閆躍
主謂一致是英語高考中的常設(shè)考點。它有三個原則:語法一致、意義一致和就近原則。對主謂一致的直接考查一般通過語法填空和短文改錯這兩種題型。
考查主謂一致,必然連帶著考查時態(tài),本文擬對主謂一致的相關(guān)考點作一歸納,希望對同學(xué)們的備考有所啟示。
[語法填空]
1. 現(xiàn)在時態(tài)
例1 Ill talk about the power of focus. Motivation (be) a powerful tool to make use of when youre working on a goal.
解析 is。在你致力于實現(xiàn)某一目標的時候,動機是可以利用的有力工具。這是作者在“現(xiàn)在”談?wù)摗皩W⒌牧α俊边@個話題時所持的觀點,所以用一般現(xiàn)在時,且motivation是不可數(shù)名詞,故謂語動詞需用單數(shù)。
例2 I have been studying for my final exam. A large quantity of knowledge (need) mastering.
解析 needs。根據(jù)前面句子的謂語動詞have been studying可知,空格所在句談?wù)摰氖乾F(xiàn)在的情況,所以用一般現(xiàn)在時,主語a large quantity of knowledge是不可數(shù)概念,所以謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
注意 “a quantity of+不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時,謂語用單數(shù);“a quantity of+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語時,謂語用復(fù)數(shù);“quantities of+不可數(shù)名詞/可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語時,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。
例3 Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet ... When fat and salt (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
解析 are removed。根據(jù)語境(如兩個系動詞are與tastes)可知,這里說的是現(xiàn)在的情況,所以空格處應(yīng)填一般現(xiàn)在時,且remove(去除)與fat and salt(脂肪和鹽分)是動賓關(guān)系,故需用被動語態(tài)。盡管fat和salt各自為不可數(shù)名詞,但用并列連詞and連接后,則表示兩個不同的概念,屬于復(fù)數(shù)范疇,所以謂語動詞中的助動詞be要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
2. 過去時態(tài)
例4 Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and (be) too violent for use at the table.
解析 were。句意為刀子因太暴力而不適合在餐桌上使用,believed后跟一個賓語從句,and連接了兩個并列的謂語,主語knives是復(fù)數(shù),根據(jù)主謂一致原則,這里用復(fù)數(shù),故填were。
例5 In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio. It , (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.
解析 was。1969年,克利夫蘭附近的凱霍加河受到了嚴重污染,當時(人們)很難想象這條河能被清理干凈??崭袂懊娴膇t是形式主語,后面的that從句是主語從句,單個從句作主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù),且說的是過去的事件,故填was。
例6 The story immediately roused heated debate among British Internet users and got 652 comments after it (publish) on Wednesday.
解析 was published。根據(jù)時間狀語on Wednesday可知,空格處應(yīng)用一般過去時態(tài),句中代詞it指代上文的名詞story,是單數(shù)概念,而動詞publish與代詞it是動賓關(guān)系,所以此處應(yīng)填一般過去時的被動語態(tài),且謂語動詞中的助動詞be用單數(shù)。
3. 完成時態(tài)
例7 Recently a survey (do) to find out the reading interest of senior middle school students.
解析 has been done。根據(jù)時間副詞recently可知,該句要用現(xiàn)在完成時,且提示詞do與主語survey是動賓關(guān)系,故用被動語態(tài),根據(jù)語法一致原則,所填謂語動詞中的助動詞have應(yīng)用第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式。
例8 Since then, similar kind acts (perform) in schools around the world. Many schools organize a Random Acts of Kindness Week.
解析 have been performed。由時間狀語since then可知,句子應(yīng)用完成時態(tài)。句子提到自從那時開始,全世界的學(xué)校里都會有人做類似的善舉,許多學(xué)?,F(xiàn)在都會組織random Acts of Kindness Week,表明的是過去或者過去以來一直發(fā)生的行為(perform)對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響,故空格處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時,又因主語acts是謂語動詞的承受者,故用被動語態(tài)。最后,根據(jù)主謂一致,謂語動詞中的助動詞have要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
4. 進行時態(tài)
例9 While I (write) the invitations, Mum came in and asked, “Nancy, what about inviting John?”endprint
解析 was writing。連詞while引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,且從句動作(寫請柬)可延續(xù),整個從句可視為主句動作發(fā)生的背景,且均表示過去的事情,所以從句要用過去進行時。作從句主語的代詞I是單數(shù),故從句謂語中的助動詞be需用一般過去時的單數(shù)形式。
例10 They attempt to find different types of activities that can help them escape feelings of laziness or boredom. But, when doing so, the main thing people (try) to avoid is being alone.
解析 are trying。時間狀語when doing so是從句when they are doing so的省略形式,表示的是一個現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作,而主句動作(試圖避免)是與從句謂語同時發(fā)生的行為,所以也要用現(xiàn)在進行時。主句主語people是復(fù)數(shù),所以其謂語動詞中的助動詞be也要用復(fù)數(shù)。
[短文改錯]
1. 謂語誤用復(fù)數(shù)
例11 So its not surprising that some students choose to go to the street to buy junk food which do harm to their health.
解析 do→does。原句陳述的是現(xiàn)在的情況,時態(tài)沒錯,但不可數(shù)名詞food作主語,謂語動詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)。
例12 My dream school look like a big garden. There are all kinds of flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.
解析 look→looks。本句介紹的是“我”夢想中的學(xué)校是什么樣子的,根據(jù)語法一致,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
例13 Li Hua is always warm-hearted and care a lot about the class. Moreover, she often devotes her spare time to helping others.
解析 care→cares。名詞Li Hua是單數(shù)第三人稱,且文段介紹的是李華現(xiàn)在的情況,所以謂語動詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)第三人稱現(xiàn)在式,cares與is是并列謂語。
2. 謂語誤用單數(shù)
例14 This was a tough change for me because the area totally differed from Ohio. There was no rivers or lakes to fish in at all.
解析 was→were。原句敘述的是過去的情況,時態(tài)正確。但there be的謂語動詞要遵循就近原則,上面第二個分句的謂語要跟名詞rivers保持一致,所以將單數(shù)的was改為復(fù)數(shù)的were。
例15 Besides, the new experiences in a new place enables you to broaden your horizons and enrich your knowledge.
解析 enables→enable。本句講述的是一般性的情況,所以用一般現(xiàn)在時。句中的experiences表示“經(jīng)歷、體驗”,是可數(shù)名詞,使用復(fù)數(shù)形式是沒錯的。根據(jù)主謂一致,單數(shù)形式的enables應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,具體到此句,即是它的原形。
例16 Obviously, without the help of the whole society, there would be no new school today. It is love and concern that has brought about the great changes.
解析 has→have。存在句there would be ...表示的是現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬,時態(tài)正確。后面強調(diào)句的主謂不一致,雖然love與concern是不可數(shù)名詞,但并列使用時,它們表示的是兩個各自不同的概念,應(yīng)按復(fù)數(shù)處理,所以原句中的助動詞has應(yīng)改為復(fù)數(shù)形式have。endprint