目前,急性缺血性卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)最有效的藥物治療仍是超早期內(nèi)(<4.5 h)給予重組組織型纖溶酶原激活劑(recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,rt-PA)靜脈溶栓,因其可顯著改善AIS預(yù)后,被國內(nèi)外腦血管病指南一致推薦。2012年12月《中華內(nèi)科雜志》發(fā)表的《重組組織型纖溶酶原激活劑靜脈溶栓治療缺血性卒中中國專家共識(2012版)》[1]和2014年發(fā)表的《中國急性缺血性腦卒中診治指南2014》[2]對規(guī)范我國AIS靜脈溶栓臨床實踐起到了積極作用,但目前我國AIS患者靜脈溶栓治療率仍非常低,僅有2.4%,其中使用rt-PA溶栓治療僅1.6%[3]。近年來AIS急性期治療取得很大進(jìn)展,尤其2015年靜脈溶栓聯(lián)合血管內(nèi)治療被美國和中國指南所推薦,靜脈溶栓模式發(fā)生根本轉(zhuǎn)變。2016年2月美國心臟協(xié)會(American Heart Association,AHA)和美國卒中學(xué)會(American Stroke Association,ASA)聯(lián)合發(fā)布了AIS靜脈應(yīng)用rt-PA納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)科學(xué)聲明[4]。總體上,AIS靜脈溶栓適應(yīng)證有逐漸擴(kuò)大,而禁忌證有相對縮小趨勢。為進(jìn)一步規(guī)范國內(nèi)AIS靜脈溶栓,提高溶栓率,使更多AIS患者通過溶栓而獲益,中國卒中學(xué)會組織和發(fā)布了此科學(xué)聲明。
1995年美國國立神經(jīng)病和卒中研究所(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke,NINDS)研究首次證實符合適應(yīng)證AIS患者發(fā)病3 h內(nèi)靜脈rt-PA溶栓是安全有效的,能顯著增加生存及非殘疾比例,而且越早越好[5-8],也得到了歐洲和中國溶栓登記研究的支持[7,9-10]。2008年歐洲急性卒中協(xié)作組研究(Effect of the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study,ECASS)-3研究顯示對發(fā)病3.0~4.5 h AIS患者進(jìn)行rt-PA靜脈溶栓也可顯著增加3個月良好預(yù)后,認(rèn)為AIS溶栓時間窗可延長至發(fā)病4.5 h內(nèi)[11]。隨后中國和國際溶栓登記研究[8-10,12]以及2010年溶栓匯總分析[6]均為發(fā)病3.0~4.5 h靜脈rt-PA溶栓能夠獲益提供了進(jìn)一步證據(jù)(表1)。目前國際腦血管病指南一致推薦,基于臨床和顱腦計算機(jī)斷層掃描(computed tomography,CT)平掃選擇的AIS患者在發(fā)病后4.5 h內(nèi)進(jìn)行rt-PA靜脈溶栓是安全有效的。我國尚未批準(zhǔn)AIS發(fā)病3~4.5 h rt-PA靜脈溶栓治療,目前正在進(jìn)行臨床試驗。
表1 AIS患者靜脈溶栓的主要臨床研究及結(jié)論
2010年溶栓匯總分析顯示,時間窗>4.5 h后rt-PA靜脈溶栓風(fēng)險超過獲益,是否能應(yīng)用多模式神經(jīng)影像指導(dǎo)延長溶栓時間窗仍存爭議[19-23]。磁共振平面回波序列溶栓評估研究(Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial,EPITHET)納入發(fā)病3~6 h的AIS患者,并采用磁共振成像(magtic resonance imaging,MRI)灌注加權(quán)(perfusion weighted imaging,PWI)和彌散加權(quán)(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)結(jié)果不匹配進(jìn)行篩選,發(fā)現(xiàn)是否靜脈溶栓治療對梗死體積擴(kuò)大無顯著影響[20],但靜脈rt-PA治療可改善患者腦灌注和臨床結(jié)局[24]。對比匯總分析結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)多模式MRI指導(dǎo)下超時間窗與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時間窗內(nèi)治療患者相比,多模式影像篩選后的患者良好預(yù)后比例高,腦出血發(fā)生率與未溶栓患者相當(dāng),低于常規(guī)靜脈溶栓患者[8,21]。歐洲5個卒中中心的前瞻性登記數(shù)據(jù)合并分析發(fā)現(xiàn),多模式影像學(xué)篩選的>3 h進(jìn)行溶栓治療患者其安全性和有效性與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時間窗內(nèi)治療患者類似[23]。另一項前瞻性研究中,多模式影像學(xué)篩選的>4.5 h進(jìn)行溶栓治療與4.5 h內(nèi)溶栓治療患者相比,癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血(symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage,sICH)與良好預(yù)后均無顯著差別[21]。因此,應(yīng)用多模式影像指導(dǎo)靜脈溶栓的時間窗有可能延長至發(fā)病4.5~6 h,但尚需更多研究證實,第三次國際卒中試驗(the third International Stroke Trial,IST-3)研究再分析和歐洲急性卒中協(xié)作組研究-4(European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study-4:Extending the time for Thrombolysis in Emergency Neurological Deficits,ECASS-4:ExTEND)研究將提供新證據(jù)[25-28]。
后循環(huán)AIS占所有缺血性卒中20%[29-30],目前缺乏其溶栓隨機(jī)對照臨床研究。目前普遍認(rèn)為后循環(huán)AIS自然病程預(yù)后差,因腦干對缺血耐受性較強(qiáng),加上對再灌注損傷及出血風(fēng)險相對小,故后循環(huán)AIS比頸內(nèi)動脈系統(tǒng)AIS溶栓時間窗可相對延長。觀察性研究顯示基底動脈閉塞患者靜脈rt-PA溶栓的血管開通率與血栓的長度相關(guān)[31],如果血栓長度在20~30 mm,24 h靜脈溶栓的血管開通率在20%~30%[32]?;讋用}國際合作研究(Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study,BASICS)[33]是一項前瞻性、觀察登記研究,592例急性基底動脈閉塞患者分別進(jìn)行抗栓治療(抗血小板或抗凝,183例)、靜脈rt-PA溶栓(121例)或血管內(nèi)治療(288例),其中靜脈溶栓時間窗為發(fā)病9 h內(nèi),結(jié)果顯示總體上有402例(占68%)患者預(yù)后差[34]。對于重度患者,靜脈溶栓或血管內(nèi)治療預(yù)后好于抗栓治療,血管內(nèi)治療和靜脈溶栓預(yù)后相似[35]。
20%~25%卒中患者在睡眠中發(fā)生,發(fā)病時間不確切[36]?;仡櫺苑治霰砻?,醒后卒中在CT或MRI灌注成像指導(dǎo)下溶栓(靜脈或動脈溶栓)與非溶栓患者相比,臨床結(jié)局更好,但死亡率偏高[37]。對發(fā)病時間不明AIS患者,應(yīng)用DWI/液體衰減反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)序列(fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery,F(xiàn)LAIR)錯配模型,信號強(qiáng)度比值<1.15時能較好地判斷發(fā)病時間是否在4.5 h內(nèi)[22]。目前對于醒后或發(fā)病時間不明AIS患者溶栓治療仍在探索中[27-28]。
在rt-PA溶栓研究中,ECASS-I使用1.1 mg/kg,其余研究多使用0.9 mg/kg(總量不超過90 mg,10%靜脈推注,余量持續(xù)1 h以上靜脈泵注)[5-7,11,13]。日本溶栓登記研究提示0.6 mg/kg rt-PA對AIS患者可能安全有效[38-39],但未與安慰劑或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量對照。2011年一項遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)rt-PA靜脈溶栓匯總分析顯示,0.9 mg/kg療效要優(yōu)于0.6 mg/kg,而兩組出血風(fēng)險一致[40]。
最新的多中心強(qiáng)化高血壓管理和溶栓治療研究(Enhanced Control of Hypertension and Thrombolysis Stroke Study,ENCHANTED)[41],發(fā)現(xiàn)rt-PA低劑量組(0.6 mg/kg)3個月死亡或殘疾與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量組(0.9 mg/kg)相比未達(dá)到非劣效性檢驗標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但次要結(jié)果中sICH和7 d內(nèi)致死性事件發(fā)生率低劑量組顯著低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量組,兩組90 d死亡率無顯著差異。該研究表明與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量相比,低劑量rt-PA在安全性方面雖然更優(yōu),可顯著降低sICH,但有效性方面仍不如標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量。ENCHANTED研究提示標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量rt-PA仍然是AIS患者靜脈溶栓首選劑量,而低劑量rt-PA可用于出血風(fēng)險高的人群。
其他靜脈溶栓藥物安全性和有效性研究相對較少(表2)。
表2 其他靜脈溶栓藥物臨床研究[42-45]
早期神經(jīng)功能惡化(early neurological deterioration,END)是指在溶栓24 h美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)評分較基線增加≥4分。4.5%~10%靜脈溶栓患者可發(fā)生END,且與不良預(yù)后相關(guān)[46]。END病因見于缺血體積增加、持續(xù)閉塞或再閉塞、sICH和小血管病,或惡性腦水腫、早期卒中復(fù)發(fā)和癲癇等[47]。
sICH是導(dǎo)致END重要原因之一,所有靜脈溶栓藥物均可增加出血風(fēng)險。顱內(nèi)出血可以是無癥狀性或sICH[48-50]。sICH定義有所不同:NINDS研究定義為復(fù)查頭顱CT或MRI提示顱內(nèi)出血,并伴與出血有關(guān)的神經(jīng)功能惡化;而ECASS 3定義為與基線相比NIHSS評分增加≥4分或36 h死亡且合并實質(zhì)性血腫[11]。sICH發(fā)生率隨溶栓時間窗延遲而增高[24,50-55]。雖然靜脈rt-PA溶栓可增加嚴(yán)重出血風(fēng)險,但整體不增加死亡率,反而可明顯降低死亡和殘疾比例[5,7,11,56-57]。目前有5種預(yù)測模型可用于預(yù)測rt-PA靜脈溶栓后出血轉(zhuǎn)化風(fēng)險:溶栓后出血(hemorrhage after thrombolysis,HAT)評分[48];多中心卒中調(diào)查(multicenter stroke survey,MSS)評分[49];糖尿病、人種、年齡、性別、收縮壓和卒中嚴(yán)重程度[glucose at presentation,race(Asian),age,sex(male),systolic blood pressure at presentation,and severity of stroke at presentation(NIH Stroke Scale),GRASPS]預(yù)測模型[50];卒中安全治療及癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險(safe implementation of treatments in stroke,SITS)評分[53]和癥狀性溶栓出血危險因素[blood sugar,early infarct signs,(hyper)dense cerebral artery sign,age,NIH Stroke Scale,SEDAN]評分[58],這些模型的預(yù)測價值尚需前瞻性研究進(jìn)一步驗證。目前不建議作為排除溶栓或事后評價某個患者是否應(yīng)該溶栓的工具。
溶栓后早期聯(lián)合抗栓治療證據(jù)尚不充分。缺血性卒中抗血小板聯(lián)合溶栓治療(Antiplatelet therapy in combination with Rt-Pa Thrombolysis in Ischemic Stroke,ARTIS)研究顯示,在rt-PA靜脈溶栓開始90 min早期應(yīng)用阿司匹林300 mg,沒有改善3個月內(nèi)神經(jīng)功能預(yù)后或減少缺血性卒中發(fā)生,反而增加sICH[59]。急性缺血性卒中使用rt-PA聯(lián)合依替非巴肽增強(qiáng)治療(Combined Approach to Lysis Utilizing Eptifibatide and rt-PA in Acute Ischemic Stroke-Full Dose Regimen,CLEAR-FDR)隊列研究初步發(fā)現(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量rt-PA聯(lián)合依替非巴肽(Ⅱb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑)是安全和有效的,但尚需進(jìn)一步證實[60]。
血管源性水腫是rt-PA治療后罕見并發(fā)癥,占rt-PA溶栓患者的1.3%~5.9%[61-64],其中癥狀嚴(yán)重需緊急麻醉科干預(yù)的占0.3%~0.8%[61]。臨床通常首先表現(xiàn)為半側(cè)舌體水腫,然后波及對側(cè),甚至造成急性上呼吸道梗阻,通常24 h內(nèi)水腫可消退[64]。誘發(fā)危險因素包括應(yīng)用血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶抑制劑類降壓藥或CT顯示島葉和額葉受累[64-65]。治療可采用類固醇激素和抗組胺藥物[64],癥狀嚴(yán)重者需緊急氣管插管或切開,人工呼吸機(jī)輔助通氣等搶救[64]。
科學(xué)聲明推薦
·AIS發(fā)病4.5 h內(nèi),對適應(yīng)證患者推薦基于臨床和顱腦CT平掃選擇給予靜脈rt-PA溶栓治療,越早溶栓,獲益越大、風(fēng)險越?。á耦愖C據(jù),A級推薦)。用法:rt-PA 0.9 mg/kg(最大劑量為90 mg),其中總量的10%在最初1 min內(nèi)靜脈推注,剩余的90%以輸液泵持續(xù)滴注1 h(Ⅰ類推薦,A級證據(jù))。
如沒有條件使用rt-PA,且發(fā)病在6 h內(nèi),符合適應(yīng)證的AIS患者可考慮靜脈給予UK。用法:UK 100萬~150萬IU,溶于生理鹽水100~200 m1,持續(xù)靜脈滴注30 min(Ⅱ類推薦,B級證據(jù))。
·AIS發(fā)病4.5 h內(nèi),對于出血風(fēng)險高的患者,可以選擇靜脈給予低劑量rt-PA。用法:rt-PA 0.6 mg/kg(最大劑量為60 mg),其中總量的15%在最初1 min內(nèi)靜脈推注,剩余的85%以輸液泵,持續(xù)滴注1 h(Ⅱa類推薦,B級證據(jù))。
年齡超過55歲后缺血性卒中發(fā)生風(fēng)險每增加10歲就會增加1倍[66-67]。美國“跟著指南走”項目發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡大于80歲和大于90歲時院內(nèi)死亡率分別增加1倍和2倍[68-69]。在高齡患者應(yīng)用rt-PA靜脈溶栓出現(xiàn)sICH的危險增加[47,70-71]。但匯總分析仍提示靜脈rt-PA治療可減少80歲以上患者3個月死亡率[70]。另外年齡對AIS患者靜脈rt-PA溶栓后sICH風(fēng)險則因定義不同而有差異:按ECASS-3定義多個觀察研究均提示高齡患者靜脈rt-PA未明顯增加sICH風(fēng)險[72-73];但NINDS研究提示80歲以上患者靜脈rt-PA治療后sICH風(fēng)險增加2倍[70],薈萃分析[71]發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡>80歲與年齡<80歲患者靜脈rt-PA溶栓后sICH差異無顯著性。在ENCHANTED研究中,年齡>80歲并非靜脈溶栓的排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[74]。
關(guān)于高齡卒中患者的推薦
·高齡AIS患者總體預(yù)后差,出血風(fēng)險和死亡率均高于年輕患者,但這并不改變?nèi)芩ㄖ委煄淼墨@益。發(fā)病3 h內(nèi)80歲以上AIS患者,推薦rt-PA溶栓治療(Ⅰ類推薦,A級證據(jù));發(fā)病3~4.5 h80歲以上AIS患者,rt-PA溶栓治療獲益尚不明確(Ⅱb類推薦,B級證據(jù))。
2013年美國AIS指南將發(fā)病<3.5 h,輕型卒中和重癥卒中不再列為相對禁忌證;發(fā)病時間窗3~4.5 h的患者需要排除重癥卒中[75]。因此,發(fā)病3~4.5 h重癥卒中及快速緩解或輕型卒中尚需要進(jìn)一步討論。
基線卒中嚴(yán)重程度是卒中功能預(yù)后及死亡的最強(qiáng)獨(dú)立預(yù)測因素[66,71],NINDS研究發(fā)現(xiàn)重癥AIS患者獲益可能低于整體人群,但仍較未使用rt-PA患者預(yù)后更好[76]。該結(jié)論在IST-3研究中也得到證實。重癥AIS患者本身出血轉(zhuǎn)化風(fēng)險較高,治療后腦出血轉(zhuǎn)化更常見,與使用rt-PA可能無關(guān)[35]。
基于現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn),AIS患者發(fā)病3 h內(nèi)rt-PA靜脈溶栓并沒有NIHSS評分上限。在溶栓時間窗內(nèi)的重癥AIS患者,因神經(jīng)影像顯示早期缺血改變而不予以rt-PA治療的依據(jù)不足。大腦中動脈1/3原則和基于Alberta卒中項目早期計算機(jī)斷層掃描評分(Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score,ASPECTS)都未明確界定靜脈rt-PA的治療范圍。CT掃描顯示腦部早期缺血改變不能作為靜脈rt-PA溶栓的絕對禁忌證[22,77-78]。由于數(shù)據(jù)少,這些患者靜脈rt-PA的安全性及有效性有待商榷。
在NINDS研究中,入組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)無NIHSS下限[5,79-80]。多項研究匯總發(fā)現(xiàn)輕型卒中患者3個月仍有致殘可能,也可復(fù)發(fā)或癥狀持續(xù)進(jìn)展[79-84]。殘疾可表現(xiàn)為運(yùn)動障礙、認(rèn)知功能障礙、乏力、抑郁等NIHSS無法評價的神經(jīng)功能缺損[79,85-86]。所以,這些輕型卒中患者給予rt-PA可改善其預(yù)后。癥狀快速緩解是未進(jìn)行溶栓治療的另一主要影響因素[87]。不應(yīng)因癥狀改善而延誤治療時機(jī),而仍應(yīng)該盡早溶栓治療。
關(guān)于重癥卒中或輕型卒中、快速緩解卒中的推薦
·癥狀嚴(yán)重AIS患者,建議發(fā)病3 h內(nèi)靜脈rt-PA溶栓治療。雖然出血風(fēng)險增加,但仍可獲益(Ⅰ類推薦,A級證據(jù))。
·對于輕型致殘性AIS患者,建議發(fā)病3 h內(nèi)靜脈rt-PA治療(Ⅰ類推薦,A級證據(jù))。對于輕型非致殘性AIS患者,發(fā)病3 h內(nèi)可選擇靜脈rt-PA治療(Ⅱb類推薦,C級證據(jù))。
·中重度AIS患者出現(xiàn)早期癥狀改善但仍有神經(jīng)功能缺損,建議靜脈rt-PA治療(Ⅱa類推薦,A級證據(jù))。發(fā)病至治療時間是影響預(yù)后主要因素,不推薦為了觀察癥狀是否改善而延遲靜脈rt-PA治療(Ⅲ類推薦,C級證據(jù))。
·靜脈rt-PA治療適用有輕中度早期缺血改變(而非單純低密度病灶)AIS患者(Ⅰ類推薦,A級證據(jù))。
·目前對于重度廣泛低密度病灶是否影響rt-PA治療效果仍不明確。但對于靜脈rt-PA治療,不推薦用于在CT上已顯示廣泛低密度患者。廣泛低密度預(yù)示腦損傷不可逆損傷(Ⅲ類推薦,A級證據(jù))。
·對于輕型卒中患者靜脈rt-PA溶栓研究較少,獲益程度尚不確定,可能主要取決于有無致殘性功能缺損(Ⅱb類推薦,C級證據(jù))。
1995年NINDS研究亞組分析發(fā)現(xiàn)各卒中亞型都能通過靜脈溶栓獲益[88]。一項多中心登記研究納入1427例AIS患者,結(jié)果顯示大血管狹窄型的患者溶栓后7 d內(nèi)改善最少,90 d隨訪時各卒中亞型均有改善,且各組之間統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異[89]。既往研究表明早期靜脈rt-PA治療對心源性因素導(dǎo)致大腦中動脈閉塞的患者效果更好[90],但也有大型研究比較了心源性卒中和非心源性卒中的靜脈溶栓預(yù)后,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組之間預(yù)后無明顯差異[91]。一項前瞻性單中心中國人群研究發(fā)現(xiàn)輕型卒中溶栓患者中心源性是卒中后死亡的預(yù)測因素[92]。然而另一項單中心中國人群研究將所有嚴(yán)重程度卒中患者納入分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)心源性卒中患者溶栓后出血風(fēng)險增加,但癥狀性出血風(fēng)險在各亞組中發(fā)生率并無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異[93]。
腔隙性腦梗死約占缺血性卒中的1/4,自然預(yù)后大多良好[88],2項大型國家登記研究證實了上述結(jié)果[89,94]。這些患者是否需要溶栓治療也是亞型討論的熱點。研究顯示腔隙性梗死患者靜脈溶栓也能明顯獲益,且是良好預(yù)后的獨(dú)立影響因素[93,95]。也有學(xué)者顧慮在小血管病變或有既往腦小血管病史患者中,溶栓治療也存在一些風(fēng)險[78,96]。
關(guān)于卒中亞型的推薦
·靜脈rt-PA適用于AIS各亞型患者(Ⅱa類推薦,A級證據(jù)),但無須為了鑒別是否為心源性卒中而耽擱靜脈溶栓治療。
·對于既往有腦血管淀粉樣變、嚴(yán)重腦白質(zhì)病變的AIS患者靜脈溶栓治療獲益尚不明確(Ⅲ類推薦,C級證據(jù))?;讋用}閉塞患者可積極考慮靜脈溶栓治療(Ⅰ類推薦,B級證據(jù))。對于超過時間窗但臨床癥狀嚴(yán)重的基底動脈閉塞患者可適當(dāng)延長時間窗進(jìn)行靜脈溶栓治療(Ⅱb類推薦,B級證據(jù))。
卒中患者常常合并既往服用抗栓藥物,包括口服抗凝藥物或正在使用肝素、低分子肝素等抗凝藥物,也有可能近期使用過rt-PA。
關(guān)于既往服用抗血小板藥物患者小樣本回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),正在服用抗血小板藥物患者靜脈溶栓后sICH風(fēng)險并不增加,但其中實質(zhì)性腦出血比例增加[97-98]。一項大型隨機(jī)對照研究亞組分析也發(fā)現(xiàn)既往服用抗血小板藥物增加出血風(fēng)險趨勢,但未達(dá)到統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異[7],并在一項Meta分析中得到證實[99]。
按現(xiàn)有指南及藥物適應(yīng)證,發(fā)病3 h內(nèi)凝血功能國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(international normalized ratio,INR)>1.7或凝血酶原時間(prothrombin time,PT)>15 s是靜脈rt-PA禁忌證[1,75];發(fā)病3~4.5 h,不論INR多少,只要正在服用口服抗凝藥都是禁忌證。一項薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn)sICH風(fēng)險在服用華法林患者中有所增加[11]。大型登記研究顯示服用華法林患者的sICH風(fēng)險增高[100],但校正如卒中嚴(yán)重程度、老年、合并疾病后,INR達(dá)標(biāo)的華法林治療并不獨(dú)立增加sICH風(fēng)險[54]。與普通肝素相比,低分子肝素不延長部分凝血活酶時間(partial thromboplastin time,PTT),但作用時間更長,因此24 h內(nèi)使用過低分子肝素患者不適合靜脈溶栓治療,可能增加溶栓后出血風(fēng)險。
新型口服抗凝劑(達(dá)比加群、利伐沙班和阿哌沙班)已成為非瓣膜性心房顫動患者卒中預(yù)防的一線治療。達(dá)比加群為直接凝血酶抑制劑,另一種直接凝血酶抑制劑阿加曲班為針劑。一項前瞻性[101]AIS研究納入了65例聯(lián)用阿加曲班與rt-PA的患者,出血轉(zhuǎn)化率為4.6%,血管再通率為61%?;谏鲜鲆罁?jù),難以確定正在使用直接凝血酶抑制劑患者是否適用靜脈rt-PA治療。達(dá)比加群拮抗劑依達(dá)祖麥布(Idarucizumab)可在2~3 min阻斷達(dá)比加群的作用,經(jīng)謹(jǐn)慎選擇的病例可考慮在拮抗達(dá)比加群治療后予以靜脈rt-PA治療[102]。口服Xa因子抑制劑(阿哌沙班及利伐沙班)患者也可延長PT和部分凝血酶活化時間(activated partial thromboplastin time,aPTT)。目前尚沒有關(guān)于與靜脈rt-PA聯(lián)用的相關(guān)研究,安全性尚不能確定。
關(guān)于正在服用抗栓藥物患者的推薦
·靜脈rt-PA可用于曾服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、雙聯(lián)抗血小板及服用華法林且INR≤1.7的AIS患者(Ⅱb類推薦,B級證據(jù))。
·靜脈rt-PA不適用于服用華法林且INR>1.7的患者(Ⅲ類推薦,B級證據(jù))。
·靜脈rt-PA不適用于24 h內(nèi)曾使用過低分子肝素的患者,不論預(yù)防劑量或治療劑量(Ⅲ類推薦,B級證據(jù))。
·靜脈rt-PA是否適用于直接凝血酶抑制劑或者直接Xa因子抑制劑的患者,目前尚不明確,可能是有害的(Ⅲ類推薦,C級證據(jù))。
·靜脈rt-PA不推薦用于正在服用直接凝血酶抑制劑或者直接Xa因子抑制劑的患者,除非實驗室指標(biāo)如aPTT、INR、血小板計數(shù)、蛇靜脈酶凝結(jié)時間(ecarin clotting time,ECT)、TT及直接Xa因子活性檢測均正?;蜃詈笠粍┓脮r間已超過48 h的患者(假設(shè)腎代謝功能正常)。
既往研究將血小板計數(shù)<100 000/mm3作為溶栓禁忌證。大型薈萃登記研究報道AIS患者發(fā)現(xiàn)血小板計數(shù)減少比例很低[103],另兩項研究登記證實此發(fā)現(xiàn),且證實發(fā)生sICH比例也極低[104-105]。
既往將凝血功能作為溶栓前必要檢查,臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn)對于未使用過抗凝藥物患者鮮有INR水平升高或aPTT延長情況,即使患者伴有肝衰竭、敗血癥、非藥物相關(guān)的凝血障礙。大型登記研究發(fā)現(xiàn)152例存在INR>1.7或PT>15 s禁忌的患者中7例發(fā)生sICH,校正年齡與基線NIHSS評分后,INR>1.7的患者預(yù)后并未顯著差于其他患者[104]。
由于缺乏數(shù)據(jù),目前尚不能肯定若患者INR>1.7、aPTT>40 s或PT>15 s時使用靜脈rt-PA的安全性及有效性。AIS患者實驗室檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)血小板計數(shù)或凝血功能異常的比例非常少,除非病史中有所提示,一般不需要在溶栓治療前特別關(guān)注此檢查結(jié)果。
關(guān)于血小板及凝血功能監(jiān)測的推薦
·目前尚不推薦若血小板<100 000/mm3,INR>1.7,aPTT>40 s或PT>15 s的患者使用靜脈rt-PA(Ⅲ類推薦,C級證據(jù))。
·因人群中血小板或凝血異常極少見,急診靜脈rt-PA治療不必等待凝血檢驗結(jié)果,除非有可疑的病史(Ⅱa類推薦,B級證據(jù))。
·腎病終末期予以血液透析者,若aPTT正常,仍可以考慮靜脈rt-PA治療(Ⅱb類推薦,C級證據(jù))。但若aPTT升高,則出血風(fēng)險增加。
低血糖或高血糖都可造成急性神經(jīng)功能缺損,是AIS鑒別診斷之一。國家卒中登記研究發(fā)現(xiàn)<1%卒中患者若血糖<50 mg/dl或>400 mg/dl可糾正血糖后重復(fù)神經(jīng)體檢(例如15 min),若仍存在卒中癥狀,可考慮靜脈rt-PA治療。
關(guān)于血糖異常的推薦
·靜脈rt-PA適用于患者血糖>50 mg/dl(Ⅰ類推薦,A級證據(jù))。
·臨床醫(yī)生應(yīng)注意低血糖或高血糖均可引起疑似AIS癥狀,需在靜脈溶栓前檢測血糖水平。靜脈rt-PA不適用于非血管原因造成的神經(jīng)功能缺損(Ⅲ類推薦,B級證據(jù))。
·AIS患者靜脈rt-PA治療時若發(fā)現(xiàn)基線血糖>400 mg/dl應(yīng)先糾正血糖,之后若仍有神經(jīng)功能缺損可靜脈溶栓治療(Ⅱb推薦,C級證據(jù))。
共有300例驚厥起病類似卒中癥狀患者接受了靜脈rt-PA治療的文獻(xiàn)報道[19,61-62,82,106],發(fā)生sICH 2例,其中1例既往有遠(yuǎn)隔腦腫瘤切除史。因此基于現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù),以驚厥起病的卒中不應(yīng)該作為靜脈rt-PA溶栓的絕對禁忌證。
關(guān)于驚厥起病卒中推薦
·靜脈rt-PA可用于AIS患者,即使以驚厥起病的患者,若有證據(jù)認(rèn)為肢體功能障礙來自于卒中,而非發(fā)作后現(xiàn)象(Ⅱa類推薦,C級證據(jù))。
高血壓危象患者也可出現(xiàn)類似卒中表現(xiàn),甚至類似于基底動脈尖綜合征。未控制的高血壓也是靜脈溶栓后sICH危險因素[52]。未控制高血壓或高血壓危象(兩次及以上收縮壓高于185 mmHg或舒張壓高于110 mmHg),除非緊急降壓,否則一般認(rèn)為不適于靜脈rt-PA治療[107]。兩項國家臨床登記研究發(fā)現(xiàn),靜脈溶栓后,血壓越高,出血風(fēng)險越大[53,89]。ENCHANTED研究將患者隨機(jī)分為嚴(yán)格血壓控制組和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)控制組,并未發(fā)現(xiàn)血壓降得越低越好[74]。目前文獻(xiàn)支持靜脈溶栓前降壓并不影響臨床預(yù)后[108]。若收縮壓降至185 mmHg,舒張壓降至110 mmHg或更低,這些患者仍適合靜脈rt-PA溶栓治療。
關(guān)于合并高血壓危象的卒中推薦
·靜脈rt-PA適用于降壓藥物將血壓控制的患者(低于185/110 mmHg),臨床醫(yī)師需在開始靜脈溶栓前平穩(wěn)控制血壓(Ⅰ類推薦,B級證據(jù))。
·若予以藥物降壓,臨床醫(yī)師需要在靜脈rt-PA治療前將血壓降低至180/105 mmHg,且在靜脈rt-PA治療后24 h內(nèi)維持這一水平(Ⅰ類推薦,B級證據(jù))。
易出血傾向病因包括肝硬化、終末期腎病、血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤、維生素K缺乏、敗血癥、抗心磷脂抗體綜合征及遺傳性疾病。對有血液疾病AIS患者靜脈rt-PA是否有效目前依據(jù)仍不足。
目前尚無足夠證據(jù)說明妊娠女性是否適用rt-PA,但對胎兒危害不大時可考慮使用。妊娠期使用靜脈或動脈rt-PA尚缺乏經(jīng)驗,回顧發(fā)現(xiàn)有12例妊娠女性靜脈或動脈使用過rt-PA[103]。
關(guān)于出血傾向及妊娠、產(chǎn)褥期推薦
·AIS患者靜脈rt-PA的安全性及有效性在既往有出血傾向或凝血障礙的患者中尚不明確,可個體化考慮(Ⅱb類推薦,C級證據(jù))。
·患者若存在消化道腫瘤或近期21 d內(nèi)的出血事件,則出血風(fēng)險較高,靜脈rt-PA治療可能有害(Ⅲ類推薦,C級證據(jù))。rt-PA在惡性腫瘤患者中的安全性及有效性尚不明確(Ⅱb類推薦,C級證據(jù))。若預(yù)期患者壽命超過6個月則仍能從靜脈rt-PA中獲益,但需注意凝血障礙、近期手術(shù)史及系統(tǒng)性易出血體質(zhì)等禁忌證。
有少數(shù)研究認(rèn)為大手術(shù)是靜脈溶栓絕對禁忌證。臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)充分權(quán)衡靜脈rt-PA獲益與潛在手術(shù)部位出血風(fēng)險。若手術(shù)部位出血是可控的,則仍可在經(jīng)篩選患者中進(jìn)行溶栓治療。目前尚無外傷后卒中應(yīng)用靜脈rt-PA治療的數(shù)據(jù)。關(guān)于可能與外傷相關(guān)的頸部血管夾層引起的缺血性卒中薈萃分析未發(fā)現(xiàn)安全性問題[109]。
在3個月內(nèi)有顱內(nèi)/脊髓手術(shù)史AIS患者中靜脈rt-PA溶栓治療可能引起手術(shù)部位出血并產(chǎn)生致命性神經(jīng)功能不良反應(yīng),從而降低rt-PA帶來的獲益。既往專家共識認(rèn)為,AIS患者在卒中發(fā)生前7 d內(nèi)有非可壓迫部位動脈穿刺史是靜脈rt-PA治療的禁忌證[75]。隨著AIS動靜脈聯(lián)合治療的推廣,越來越多患者需要在靜脈溶栓的同時橋接血管內(nèi)取栓治療[110-117]。因此,穿刺操作本身并非靜脈溶栓禁忌證。
關(guān)于近期外傷、手術(shù)、穿刺史的推薦
·手術(shù)后14 d內(nèi)可考慮AIS靜脈溶栓治療,但需要謹(jǐn)慎考慮手術(shù)部位出血風(fēng)險與溶栓帶來的獲益(Ⅱb類推薦,C級證據(jù))。
·AIS患者近期重大外傷史(14 d內(nèi)),應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎考慮靜脈rt-PA治療,需要權(quán)衡傷口處出血風(fēng)險及卒中的嚴(yán)重程度及致殘程度(Ⅱb類推薦,C級證據(jù))。
·AIS若有近期嚴(yán)重頭部外傷史(3個月內(nèi)),是靜脈溶栓禁忌證(Ⅲ類推薦,C級證據(jù))。
·AIS患者3個月內(nèi)有顱內(nèi)/脊髓手術(shù)史,靜脈rt-PA治療可能是有害的(Ⅲ類推薦,C級證據(jù)),若伴有大血管閉塞更推薦機(jī)械取栓治療。
·AIS患者若7 d內(nèi)非可壓迫部位血管穿刺史,予以靜脈rt-PA的安全性及有效性尚不確定(Ⅱb類推薦,C級證據(jù))。
·靜脈rt-PA治療可考慮用于7 d內(nèi)進(jìn)行過腰椎穿刺的AIS患者(Ⅱb類推薦,C級證據(jù))。
3個月內(nèi)有缺血性卒中史患者靜脈rt-PA治療的依據(jù)有限,病例系列報道提示既往有破裂顱內(nèi)動脈瘤患者靜脈rt-PA治療并不顯著增加出血風(fēng)險[118-123]。雖有報道的選擇偏倚,但仍提示顱內(nèi)動脈瘤患者靜脈溶栓是安全的。顱內(nèi)血管畸形(包括海綿狀血管瘤、毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張癥,靜脈發(fā)育異常,動靜脈畸形及動靜脈瘺)患者顱內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險目前尚無經(jīng)驗。靜脈溶栓在此類患者中的安全性尚不明確[124-126]。
關(guān)于既往或合并顱內(nèi)病變的推薦
·AIS患者若近期(<3個月)曾有缺血性卒中史,靜脈rt-PA治療可能是有害的(Ⅲ類證據(jù),B級證據(jù)),sICH風(fēng)險可能增加,且可能與死亡率、致殘率相關(guān),但目前缺乏循證證據(jù)(Ⅱb類證據(jù),B級證據(jù))。對于符合溶栓適應(yīng)證的患者,需權(quán)衡其潛在風(fēng)險及溶栓治療可能的獲益,再行決定(Ⅰ類證據(jù),C級證據(jù))。
·AIS患者伴有小或中度(<10 mm)未破裂顱內(nèi)動脈瘤,仍可進(jìn)行靜脈rt-PA治療(Ⅱa類推薦,C級證據(jù))。在合并巨大未破裂或不穩(wěn)定顱內(nèi)動脈瘤的AIS患者中,靜脈rt-PA溶栓治療風(fēng)險和有效性尚不確定(Ⅱb類推薦,C級證據(jù))。
·AIS伴未破裂或未治療顱內(nèi)血管畸形,靜脈rt-PA治療的安全性及風(fēng)險尚不明確(Ⅱb類推薦,C級證據(jù))。
總體而言,眼部出血或球內(nèi)出血可見于符合適應(yīng)證的靜脈rt-PA治療,例如AIS、急性心肌梗死,但非常少見。糖尿病患者溶栓治療極罕見有糖尿病出血性視網(wǎng)膜病變發(fā)生,其預(yù)測發(fā)生率為0,而非糖尿病患者出血率為0.003%[127]。尤其是相對于rt-PA已證實可降低AIS患者殘疾率,糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變不應(yīng)視為AIS適用靜脈rt-PA溶栓的絕對禁忌證。
關(guān)于出血性視網(wǎng)膜病變及出血性眼部病變的推薦
·既往有糖尿病出血性視網(wǎng)膜病變或其他眼科出血情況史的AIS患者仍適用靜脈rt-PA治療,但存在視力喪失風(fēng)險,需要權(quán)衡rt-PA帶來的獲益(Ⅱa類推薦,B級證據(jù))。
AIS患者若同時合并急性心肌梗死可先靜脈rt-PA溶栓(0.9 mg/kg),再行經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈血管成形術(shù)及支架置入術(shù)(percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty,PTCA)。若需要,對于急性冠狀動脈事件來說,術(shù)前靜脈tP-A治療并不減少PTCA的冠狀動脈獲益。已發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)認(rèn)為近期心肌梗死(3個月內(nèi))的患者進(jìn)行靜脈rt-PA治療存在局限性,療效因ST段抬高心肌梗死(ST-elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)或非STEMI不同而各異,且也與心肌梗死的部位相關(guān)。其余關(guān)于腦心綜合征及血管病變的數(shù)據(jù)不多,有待進(jìn)一步研究證實。
關(guān)于合并心臟疾病的推薦
·AIS患者近3個月內(nèi)有心肌梗死病史,靜脈rt-PA可治療非STEMI(Ⅱa推薦,C級證據(jù)),右壁或下壁STEMI(Ⅱa推薦,C級證據(jù))患者及近期左前壁STEMI(Ⅱb推薦,C級證據(jù))。
·重癥缺血性卒中可能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重殘疾,如同時合并急性心包炎,可予靜脈rt-PA治療(Ⅱb類推薦,C級證據(jù)),且需要心內(nèi)科急會診。
研究顯示,24%~54%AIS患者沒有在癥狀出現(xiàn)1 h內(nèi)就診,僅38%~65%者應(yīng)用急救醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)(emergency medical service,EMS)到達(dá)醫(yī)院。公眾教育能夠增加對卒中的識別,關(guān)于rt-PA靜脈溶栓的公眾健康教育,可在一定程度上縮短癥狀出現(xiàn)到醫(yī)院就診的時間延誤,提高溶栓率[128]。
EMS對卒中的正確診斷率在30%~83%,繼續(xù)教育項目,包括卒中的正確識別,優(yōu)先轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到具有溶栓經(jīng)驗卒中中心,在患者到院前通知醫(yī)院,可提高卒中識別準(zhǔn)確性,加快卒中急救速度,并提高溶栓率[129]。ASA指南要求院前急救人員應(yīng)用簡單的卒中篩查量表進(jìn)行初步診斷,如辛辛那提院前卒中量表(Cincinnati prehospital stroke scale)、洛杉磯院前卒中量表(Los Angeles prehospital stroke scale)和FAST量表(The face arm speech time scale)。這3個量表對卒中識別的敏感性和特異性分別為90%和69%,91%和97%,79%和78%。美國推薦前兩個量表,歐洲應(yīng)用FAST量表比較多[75,113]。其他方法,例如建模、編碼和質(zhì)量改進(jìn),能夠提高卒中識別的敏感性和特異性[130-135]。“中風(fēng)120”是在FAST量表基礎(chǔ)上構(gòu)建的能很好地適應(yīng)中國文化特點的卒中早期識別工具,得到中國卒中學(xué)會和“紅手環(huán)”活動推薦。
優(yōu)化靜脈溶栓相關(guān)流程,能夠讓更多患者得到溶栓治療,使閉塞血管盡早開通,從而減少殘疾和改善預(yù)后。rt-PA靜脈溶栓的獲益有時間依賴性,時間延誤能顯著降低其獲益。發(fā)病3 h內(nèi)溶栓獲益明顯;發(fā)病3~4.5 h溶栓獲益中等;而發(fā)病時間窗>4.5 h獲益不明顯[8,71]。指南要求從到達(dá)醫(yī)院至溶栓治療時間(door to needle time,DNT)<60 min[75],主要院內(nèi)延誤發(fā)生于影像檢查到治療階段[136]。
美國通過國家卒中醫(yī)療質(zhì)量改進(jìn)項目將DNT<60 min比例從29.6%提高到53.3%,院內(nèi)死亡率顯著下降,出血率也明顯降低,更多患者獲得良好功能預(yù)后而出院直接回家[137]。在提高EMS篩檢準(zhǔn)確程度的同時應(yīng)加強(qiáng)EMS和醫(yī)院合作,縮短DNT。歐洲赫爾辛基模式值得借鑒,可將DNT縮短至20 min,該模式包括卒中小組在患者到院前已經(jīng)得到急救系統(tǒng)提供的詳細(xì)信息并做好接診準(zhǔn)備;患者在急救車的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)擔(dān)架上直接由分診臺到CT室;在CT室完成后立即給予rt-PA靜脈溶栓[131,134,138]。
盡管rt-PA靜脈溶栓是AIS有效治療手段,但對于大動脈閉塞引起的AIS,靜脈rt-PA溶栓后血管開通率在17%~38%,效應(yīng)中等[90,139],而血管開通和良好預(yù)后明顯相關(guān),開通越早預(yù)后越好[140]。因此,提高血管開通率是治療AIS關(guān)鍵,也是最近臨床研究的熱點。
2015年和2016年發(fā)表的7項臨床試驗證實了靜脈rt-PA溶栓聯(lián)合血管內(nèi)治療是有效和安全的[111-112,115,141-145],進(jìn)一步確定對于前循環(huán)大血管閉塞引起的中等嚴(yán)重程度AIS,橋接治療優(yōu)于內(nèi)科標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療[47,117,140,145]:90 d良好神經(jīng)功能預(yù)后比例提高71%;90 d死亡率沒有增加;24 h血管再通率提高5.5倍;sICH比例沒有增加。因此美國和中國介入治療指南推薦對于前循環(huán)大血管閉塞引起的AIS應(yīng)給予橋接治療[113,146]。
對于后循環(huán)大血管閉塞研究尚不充分。在大型多中心基底動脈閉塞(basilar artery occlusion,BAO)登記研究并沒有證實靜脈或動脈溶栓(包括橋接治療)能夠降低不良預(yù)后比例[33]。但是最新的荷蘭國家研究表明,對于BAO患者,橋接治療效果和MR CLEAN試驗相當(dāng),優(yōu)于BASICS登記研究結(jié)果[147]。
目前已經(jīng)證實靜脈溶栓橋接血管內(nèi)取栓治療能夠改善大血管閉塞的卒中患者預(yù)后[117]。因此,靜脈溶栓的模式應(yīng)該進(jìn)行相應(yīng)調(diào)整。靜脈溶栓后應(yīng)該即刻進(jìn)行影像學(xué)評價,如果有大血管閉塞,應(yīng)該把患者轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到具備急診血管內(nèi)治療的卒中中心。同時應(yīng)該建立數(shù)據(jù)庫評價這些中心的醫(yī)療質(zhì)量和這些橋接治療患者的臨床結(jié)局[68,137]。中國正在積極推進(jìn)卒中中心建設(shè)項目,從而建立新溶栓模式。
科學(xué)聲明推薦:
·完善公眾教育,促進(jìn)公眾對急性卒中的識別和早期就診;推薦應(yīng)用急救車減少院前延誤。加強(qiáng)靜脈溶栓健康教育,促進(jìn)腦血管病急救意識提高(Ⅰ類推薦,B級證據(jù))。
·推薦對急救系統(tǒng)人員進(jìn)行卒中識別和鑒別教育考核,建立優(yōu)先轉(zhuǎn)診到能進(jìn)行rt-PA靜脈溶栓卒中中心的機(jī)制,預(yù)先通知卒中中心綠色通道。培訓(xùn)急救人員并規(guī)范化使用院前卒中篩選量表(FAST/LAPSS/CPSS),縮短院前延誤(Ⅰ類證據(jù),B級推薦)。
·支持移動卒中單元、遠(yuǎn)程卒中的政策討論、流程建設(shè)和探索應(yīng)用(Ⅰ類證據(jù),B級推薦)。
·優(yōu)化院內(nèi)流程,縮短院內(nèi)延誤。推薦在質(zhì)量改進(jìn)項目中對關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)[如到達(dá)醫(yī)院至CT時間(door to CT),DNT,到達(dá)醫(yī)院到再灌注時間(door to perfusion)]進(jìn)行持續(xù)質(zhì)量改進(jìn)(Ⅰ類證據(jù),B級推薦)。
·資源配置充足的高級卒中中心,可在急診監(jiān)護(hù)室進(jìn)行溶栓和監(jiān)測。推薦采用并聯(lián)策略(化驗、影像和知情同意)減少時間延誤。對無血液病、肝病等導(dǎo)致凝血異常疾病病史,無臨床疑診凝血障礙,靜脈溶栓可以不必等待凝血結(jié)果(Ⅱa類證據(jù),B級推薦)。
·可以在初級卒中中心完成開始的急救(包括tPA靜脈溶栓),及時完成無創(chuàng)性血管評價,選擇適合的患者轉(zhuǎn)診到高級卒中中心完成血管內(nèi)治療,減少從癥狀出現(xiàn)到血管內(nèi)治療的時間(Ⅱb類證據(jù),C級推薦)。
·血管內(nèi)治療應(yīng)該在有經(jīng)驗的中心進(jìn)行,并由有資質(zhì)的血管內(nèi)治療醫(yī)師迅速完成腦血管造影。應(yīng)評價診斷和治療過程,隨訪患者預(yù)后(Ⅰ類證據(jù),C級推薦)。
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專家組名單(按姓氏拼音順序):
陳會生 沈陽軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院
陳康寧 第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)西南醫(yī)院
程忻 復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬華山醫(yī)院
董強(qiáng) 復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬華山醫(yī)院
董漪 復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬華山醫(yī)院
管陽太 上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬仁濟(jì)醫(yī)院
郭立 河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院
何俐 四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院
李剛 同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬東方醫(yī)院
李偉榮 太原市中心醫(yī)院
劉麗萍 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京天壇醫(yī)院
劉新峰 南京軍區(qū)南京總醫(yī)院
劉煜敏 武漢大學(xué)中南醫(yī)院
樓敏 浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第二醫(yī)院
羅本燕 浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第一醫(yī)院
牛小媛 山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院
王伊龍 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京天壇醫(yī)院
王擁軍 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京天壇醫(yī)院
徐安定 暨南大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院
許予明 鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院
楊弋 吉林大學(xué)白求恩第一醫(yī)院
袁軍 內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院
張猛 第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)大坪醫(yī)院
張旭 溫州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第一醫(yī)院
張玉生 暨南大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院
鄭華光 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京天壇醫(yī)院