢測指標(biāo),為金魚Vtg指標(biāo)在環(huán)境雌激素研究中應(yīng)用提供了重要的方法學(xué)參考。
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