王為強(qiáng)+宇輝+趙賓
[摘要] 目的 探討ABCD2評(píng)分法和ABC2D2評(píng)分法對(duì)短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(TIA)后卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。 方法 分別按照ABCD2評(píng)分、ABC2D2評(píng)分法將安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬宿州市立醫(yī)院2014年3月~2016年9月收治的139例TIA患者分為低危、中危、高危三組,并觀察7 d、1年之內(nèi)的腦卒中發(fā)生率,評(píng)價(jià)兩種評(píng)分對(duì)TIA患者進(jìn)行卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的分層能力;通過(guò)ROC曲線下面積比較兩種評(píng)分對(duì)TIA后7 d、1年內(nèi)發(fā)生腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。 結(jié)果 按ABCD2評(píng)分分為低危組(0~3分)37例、中危組(4~5分)86例和高危組(6~7分)16例,其7 d內(nèi)發(fā)生腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)概率分別為5.41%、26.74%和56.25%,其1年內(nèi)發(fā)生腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)概率分別為13.51%、40.70%和68.75%,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。按ABC2D2評(píng)分分為低危組(0~3分)24例、中危組(4~6分)78例和高危組(7~9分)37例,其7 d內(nèi)發(fā)生腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)概率分別為0.00%、16.67%和56.76%,其1年內(nèi)發(fā)生腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)概率分別為4.17%、30.77%和70.27%,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。ABC2D2評(píng)分法預(yù)測(cè)TIA患者7 d(1年)內(nèi)腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的ROC曲線下面積均高于ABCD2,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 ABC2D2評(píng)分法的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值高于ABCD2評(píng)分法,是預(yù)測(cè)TIA后卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的一種比較有效的方法。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作;腦卒中;ABCD2;ABC2D2;預(yù)測(cè)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R743 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)12(b)-0054-04
[Abstract] Objective To explore the predictive value of ABCD2 criteria and ABC2D2 criteria method for stroke risk in transient ischemic attack (TIA). Methods One hundred and thirty-nine patients with TIA from March 2014 to September 2016 in Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University were divided into low risk, moderate risk and high risk group according to ABCD2 and ABC2D2 criteria, the incidence of stroke in 7 d and 1 year was observed. The stratification of the risk of stroke risk in patients with TIA was evaluated. The prediction value of the risk of stroke in 7 d, 1 year after TIA was compared under the ROC curve (AUC). Results According to the ABCD2 criteria, the patients were divided into 37 cases of low-risk group (0-3 points), 86 cases of middle-risk group (4-5 points) and 16 cases of high-risk group (6-7 points). The risk of stroke in 7 days was 5.41%, 26.74% and 56.25%, the risk of stroke in 1 year was 13.51%, 40.70% and 68.75%, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). According to the ABC2D2 criteria, the patients were divided into 24 cases of low-risk group (0-3 points), 78 cases of middle-risk group (4-6 points) and 37 cases of high-risk group (7-9 points). The risk of stroke in 7 d was 0.00%, 16.67% and 56.76%, the risk of stroke in 1 year was 4.17%, 30.77% and 70.27%, the differences were statistically significance (P < 0.05). ABC2D2 criteria were used to predict that the area of the ROC curve of the risk of stroke in patients with TIA in 7 d (1 year) was higher than that of ABCD2, the differences were statistically significance (P < 0.05). Conclusion The prediction value of ABC2D2 criteria is higher than that of the ABCD2 scoring method, which is a more effective method to predict the risk of stroke after TIA.endprint
[Key words] Transient ischemic attack; Stroke; ABCD2; ABC2D2; Prediction
短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(TIA)具有較高的卒中危險(xiǎn)性,是臨床常見(jiàn)病癥。目前常用ABCD2評(píng)分法預(yù)測(cè)對(duì)TIA后短期卒中危險(xiǎn),一般在2~90 d,而應(yīng)用ABC2D2評(píng)分法對(duì)TIA后的長(zhǎng)期卒中危險(xiǎn)的評(píng)價(jià)研究相對(duì)較少[1-2]。近年研究表明頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是TIA后卒中的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[3-4]。因此將ABCD2+頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(ABCD2+carotid atherosclerosise,ABC2D2)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用于臨床,對(duì)宿州市立醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)治療的TIA患者共139例進(jìn)行了為期1年的隨訪,觀察其對(duì)TIA后7 d、1年內(nèi)發(fā)生腦卒中的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
選擇2014年3月~2016年9月在我院治療的139例TIA患者,其中,男89例,女50例,年齡34~80歲,平均(61±5)歲。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①2009年6月美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)(AHA)/美國(guó)卒中協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)發(fā)表科學(xué)聲明中的定義[5],且經(jīng)頭顱MRI證實(shí);②年齡≥18歲;③均完成頸部血管彩超檢查。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①其他非血管性原因如腦腫瘤、腦外傷、顱內(nèi)感染性疾病等造成的類TIA發(fā)作;②不能行頭顱MRI患者;③不能配合完成1年隨訪者。
1.2 頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化檢查
頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化檢查由專門的血管超聲醫(yī)生完成。頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜至中層厚度>1.2 mm,為動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊形成,此為斑塊組,達(dá)不到上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為無(wú)斑塊組。根據(jù)回聲高低將斑塊組分為軟斑、混合斑及硬斑。其中硬斑為穩(wěn)定斑塊,軟斑和混合性斑塊為不穩(wěn)定斑塊。頸動(dòng)脈狹窄程度評(píng)估:找出最大斑塊,用最大斑塊的橫截面積/該處血管的橫截面積×100%,所得值為頸動(dòng)脈狹窄程度。
1.3 ABC2D2評(píng)分法
ABCD2評(píng)分法及ABC2D2評(píng)分法的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)見(jiàn)表1。依據(jù)ABCD2評(píng)分將TIA患者分為高危(6~7分)、中危(4~5分)、低危(0~3分)三組;依據(jù)ABC2D2評(píng)分將TIA患者分為高危(7~9分)、中危(4~6分)、低危(0~3分)三組。
1.4 腦卒中的評(píng)估方法
采取電話隨訪和門診隨訪的形式,以病程7 d、1年為時(shí)間點(diǎn)按照第四屆腦血管病學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議通過(guò)的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)觀察患者是否發(fā)生腦卒中(包括缺血性腦卒中和出血性腦卒中)。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件SPSS 17.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)。兩種評(píng)分法的臨床價(jià)值比較應(yīng)用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線下面積(AUC),并進(jìn)行Z檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料組間分析用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 ABCD2評(píng)分和ABC2D2評(píng)分不同危險(xiǎn)組中TIA患者7 d、1年內(nèi)腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
139例TIA患者7 d內(nèi)發(fā)生腦卒中者34例,占總病例數(shù)的24.46%;1年內(nèi)發(fā)生腦卒中者51例,占總病例數(shù)的36.69%。依據(jù)ABCD2評(píng)分,低危、中危、高危組7 d、1年內(nèi)發(fā)生腦卒中的發(fā)生率呈升高趨勢(shì),且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。依據(jù)ABC2D2評(píng)分,低危、中危、高危組7 d、1年內(nèi)發(fā)生腦卒中的發(fā)生率呈升高趨勢(shì),且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.2 ABCD2、ABC2D2評(píng)分法預(yù)測(cè)TIA患者7 d、1年內(nèi)腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的臨床價(jià)值比較
ABCD2、ABC2D2評(píng)分法預(yù)測(cè)TIA患者7 d內(nèi)腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的ROC曲線下面積(95%CI)分別為0.692(0.586~0.797)和0.848(0.783~0.913)(Z = 2.465,P = 0.014,圖1)。ABCD2、ABC2D2評(píng)分法預(yù)測(cè)TIA患者1年內(nèi)腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的ROC曲線下面積(95%CI)分別為0.696(0.605~0.787)和0.893(0.841~0.944)(Z = 3.728, P = 0.000,圖2)。
3 討論
TIA后卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增高,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)139例TIA患者7 d內(nèi)發(fā)生腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為24.46%;1年內(nèi)發(fā)生腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為36.69%。這遠(yuǎn)高于國(guó)內(nèi)外研究報(bào)道[6-16],其原因可能與本研究對(duì)象以住院患者為主,且病情相對(duì)較重。建立TIA后卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)評(píng)估模型有利于對(duì)TIA患者的管理,指導(dǎo)臨床醫(yī)生采取更積極有效的預(yù)防策略,從而降低TIA后的卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ABCD2評(píng)分法不但可預(yù)測(cè)TIA后短期(7 d)卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn),還可預(yù)測(cè)TIA后長(zhǎng)期(1年)卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn),根據(jù)ABCD2評(píng)分將患者分為低危、中危、高危組,7 d(1年)內(nèi)發(fā)生腦卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均呈明顯升高趨勢(shì),且有顯著差異(P < 0.05)。這表明對(duì)TIA高危患者不僅要加強(qiáng)急性期的治療,還要加強(qiáng)二級(jí)預(yù)防,但ABCD2評(píng)分法預(yù)測(cè)7 d及1年卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的ROC曲線下面積均在0.7以下,預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值較低,有待進(jìn)一步改良。
有研究認(rèn)為動(dòng)脈硬化不穩(wěn)定斑塊及血管狹窄是TIA進(jìn)展至腦梗死的主要病因之一[17-19]。腦血流中的微栓子主要來(lái)源于斑塊,尤其是不穩(wěn)定斑塊,更容易脫落形成微栓子,血管源性的微栓子脫落,阻塞小動(dòng)脈出現(xiàn)缺血而表現(xiàn)為TIA或腦梗死。血管輕度狹窄對(duì)腦供血影響較小,當(dāng)狹窄超過(guò)50%甚至70%以上,則會(huì)影響血流動(dòng)力學(xué),導(dǎo)致低灌注性TIA的發(fā)生[20]。目前普遍認(rèn)為頸動(dòng)脈粥樣病變是腦出血的病變基礎(chǔ)[21]。故ABCD2評(píng)分結(jié)合患者頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化有可能進(jìn)一步提高預(yù)測(cè)的準(zhǔn)確性。本研究驗(yàn)證了這一推測(cè),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)ABC2D2評(píng)分法預(yù)測(cè)7 d及1年卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的ROC曲線下面積均分別明顯高于ABCD2評(píng)分法(P < 0.05)。同時(shí)根據(jù)ABC2D2評(píng)分法將患者分為低危、中危、高危組,7 d(1年)內(nèi)發(fā)生腦卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也呈明顯升高趨勢(shì)(P < 0.05)。故ABC2D2評(píng)分法是臨床上預(yù)測(cè)TIA患者短期腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的一種比較有效的方法,且優(yōu)于ABCD2評(píng)分法。endprint
目前頸部血管彩超檢查已在基層廣泛普及。根據(jù)本研究結(jié)果,對(duì)TIA患者一定要行頸部血管彩超檢查,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用ABCD2對(duì)所有的TIA患者進(jìn)行評(píng)分,對(duì)高?;颊卟扇「e極有效的治療和二級(jí)預(yù)防策略。本研究存在一些局限性,首先本研究樣本量較小,隨訪時(shí)間相對(duì)較短,其次所有患者雖在住院期間接受了規(guī)范的急性期治療,出院后部分患者依從性差,未采用規(guī)范合理的二級(jí)預(yù)防治療,這可能會(huì)影響卒中發(fā)生率。因此,本研究結(jié)果尚需進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。
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(收稿日期:2017-10-18 本文編輯:張瑜杰)endprint