吳 芳，王丹丹，溫 敏，薛長湖，王玉明*

（中國海洋大學(xué)食品科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院，山東 青島 266003）

攝食DHA-磷脂酰絲氨酸對發(fā)育期小鼠體組織DHA水平的影響

吳 芳，王丹丹，溫 敏，薛長湖，王玉明*

（中國海洋大學(xué)食品科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院，山東 青島 266003）

目的：比較研究斷乳后干預(yù)二十二碳六烯酸-磷脂酰絲氨酸（docosahexaenoic acid-phosphatidylserine，DHA-PS）和DHA-甘油三酯（DHA-triglyceride，DHA-TG）對發(fā)育期ICR小鼠體組織DHA含量以及脂肪酸組成的影響。方法：母鼠孕期及哺乳期喂飼n-3多不飽和脂肪酸（n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids，n-3 PUFAs）缺乏飼料，子代雄小鼠斷乳后隨機(jī)分為3 組，分別喂飼n-3 PUFAs缺乏飼料（n-3缺乏組）、DHA-TG飼料（DHA-TG組）、DHA-PS飼料（DHA-PS組），每組8 只，喂養(yǎng)2 周后檢測小鼠腦皮質(zhì)、精巢、肝臟、紅細(xì)胞中脂肪酸組成和DHA含量。結(jié)果：補(bǔ)充DHA-PS和DHA-TG可以使發(fā)育期小鼠各組織中DHA含量顯著增加（P＜0.05），二十二碳五烯酸和花生四烯酸含量顯著降低（P＜0.05）。DHA-TG組精巢中DHA含量明顯高于DHA-PS組；DHA-PS組肝臟TG、磷脂和紅細(xì)胞中DHA水平顯著高于DHA-TG組（P＜0.05），而兩組腦皮質(zhì)DHA水平無顯著性差異（P＞0.05）。結(jié)論：膳食補(bǔ)充DHA-PS和DHA-TG均可明顯提高發(fā)育期小鼠各組織中DHA水平，但二者的組織蓄積特性不同，DHA-PS可以更高效地提高小鼠肝臟和紅細(xì)胞中DHA水平。

二十二碳六烯酸；二十二碳六烯酸-磷脂酰絲氨酸；甘油三酯；磷脂；小鼠

二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid，DHA，C22:6,n-3）是腦組織中含量最豐富的一種n-3多不飽和脂肪酸（n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids，n-3 PUFAs），對腦部發(fā)育和功能十分重要[1-3]。研究表明，妊娠期和哺乳期n-3 PUFAs攝入不足會降低子代體內(nèi)DHA水平，導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元可塑性改變，影響腦組織正常發(fā)育和功能，并增加成年期患抑郁與焦慮的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[4-5]。腦膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞合成DHA能力有限，腦組織DHA蓄積主要來自肝臟利用亞麻酸（linoleic acid，LNA）合成及直接攝入，研究顯示，單純攝入LNA合成的DHA并不能滿足腦對DHA的需求，因此，需要通過膳食直接攝取DHA[6]。魚油是膳食DHA補(bǔ)充的主要形式，市售魚油主要有甘油三酯型DHA（DHA-triglyceride，DHA-TG）和乙酯型DHA（DHA-EE），而磷脂是腦內(nèi)DHA的主要存在形式。目前，DHA-TG主要用于嬰幼兒配方乳粉中，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)磷脂型DHA比DHA-TG更能有效地提高體組織中DHA水平[7]。磷脂酰絲氨酸（phosphatidylserine，PS）是腦磷脂中重要的組成成分，可以維持和改善腦功能、增強(qiáng)記憶和認(rèn)知能力[8]。同時(shí)，神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中DHA主要富集于PS中，DHA的富集可以促進(jìn)PS的生物合成和聚集[9]。膳食補(bǔ)充DHA-PS，不僅可提高腦中DHA含量，還可以同時(shí)提高PS水平[10]，對認(rèn)知障礙具有明顯改善作用[11-12]。然而，膳食補(bǔ)充DHA-PS對發(fā)育期小鼠體組織脂肪酸組成的研究較少，本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過建立小鼠n-3 PUFAs缺乏模型，比較研究DHA-PS和DHA-TG對小鼠各組織DHA水平的影響，以期為嬰幼兒配方乳粉的開發(fā)提供理論依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 動(dòng)物、材料與試劑

8 周齡雌、雄性ICR小鼠各30 只，SPF級，體質(zhì)量（20±2） g（許可證號：SCXK（京）2007-0001），購自北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物有限公司。

冷凍魷魚卵 威海博宇食品有限公司；TG型魚油宜賓匯海源生物科技有限公司；實(shí)驗(yàn)試劑均為國產(chǎn)分析純。

1.2 儀器與設(shè)備

LABORO-TA 4000型旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)儀 德國Heidolph公司；CP100MX型超速冷凍離心機(jī) 日本日立公司；HD-200p型加熱器及氮吹設(shè)備 瑞士Blue Marlin公司；7820型氣相色譜儀 美國Agilent科技公司。

1.3 方法

1.3.1 DHA-PS的制備

將冷凍的魷魚卵在室溫解凍后勻漿，經(jīng)真空冷凍干燥后打碎磨粉，提取魷魚卵總脂肪[13]，經(jīng)冷丙酮洗滌數(shù)次后獲得DHA-磷脂粗脂。用硅膠柱層析法[14]純化DHA-磷脂粗脂，即得DHA-PC。采用酶合成法[15]將DHA-PC轉(zhuǎn)化為DHA-PS（原料中PS含量96.4%、PC含量3.57%）。

1.3.2 動(dòng)物分組與飼養(yǎng)

雌鼠與雄鼠各30 只分開適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)1 周后，按雌雄比1∶1合籠，隔天上午觀察雌鼠陰栓，有陰栓的視為妊娠第0天的孕鼠，母代雌鼠在孕期和哺乳期均喂飼n-3 PUFAs缺乏飼料。將斷乳時(shí)（出生第21天）雄性子代小鼠隨機(jī)分為n-3 PUFAs缺乏組、DHA-TG組、DHA-PS組，每組8 只（仔鼠產(chǎn)自不同母鼠），分別喂食n-3 PUFAs缺乏飼料、含0.1% DHA-TG（質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)，下同）和0.1% DHA-PS的飼料，飼養(yǎng)2 周。在AIN93G配方[16]的基礎(chǔ)上配制各組飼料（表1），采用氣相色譜法[17]測定3 組飼料的脂肪酸組成（表2）。

表1 各組飼料配方Table 1 Composition of experimental diets

表2 各組飼料脂肪酸組成及含量Table 2 Fatty acid composition of experimental diets

小鼠自由攝食和飲水，在室溫（23±2）℃、12 h明暗交替條件下喂養(yǎng)。每天更換飼料，測定并記錄攝食量和體質(zhì)量。在末次喂食后，禁食不禁水10 h，眼球取血處死，血液室溫放置30 min后3 000 r/min離心20 min，獲得血清和紅細(xì)胞，取腦皮質(zhì)、肝臟和精巢稱質(zhì)量后，于-80 ℃保存，備用。

1.3.3 各組織脂肪酸組成測定

[13]的方法提取紅細(xì)胞、精巢、腦皮質(zhì)和肝臟總脂質(zhì)。用薄層色譜法[18]將肝臟總脂中的TG和磷脂分開。各脂質(zhì)樣品經(jīng)皂化后，鹽酸-甲醇法進(jìn)行甲酯化，使用氣相色譜儀進(jìn)行脂肪酸組成分析：色譜柱選用INNOWax石英毛細(xì)管柱（30 m×320 μm，0.25 μm），分流比為20∶1，壓力設(shè)定值為9.06 psi，流速為1.19 mL/min；柱溫：起始溫度為170 ℃，保持5 min，之后按照3 ℃/mn的速率升至210 ℃，然后在210 ℃保持30 min；檢測器為氫火焰離子化檢測器，進(jìn)樣口溫度240 ℃，檢測器溫度250 ℃[16]。各組織脂肪酸含量以其占總脂肪酸含量的百分比表示。

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

采用SPSS 11.0軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析，結(jié)果用 ±s表示，3 組間用Duncan’s多重比較分析，P＜0.05為具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義上的差異。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 DHA-TG和DHA-PS對小鼠生長指標(biāo)的影響

表3 DHA-TG和DHA-PS對小鼠生長指標(biāo)的影響（n＝8）Table 3 Effect of DHA-TG and DHA-PS on growth parameters in mice (n= 8)

如表3所示，各組小鼠體質(zhì)量、攝食量均無顯著差異（P＞0.05）。實(shí)驗(yàn)測定了腦和肝臟質(zhì)量，3 組小鼠腦質(zhì)量無明顯差異（P＞0.05）；與n-3 PUFAs缺乏組相比，DHA-TG組和DHA-PS組小鼠肝臟質(zhì)量顯著降低（P＜0.05）。

2.2 DHA-TG和DHA-PS對小鼠紅細(xì)胞脂肪酸組成的影響

表4顯示，與n-3 PUFAs缺乏組相比，DHA-TG和DHA-PS組小鼠紅細(xì)胞DHA含量分別升高了2.98倍和3.26 倍（P＜0.05）；二十二碳五烯酸（docosapentaenoic acid，DPA，C22:5,n-6）水平分別由2.13%下降至1.11%和0.30%（P＜0.05）；Σn-6 PUFAs/Σn-3 PUFAs分別下降了83.73%和85.08%（P＜0.05）。

表4 小鼠紅細(xì)胞脂肪酸組成及含量（n＝8）Table 4 Fatty acid composition of lipids in red blood cells of mice (n= 8)

2.3 DHA-TG和DHA-PS對小鼠精巢脂肪酸組成的影響

表5 小鼠精巢脂肪酸組成及含量（n＝8）Table 5 Fatty acid composition of lipids in testis of mice (n= 8)

由表5可見，與n-3 PUFAs缺乏組相比，膳食補(bǔ)充DHA-TG和DHA-PS顯著提高了小鼠精巢DHA水平（2.85、2.03 倍，P＜0.05），而n-3 PUFAs缺乏組花生四烯酸（arachidonic acid，AA，C20:4,n-6）、DPA含量顯著高于另外兩組（P＜0.05），DHA-TG組和DHA-PS組精巢Σn-6 PUFAs/Σn-3 PUFAs分別降低了80.67%和77.88%（P＜0.05）。

2.4 DHA-TG和DHA-PS對小鼠肝臟TG和磷脂脂肪酸組成的影響

表6 小鼠肝臟TG組成及含量（n＝8）Table 6 Fatty acid composition of lipids in liver of mice (n= 8)

表7 小鼠肝臟磷脂組成及含量（n＝8）Table 7 Fatty acid composition of phospholipid in liver tissues of mice (n= 8)

對肝臟中TG（表6）和磷脂（表7）組成分析可知，肝臟中主要的單不飽和脂肪酸是C18:1，TG中飽和脂肪酸以C16:0為主，磷脂中飽和脂肪酸主要是C16:0和C18:0。膳食補(bǔ)充DHA-TG和DHA-PS可顯著提高肝臟DHA水平，TG中DHA分別增加了15.82 倍和25.06倍（P＜0.05），磷脂中DHA含量分別增加了7.91、10.88 倍（P＜0.05）。同時(shí)，膳食補(bǔ)充DHA-TG和DHA-PS，肝臟TG中AA分別降低了78.89%、79.90%，磷脂中AA分別降低了55.24%、62.42%，Σn-6 PUFAs/Σn-3 PUFAs顯著下調(diào)（P＜0.05）。

2.5 DHA-TG和DHA-PS對小鼠腦皮質(zhì)脂肪酸組成的影響

表8 小鼠腦皮質(zhì)脂肪酸組成及含量（n＝8）Table 8 Fatty acid composition of lipids in cerebral cortex of mice (n= 8)

腦皮質(zhì)脂肪酸組成分析結(jié)果顯示（表8），DHA是腦內(nèi)主要的n-3 PUFAs。膳食補(bǔ)充DHA-TG與DHA-PS后，腦皮質(zhì)DHA含量分別升高1.17 倍與1.21 倍（P＜0.05）。同時(shí)，膳食補(bǔ)充DHA-TG與DHA-PS后，腦皮質(zhì)Σn-6 PUFAs顯著下調(diào)（P＜0.05），其中DPA含量分別下降了53.49%和48.28%，AA含量分別下降了15.66%和16.45%。

3 討 論

孕期及哺乳期母體飲食中n-3 PUFAs水平會影響子代腦和外周組織中DHA含量[19-20]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)孕期與哺乳期缺乏n-3 PUFAs，其子代腦皮質(zhì)、肝臟、精巢、紅細(xì)胞DHA含量較低，Σn-6 PUFAs/Σn-3 PUFAs較高，膳食補(bǔ)充DHA-TG和DHA-PS，均可顯著提高各組織DHA含量（P＜0.05），但二者在各組織的蓄積效率存在差異。

研究表明，DHA-PS比DHA-TG能更高效地提高組織中DHA水平[21-22]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，膳食補(bǔ)充DHA-TG和DHA-PS，均能顯著提高肝臟磷脂與TG中DHA含量，降低AA和DPA等n-6 PUFAs的水平，且DHA-PS對肝臟DHA補(bǔ)充效果明顯優(yōu)于DHA-TG。膳食攝入的脂肪進(jìn)入血漿后會逐漸進(jìn)入紅細(xì)胞膜中，并在一系列脂肪酶和血漿脂質(zhì)共同作用下緩慢代謝，因此，紅細(xì)胞膜脂肪酸組成能夠更可靠地反映機(jī)體一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的脂質(zhì)代謝狀況[23]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，膳食補(bǔ)充DHA-PS和DHA-TG，前者可以更高效地提高紅細(xì)胞中DHA水平，這與Ramprasath等[24]的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果一致。膳食補(bǔ)充DHA可以改變精巢脂肪酸組成并調(diào)節(jié)睪酮生成，影響精子濃度與活力，與生殖能力相關(guān)[25]，本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，膳食補(bǔ)充DHA-TG和DHA-PS均顯著提高小鼠精巢DHA水平（P＜0.05），且DHA-TG效果較佳，這表明DHA的分子形式不同，其在精巢中的蓄積效率存在差異性。

已有研究報(bào)道，磷脂型AA比TG型AA在腦部具有更高的蓄積效率[26]，DHA-PS對腦組織的補(bǔ)充效率也明顯優(yōu)于DHA-TG，Graf[27]和Lagarde[28]等發(fā)現(xiàn)低脂飲食條件下，磷脂型DHA在成年大鼠腦部蓄積效率顯著高于DHA-TG。Batetta等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)，高脂飲食條件下分別喂食大鼠磷脂型DHA和DHA-TG，前者可以更高效地提高腦部磷脂中DHA含量。Liu Lei等[30]通過新生小豬短期喂養(yǎng)模型發(fā)現(xiàn)，膳食補(bǔ)充DHA-PC比DHA-TG更高效地提高腦組織中DHA含量。本研究通過在小鼠孕期與哺乳期喂食n-3 PUFAs缺乏飼料，使子鼠腦內(nèi)DHA含量明顯降低，n-3 PUFAs缺乏組小鼠腦內(nèi)DHA含量為7.17%，斷乳時(shí)補(bǔ)充DHA-TG與DHA-PS兩周，腦皮質(zhì)DHA含量顯著提高至15.59%和15.85%，但是二者無明顯差異。這可能由于斷乳時(shí)小鼠還處于發(fā)育期，仍需要攝取足量DHA以滿足腦組織正常的生長發(fā)育，此時(shí)膳食補(bǔ)充DHA-TG與DHA-PS，腦組織快速攝取DHA，2 周后，腦內(nèi)DHA含量已經(jīng)趨于飽和。因此，本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果尚不能判斷DHA-TG與DHA-PS對腦內(nèi)DHA補(bǔ)充效率是否存在差異，需要進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。

綜上所述，膳食補(bǔ)充DHA-PS和DHA-TG均可明顯提高生長發(fā)育期小鼠各組織中DHA水平，但二者蓄積效果不同，DHA-PS對于紅細(xì)胞、肝臟中DHA水平的蓄積效果好于DHA-TG。

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Effect of Dietary DHA-Phosphatidylserine on DHA Level of Body Tissues in Developing Mice

WU Fang, WANG Dandan, WEN Min, XUE Changhu, WANG Yuming*
(College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China)

Objective: To investigate the comparative effects of post-weaning dietary docosahexaenoic acidphosphatidylserine (DHA-PS) and DHA-triglyceride (DHA-TG) on DHA concentration and fatty acid composition of lipids in various tissues of developing mice. Methods: ICR female mice were fed n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)def i cient diet during maternal pregnancy and lactation, and the weanling (3-week old) ICR-strain male mouse pups were randomly assigned to three groups, which were fed three different types of diets including n-3 PUFAs def i ciency (n-3 PUFAs Def group), DHA-TG (DHA-TG group) and DHA-PS (DHA-PS group), respectively. After 2 weeks of feeding, all mouse pups were sacrif i ced, and cortex, testis, liver, and red blood cells were harvested for detecting DHA level and fatty acid composition of lipids. Results: Compared to the n-3 Def group, the concentration of DHA in developing mouse tissues in the DHA-TG and DHA-PS groups was signif i cantly increased, whereas the concentrations of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) were decreased. The DHA-PS group exhibited signif i cantly higher DHA levels in erythrocytes, liver triglyceride and phospholipid but lower DHA level in testis compared with the DHA-TG group. There was no difference in DHA level in cortex between the two groups. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation of DHA-PS and DHA-TG signif i cantly increased the level of DHA in the tissues of developing mice, but resulted in different accumulation patterns of DHA and DHA-PS more effectively increased DHA contents in the liver and erythrocytes.

docosahexaenoic acid; docosahexaenoic acid-phosphatidylserine; triacylglycerol; phospholipid; mice

10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201801020

TS218

A

1002-6630（2018）01-0131-05

吳芳, 王丹丹, 溫敏, 等. 攝食DHA-磷脂酰絲氨酸對發(fā)育期小鼠體組織DHA水平的影響[J]. 食品科學(xué), 2018, 39(1):

131-135. DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201801020. http://www.spkx.net.cn

2016-10-20

國家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目（31371757）；國家自然科學(xué)基金重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目（31330060）

吳芳（1993—），女，碩士研究生，研究方向?yàn)樗a(chǎn)化學(xué)與分子營養(yǎng)。E-mail：fangwuouc@163.com

*通信作者簡介：王玉明（1973—），男，教授，博士，研究方向?yàn)槭称窢I養(yǎng)。E-mail：wangyuming@ouc.edu.cn

WU Fang, WANG Dandan, WEN Min, et al. Effect of dietary DHA-phosphatidylserine on DHA level of body tissues in developing mice[J]. Food Science, 2018, 39(1): 131-135. (in Chinese with English abstract)

10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201801020. http://www.spkx.net.cn