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        同位語(yǔ)用法小結(jié)、長(zhǎng)句分析

        2018-01-06 05:04:06吉靜
        關(guān)鍵詞:同位語(yǔ)省略定語(yǔ)

        吉靜

        一、同位語(yǔ)用法小結(jié)

        一個(gè)名詞(或其他形式)對(duì)另一個(gè)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行解釋或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,這個(gè)名詞(或其他形式)就是同位語(yǔ)。同位語(yǔ)與被它解釋說(shuō)明的詞的格式要一致,并常常緊挨在一起。

        Such is my hometown, a modern city.

        a modern city是my hometown的同位語(yǔ)。

        用法1

        什么詞可以做同位語(yǔ)?

        名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式、同位語(yǔ)從句。

        Kate, my young sister, is fond of classical music. (名詞my young sister作同位語(yǔ))

        He has set a good example to us all. (代詞all作同位語(yǔ))

        You are the most diligent among us five. (數(shù)詞five作同位語(yǔ))

        My hobbies, jogging and swimming, are of great benefit to my health. (動(dòng)名詞jogging and swimming作同位語(yǔ))

        Your dream, to be a pilot, will come true. (不定式to be a pilot作同位語(yǔ))

        The news that our team had won the final made us excited and proud. (that引導(dǎo)的從句作同位語(yǔ))

        用法2

        如同位語(yǔ)與其同位成分關(guān)系緊密時(shí)不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi);如同位語(yǔ)對(duì)其同位成分只作補(bǔ)充解釋時(shí)可用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。

        Mike told me that his sister Mary is a world-famous actress.

        (Mary單一的詞作同位語(yǔ),與其同位成分his sister之間不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。)

        The other day I came across my former maths teacher, Miss Green.

        (同位語(yǔ)Miss Green補(bǔ)充解釋my former maths teacher,同位語(yǔ)與其同位成分之間可用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。)

        用法3

        同位語(yǔ)既可以表示其同位成分的全部意義,也可以表示部分意義。

        We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.

        She is keen on sports, especially ball games.

        用法4 同位語(yǔ)從句

        在主從復(fù)合句中,通常跟在某些抽象名詞的后面,對(duì)該名詞起解釋說(shuō)明作用的從句稱為同位語(yǔ)從句。抽象名詞常見(jiàn)的有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, belief, thought, doubt, promise, question等。

        1.同位語(yǔ)從句的位置

        通常情況下,同位語(yǔ)從句跟在抽象名詞的后面。但如果同位語(yǔ)從句大大長(zhǎng)于整個(gè)謂語(yǔ),為了保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡,避免頭重腳輕,可將同位語(yǔ)從句放到謂語(yǔ)的后面,這種同位語(yǔ)從句稱為分隔式同位語(yǔ)從句。

        There is no doubt that he will pass the exam. 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),他會(huì)通過(guò)考試。

        An idea suddenly occurred to Jenny that she could buy Mum a watch for her birthday present. Jenny突然想到她可以買塊手表送給媽媽作生日禮物。

        高考鏈接

        There is clear evidence??? ? ? ? ? ???? the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain. (2011上海卷)

        A. what????? B. if

        C. how?????? D. that

        【答案】 D。

        【分析】 本題考查同位語(yǔ)從句,從句中不缺成分不含疑問(wèn),因此選that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句解釋說(shuō)明evidence的具體內(nèi)容。

        Evidence has been found through years of study????? ? ? ? ? ? childrens early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up. (2012重慶卷)

        A. why????? B. how

        C. whether????? D. that

        【答案】 D。

        【分析】 本題考查分隔式同位語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)句意,從句位于謂語(yǔ)部分后面,解釋說(shuō)明evidence的具體內(nèi)容,從句中不缺成分不含疑問(wèn),因此選that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。

        2.同位語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的選擇

        同位語(yǔ)從句解釋說(shuō)明某些抽象名詞的具體內(nèi)容,當(dāng)從句不缺成分不含疑問(wèn)時(shí),用that引導(dǎo)。而當(dāng)從句含有疑問(wèn)時(shí),則應(yīng)選擇相應(yīng)意義的連接詞。

        The fact has worried many scientists that the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. 地球這些年一直在變暖,這事實(shí)讓許多科學(xué)家擔(dān)憂。

        We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我們不是在調(diào)查他是否可信賴的問(wèn)題。

        高考鏈接

        The notice came around two in the afternoon ??? ? ? ? ? ????the meeting would be postponed. (2012江蘇)

        A. when?????? B. that

        C. whether????? D. how

        【答案】 B。

        【分析】 本題考查同位語(yǔ)從句,從句中不缺成分不含疑問(wèn),因此選that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句解釋說(shuō)明notice的具體內(nèi)容。

        —Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?

        —Yeah, but I have no idea???? ? ? ? ? ? ??? he did it; thats one of his favorite universities. (2014重慶)

        A. when????? B. why

        C. that??????? D. how

        【答案】 B。

        【分析】 本題考查同位語(yǔ)從句,根據(jù)句意,我不知道他為什么這么做,因此選why引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。

        3.同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的用法區(qū)別

        同位語(yǔ)從句解釋說(shuō)明抽象名詞的具體內(nèi)容,定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行修飾限定。

        The suggestion that the students should have plenty of exercise is very good. 學(xué)生應(yīng)該多鍛煉這個(gè)建議很好。(that引導(dǎo)的從句解釋說(shuō)明了suggestion的具體內(nèi)容,是同位語(yǔ)從句)

        The suggestion that he raised at the meeting is very good. 他在會(huì)議上提出的建議很好。

        (that引導(dǎo)的從句對(duì)先行詞suggestion進(jìn)行修飾限定,是定語(yǔ)從句,that指代先行詞suggestion在定語(yǔ)從句中作raised的賓語(yǔ))

        在同位語(yǔ)從句中,that在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分,只起到連接主從句的作用,但不可省略。在定語(yǔ)從句中,that指代先行詞,在從句中充當(dāng)成分(主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)),作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)that可以省略。

        二、長(zhǎng)句分析

        一個(gè)句子之所以長(zhǎng),除了在一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句中加了許多修飾成分之外,還有可能是長(zhǎng)出了枝干,即加了從句,或者是由連詞或平衡結(jié)構(gòu)把若干簡(jiǎn)單句合并在了一起。無(wú)論是哪種句式,我們都要化繁為簡(jiǎn),看懂句子。長(zhǎng)難句絕大多數(shù)為主謂賓或主系表結(jié)構(gòu),其他成分都是圍繞這三個(gè)主要成分做的增補(bǔ),這是所有長(zhǎng)難句的核心和本質(zhì),必須牢記。

        1. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about ‘bad tables,” given that they are profitable. 可以得出結(jié)論,經(jīng)營(yíng)餐館的人不必要為位置不好的餐桌而過(guò)分擔(dān)憂,鑒于這些餐桌是能盈利的。

        在這個(gè)句子中,it是形式主語(yǔ),that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句是真正的主語(yǔ),且從句中包含given that引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句,為了保持句子的平衡,避免頭重腳輕,將主語(yǔ)從句放置句末。

        高考鏈接

        It is often the case??? ? ? ? ? ? ??? anything is possible for those who hang on to hope. (2016江蘇卷)

        A. why?? B. what

        C. as?? D. that

        【答案】 D。

        【分析】 本題考查主語(yǔ)從句。句首的it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是由that引導(dǎo)的從句位于句末,從句意思是“對(duì)于那些堅(jiān)守希望的人而言,一切皆有可能”,不缺成分,不含疑問(wèn),所以用that引導(dǎo)。

        2. It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour—a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand—suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms in California. 這使那些小規(guī)模經(jīng)營(yíng)的農(nóng)民一小時(shí)能收獲175磅綠色蔬菜——相對(duì)于手工每小時(shí)收獲幾十磅而言是個(gè)很大的改善——突然之間讓那些小規(guī)模經(jīng)營(yíng)的農(nóng)民能和加州的大農(nóng)場(chǎng)去競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

        在這個(gè)句子中,It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour是完整的句子,suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms in California是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),表達(dá)自然而然,必然的結(jié)果。句中的a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand是對(duì)前面每小時(shí)收獲175磅綠色蔬菜的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。

        高考鏈接

        The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment,??? ? ???? more patients to be treated. (2017天津卷)

        A. being allowed?? B. allowing

        C. having allowed?? D. allowed

        【答案】 B。

        【分析】 本題考查現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)?!霸试S更多的病人能夠接受治療”是“最近這家醫(yī)院引進(jìn)新的治療設(shè)備”的自然而言,必然的結(jié)果。

        3. Miss Longfield warned that a generation of children risked growing up “worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms, and increasingly anxious about switching off due to the constant demands of social media”. Miss Longfield警告說(shuō),一代孩子有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)這樣地成長(zhǎng),他們因?yàn)樾Х律缃黄脚_(tái)上不切實(shí)際的生活方式而擔(dān)憂自己的外表和形象,由于社交平臺(tái)持續(xù)不斷的需求,他們?nèi)找鎿?dān)心失去別人的關(guān)注。

        本句之所以長(zhǎng),是因?yàn)橛袕?fù)合句。warned后面是that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms和increasingly anxious about switching off due to the constant demands of social media是由and連接的兩個(gè)并列成分。句中l(wèi)ifestyle和they緊緊靠在一起,指的不是同一個(gè)人或物,從they開(kāi)始往后是一個(gè)省略了關(guān)系代詞的定語(yǔ)從句,對(duì)lifestyles進(jìn)行修飾限定。

        高考鏈接

        The little problems???? ? ? ? ? ??? we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.

        A. that??? B. as

        C. where?? D. when

        【答案】 A。

        【分析】 本題考查定語(yǔ)從句。主句為The little problems may be inspirations for great inventions,先行詞the little problems 在定語(yǔ)從句中作meet的賓語(yǔ),所以選that / which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,且可以省略。

        4. Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—“bad” tables, crowding, high prices—dont necessarily. 與此同時(shí),那些你覺(jué)得會(huì)削減消費(fèi)的東西——位置不好的餐桌,擁擠,價(jià)格高——未必就會(huì)削減消費(fèi)。

        本句是一個(gè)省略句,句末補(bǔ)全了應(yīng)是dont necessarily discourage spending。當(dāng)碰到省略句時(shí),我們要結(jié)合上下文,將句子補(bǔ)全,否則會(huì)影響句子的理解。

        高考鏈接

        The climate here is quite pleasant, the temperature rarely,?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? , reaching 30℃ in summer. (2014福建卷)

        A. if not??? B. if ever

        C. if any ???D. if so

        【答案】 B。

        【分析】 本題考查省略。結(jié)合句意,將省略部分補(bǔ)全應(yīng)是if the temperature has ever reached 30℃ in summer,所以選B。

        5. As their world expanded, she said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was “hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves. 她說(shuō),隨著孩子世界的不斷擴(kuò)大,他們會(huì)以一種方式在網(wǎng)上比較自己和他人,而這種方式會(huì)對(duì)他們的自我認(rèn)同,信心和自我發(fā)展的能力有相當(dāng)大的破壞性。

        本句中,句首的as引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句,that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)先行詞way進(jìn)行修飾限定,三個(gè)in terms of...的短語(yǔ)則表明這種方式在哪些方面是有很大破壞性的。

        在定語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)先行詞是way,且在定語(yǔ)從句中作方式狀語(yǔ)時(shí),用that / in which或省略引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句;但若在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí),則用that / which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞可以省略。

        It was not what he said but the way (that / in which) he said it that made me annoyed. 我惱怒的不是他說(shuō)的話,而是他說(shuō)這件事的方式。 (way在定語(yǔ)從句中作方式狀語(yǔ))

        The way (that / which) he suggested was reasonable. 他建議的方式是合理的。 (way在定語(yǔ)從句中作suggested的賓語(yǔ))

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