李亞玲
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)性疾病是人類死亡的第一殺手,其中的心腦血管病已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)全球性的健康問(wèn)題。動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化( AS)的發(fā)病機(jī)制非常復(fù)雜,是多基因與環(huán)境因素相互作用的結(jié)果,各種原因?qū)е碌膬?nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷,內(nèi)皮屏障功能被破壞,血液中的單核巨噬細(xì)胞、脂質(zhì)、淋巴細(xì)胞及中性多形核白細(xì)胞廣泛入侵到被剝脫的內(nèi)皮下組織,發(fā)展為粥樣斑塊,引起血管重構(gòu),進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致斑塊破裂、出血、繼發(fā)血栓形成等。本綜述回顧含Ⅰ型血小板結(jié)合蛋白基序的解聚蛋白樣金屬蛋白酶(ADAMTS)在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中所起的不同作用。
含Ⅰ型血小板結(jié)合蛋白基序的解聚蛋白樣金屬蛋白酶(ADAMTS)是一類整合于細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)或游離于血漿中的基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶亞家族,廣泛表達(dá)于人體的多種組織和器官,從1997年發(fā)現(xiàn)第1個(gè)ADAMTS家族成員以來(lái),迄今共有19個(gè)成員被發(fā)現(xiàn)。在保持凝血系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)態(tài)、器官生成、炎癥、生育等方面有重要作用[2]。在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化進(jìn)展中巨噬細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞分泌ADAMTS蛋白酶影響斑塊的穩(wěn)定性[1]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ADAMTS成員在人類頸動(dòng)脈病變和晚期冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊中高度表達(dá)[3]。ADAMTS蛋白酶在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化中的潛在作用可能與血管ECM的加速降解有關(guān)。
ADAMTS蛋白酶的催化(金屬蛋白酶)結(jié)構(gòu)域由3組氨基酸殘基配位的催化鋅構(gòu)成,此活性位點(diǎn)之后是高度保守的甲硫氨酸殘基,也存在于在ADAM和MMP家族中。催化結(jié)構(gòu)域后面是一個(gè)較小的、類似整合素的結(jié)構(gòu)域,該區(qū)域與蛇毒解毒素具有25%~45%的同源性,之后是血小板反應(yīng)蛋白1型重復(fù)序列(TSR),這些序列對(duì)于基質(zhì)蛋白酶家族中的ADAMTS蛋白酶是獨(dú)特的,并且與在血小板反應(yīng)蛋白1和2中發(fā)現(xiàn)的1型重復(fù)序列同源[4]。本綜述將重點(diǎn)回顧ADANTS-1,4,7,12,13等成員與動(dòng)脈硬化之間的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展。
ADAMTS-1為最早發(fā)現(xiàn)的成員,主要通過(guò)C末端3個(gè)血小板反應(yīng)蛋白1型重復(fù)序列(thrombospondin, TSP)錨定在細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)中。正常情況下ADAMTS-1在許多組織如心臟、肺、肝臟、骨骼肌和腎臟中高度表達(dá)。ADAMTS-1可以通過(guò)降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)蛋白參與多種生理和病理過(guò)程,對(duì)正常生長(zhǎng)、受精、維持泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)的器官形態(tài)和功能至關(guān)重要[5]。使用小鼠頸動(dòng)脈結(jié)扎模型研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與ADAMTS-1轉(zhuǎn)基因/apoE缺陷小鼠相比,ADAMTS-1在內(nèi)皮增生過(guò)表達(dá)(頸動(dòng)脈結(jié)扎模型雖然不是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的模型,但許多變化類似于動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化早期的變化如VSMC遷移和增殖),這表明ADAMTS-1具有促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化和血管血栓形成的作用。Jonsson等的研究還顯示,ADAMTS-1可以切割蛋白聚糖多肽,其通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)主動(dòng)脈VSMC遷移和斑塊穩(wěn)定性來(lái)影響纖維的強(qiáng)度,在病變的發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用[6]。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于ADAMTS-1的單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)基因分型顯示ADAMTS-1基因的rs416905和rs402007多態(tài)性可能與LAA引起的缺血性腦卒中有關(guān), rs402007位點(diǎn)的C等位基因可能是LAA卒中亞型的易感因子[7]。
ADAMTS-4是存在于大腦中的能夠結(jié)合并降解硫酸軟骨素蛋白聚糖(CSPG)的核心蛋白質(zhì)的生理酶[8-10,16]。據(jù)報(bào)道它能夠從核心蛋白中去除硫酸軟骨素鏈,促進(jìn)腦卒中后的軸突再生、促進(jìn)側(cè)支發(fā)生和功能恢復(fù)[11-13]。ADAMTS-4存在于CNS中的許多組織中包括皮質(zhì)、海馬、紋狀體和脊髓的多種結(jié)構(gòu)[8,14]。Lemarchant等的研究證明永久性中腦動(dòng)脈閉塞的小鼠其缺血核心中ADAMTS-4的蛋白表達(dá)增加[16-17]。Cross、 Zammanian等人也報(bào)道了在腦卒中后6~24 h和5 d ADAMTS-4的mRNA和蛋白水平在梗死半球的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中表達(dá)增加;ADAMTS-4通過(guò)降低LPS誘導(dǎo)的趨化因子配體2(CCL2)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、一氧化氮( NO)和MMP-9在小鼠的膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)物中的表達(dá),以減少小鼠缺血性腦卒中后的神經(jīng)炎癥反應(yīng)[9,15]。使用siRNA方法敲除內(nèi)源性ADAMTS-4的表達(dá)將導(dǎo)致小鼠膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)物中LPS誘導(dǎo)的CCL2,TNF-α,NO和MMP-9的釋放增加。Lemarchant等人證明雖然經(jīng)ADAMTS-4治療后的腦缺血性小鼠3 d后梗死體積并沒(méi)有減少,但與未治療的小鼠相比,治療小鼠的缺血周圍區(qū)域觀察到星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞減少和巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)減少[17]。此外,經(jīng)ADAMTS-4治療后的缺血區(qū)域中觀察到IL-10和IL-6蛋白水平的增加??偠灾@些研究表明內(nèi)源性ADAMTS-4在腦卒中期間的表達(dá)增加可能是適應(yīng)性改變,以保護(hù)大腦免受神經(jīng)炎癥和/或促進(jìn)腦卒中后神經(jīng)的可塑性[17]。
軟骨寡聚基質(zhì)蛋白(cartilage oligomeric matrix protein,COMP)是血管ECM的1個(gè)組成部分,在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化病變中參與血管平滑肌細(xì)胞(vascular smooth muscle cell,VSMC)的遷移[18]。Liu等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ADAMTS-7,-12可直接結(jié)合并COMP[19]。COMP作為ADAMTS-7和ADAMTS-12的特異性底物,近來(lái)被發(fā)現(xiàn)也可以由 VSMC細(xì)胞分泌,存在于人的動(dòng)脈壁中[20]。ADAMTS-7能通過(guò)降解COMP使內(nèi)膜增生,在體內(nèi)外促進(jìn)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞(VSMC)遷移及血管內(nèi)膜增厚[21-22]。全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)研究表明,ADAMTS7是冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的新的基因座[23-26]。ADAMTS-7具有致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的作用[27]。又有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ADAMTS-12亦能通過(guò)降解COMP,促進(jìn)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞(VSMC)遷移,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)膜增厚,最后導(dǎo)致斑塊形成及大動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(large artery atherosclerotic, LAA)型腦梗死[28]。ADAMTS-12基因多態(tài)性是腦梗死的1個(gè)新的遺傳危險(xiǎn)因素[28]。
ADAMTS-13首先在1998年的兩項(xiàng)專題報(bào)告中被闡述與血栓性血小板減少性紫癜(thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura,TTP)的發(fā)病機(jī)制有密切關(guān)聯(lián)[29-30]。ADAMTS-13具有抗血栓性質(zhì),通過(guò)將VWF多聚體切割成小的非活性片段來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)循環(huán)中凝血的關(guān)鍵生理過(guò)程[31-32]。Sonneveld等的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究表明ADAMTS-13與缺血性腦卒中相關(guān)[31]。miR-525-5p是ADAMTS-13的內(nèi)源性調(diào)節(jié)因子,缺血條件下作為ADAMTS13的負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)因子,使ADAMTS-13 mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)水平顯著降低,在缺血性損傷中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用[33]。來(lái)自鹿特丹的一項(xiàng)基于人群的隊(duì)列研究顯示,ADAMTS-13活性及VWF:Ag水平與心血管病的病死率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān),在低ADAMTS-13活性和高VWF:Ag水平的個(gè)體中心血管病的病死率的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為1.73,95%置信區(qū)間為1.28~2.35)[34]。Xu-H等人的研究表明腦卒中后7 d用重組ADAMTS-13處理野生型小鼠,新生血管形成和血管修復(fù)顯著增加,并在14 d時(shí)神經(jīng)功能得到恢復(fù),這說(shuō)明ADAMTS-13是控制缺血性血管重塑的關(guān)鍵步驟,ADAMTS-13是促進(jìn)腦卒中恢復(fù)的推薦治療途徑[35]。
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是由許多危險(xiǎn)因素如遺傳傾向、高血壓病和2型糖尿病引起的血管內(nèi)皮損傷繼而引發(fā)的進(jìn)行性炎性疾病。ADAMTs蛋白酶與ECM相互作用的能力已經(jīng)涉及血管疾病過(guò)程。這些疾病過(guò)程的特征在于血管平滑肌細(xì)胞(VSMC)向內(nèi)膜遷移,導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)膜層增厚。新型基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶家族ADAMTs介導(dǎo)的ECM的降解和重塑在這些疾病過(guò)程中起著至關(guān)重要的作用,并形成VSMC遷移。幾個(gè)ADAMTs成員在人類頸動(dòng)脈病變和晚期冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊中高度表達(dá)包括ADAMTS-1,-7,-12等,而ADAMTS-13通過(guò)切割血管性血友病因子(von Willebrand:VWF)介導(dǎo)缺血后新生血管形成,影響心腦血管疾病的發(fā)展。ADAMTs家族與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性疾病的密切關(guān)系值得進(jìn)一步研究。
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