陳慈明+龔磊

英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)分為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者， 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。只有及物動(dòng)詞或含及物意義的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞才能轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。作為高考英語(yǔ)中一個(gè)重要的考點(diǎn)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是一個(gè)綜合性比較強(qiáng)的考點(diǎn)。在許多情況下，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)會(huì)與時(shí)態(tài)、主謂一致、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)等綜合在一起進(jìn)行考查。筆者在此為同學(xué)們梳理被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的六大重難點(diǎn)。

[被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的不同時(shí)態(tài)]

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，句中人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)都通過(guò)be體現(xiàn)。近年來(lái)，各地高考試題中，對(duì)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)的考查，主要體現(xiàn)在結(jié)合上下文，根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和文中時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的提示來(lái)判斷究竟用何種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。。

1. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

例1 So it was a great honor to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base， where ticket money helps pay for research. I _________ （arrow） to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.

解析 was allowed。句意為：我被允許接近這些可愛的動(dòng)物。根據(jù)上下文可知，事情發(fā)生在過(guò)去，應(yīng)使用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，I與allow之間應(yīng)為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故而答案應(yīng)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

例2 Steam engines _________ （use） to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly （fair） unpleasant for the passengers， with all the smoke and noise.

解析 were used?？疾楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意為蒸汽發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)“被用于”拉貨物，故填were used。

2. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

例3 Nowadays， cycling， along with jogging and swimming， _________ as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.

A. regard B. is regarded

C. are regarded D. regards

解析 B。句意：現(xiàn)在騎自行車、慢跑和游泳被認(rèn)為是最全面的鍛煉方式之一。根據(jù)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)regard ... as ... （把……看作……）和句意確定應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，排除A和D；由介詞短語(yǔ)along with連接的三個(gè)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該與cycling一致，確定用單數(shù)。

例4 Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required to process （process） the food that we eat， to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt _________ （remove） from food， the food tastes as if is missing something.

解析 are removed。句意：當(dāng)脂肪和鹽被從食物移除時(shí)，食物嘗起來(lái)就像是失去了什么一樣。整句話為現(xiàn)在時(shí)，根據(jù)句意語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)為被動(dòng)，故答案為are removed。

3. 完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

例5 In the 1950s in the USA， most families had just one phone at home， and wireless phones _________ yet.

A. havent invented

B. havent been invented

C. hadnt invented

D. hadnt been invented

解析 D?？疾闀r(shí)態(tài)。句意：在美國(guó)20世紀(jì)50年代的時(shí)候，大多數(shù)的家庭家里只有一部電話，并且無(wú)線電話還沒有發(fā)明出來(lái)。根據(jù)句意可知用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，排除A和C；事情發(fā)生在過(guò)去，排除B。

4. 進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

例6 He hurried home， never once looking back to see if he _________.

A. was being followed B. was following

C. had been followed D. followed

解析 A。句意：他急著回家，都不回頭看看有沒有人在跟著他。結(jié)合時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)義，此處應(yīng)該使用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

[包含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)]

包含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：

The problem may be solved in a number of different ways.

In our school， library books must be returned in two weeks.

例7 Chopsticks are usually two long， thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic， animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might _________ （make） of gold and silver with Chinese characters.endprint

解析 be made?？疾楣潭ㄔ~組sth. be made of“由……制成”，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面跟動(dòng)詞原形，故填 be made。句意：真正高雅的筷子或許是以金銀為原料，做成帶有中國(guó)元素的樣子。

此外，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞含可以和完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)連用，構(gòu)成“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have been done”的結(jié)構(gòu)，可以表示對(duì)過(guò)去的事情的推測(cè)。

例8 I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadnt been wearing one， I _________.

A. were injured B. would be injured

C. had been injured D. would have been injured

解析 D。句意：我當(dāng)時(shí)系著安全帶。如果我沒有系安全帶，我就會(huì)受傷。根據(jù)if條件句用的had done，可知，主句用would have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬，而且I和injure是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

[get+done構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)]

get+done能用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)和系表結(jié)構(gòu)。用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，它強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的發(fā)生；用于系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，它強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)的變化。get+done用來(lái)表示狀態(tài)或情況時(shí)，常用的短語(yǔ)有g(shù)et lost，get drunk，get caught/stuck/trapped，get dressed等。

例9 ... and yet find it impossible to say no？ Do you find yourself getting impatient or _________ （annoy） with people over unimportant things？

解析 annoyed?？疾樾稳菰~。annoyed是由過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)換而來(lái)的形容詞，通常修飾人。本句中該詞和impatient并列，與系動(dòng)詞get構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。

[非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)]

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞，其中不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義。當(dāng)這三類非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，要使用相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，在句子中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等成分。

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的形式如下：

1. 不定式一般式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，由to be+done構(gòu)成。如：

She asked to be given some work to do.

He was the last person to be asked to speak.

2. 不定式完成式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，由to have been done構(gòu)成。如：

I should like to have been told the result earlier.

3. 現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，由being+done構(gòu)成。如：

I saw him being taken away.

Being protected by a wall， he felt quite safe.

4. 現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，由having been done構(gòu)成。如：

Having been invited to speak，Ill start making preparations tomorrow.

The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it.

5. 動(dòng)名詞一般式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，由“being+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：

She likes being looked at.

He hates being made a fool of.

This question is far from being settled.

6. 動(dòng)名詞完成式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，由having been done構(gòu)成。如：

Jennys not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret.

After having been instructed to drive out of town，I began to acquire confidence.

例10 _________ over a week ago， the books are expected to arrive any time now.

A. Ordering B. To order

C. Having ordered D. Ordered

解析 D?？疾檫^(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)。句意：那些書是一周多之前訂的，現(xiàn)在隨時(shí)有可能送到。Books和order是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，即order books/books are ordered，故用過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)和完成。

同學(xué)們還應(yīng)注意一些含有過(guò)去分詞的固定搭配，如all things considered（從整體來(lái)看），as expected（正如預(yù)料的那樣），given that/provided that ...（假設(shè)……）等。

[主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)的用法]

在一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)和句型中，盡管是主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)但卻可以表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。

1. 在need，want，require，deserve，bear等動(dòng)詞，worth等形容詞的后面，動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。

The house needs repairing/to be repaired.

2. 在某些“主語(yǔ)（人/物）+be+形容詞+不定式”中不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。

The problem is difficult to work out.

3. be to rent/blame/let用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

Who is to blame for the mistake？

The houses are to let.

[不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞]

有些特殊動(dòng)詞不能用作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

1. 系動(dòng)詞類，如look，seem，feel，taste，sound，prove，appear等。

Your idea sounds great.

2. 表示主語(yǔ)特征的詞，如read，wash，write，sell，wear，lock等，常與not，hardly，well，easily，badly，nicely等副詞連用。

This kind of cloth washes easily.

總之，只要徹底搞清楚被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和?？加梅ǎ僬J(rèn)真審題，找準(zhǔn)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)，確定好動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)，就能夠在高考的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)類題目中百戰(zhàn)百勝，取得理想的成績(jī)。endprint