王奇志,劉育梅,李書(shū)明
1. 華僑大學(xué)園藝系,福建 廈門(mén) 361021;2. 廈門(mén)華僑亞熱帶植物引種園,福建 廈門(mén) 361002
入侵植物勝紅薊精油對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬的忌避和熏蒸活性研究
王奇志1,劉育梅2,李書(shū)明1
1. 華僑大學(xué)園藝系,福建 廈門(mén) 361021;2. 廈門(mén)華僑亞熱帶植物引種園,福建 廈門(mén) 361002
本文研究了入侵植物勝紅薊(Ageratum conyzoides L.)精油對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬(Empoasca onukii Matsuda)的生物活性。分別使用植株選擇著落法、Y形嗅覺(jué)儀和改良熏蒸法,檢測(cè)不同濃度的勝紅薊精油對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬的忌避和熏蒸活性。并且采用氣質(zhì)聯(lián)用儀(GC-MS)分析了勝紅薊精油的化學(xué)成分,初步探討了化學(xué)成分與活性的關(guān)系。研究結(jié)果表明:不同濃度的勝紅薊精油對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬均具有忌避和熏蒸活性,濃度越高,效果越佳。精油含量為200 μL·mL-1,忌避率達(dá)到100.00%;精油含量為100 μL·mL-1和50 μL·mL-1時(shí),處理小貫小綠葉蟬 5 min,忌避率分別為 91.67%±1.67%和 76.67%±1.67%;精油含量為 5 μL·mL-1時(shí)熏蒸小貫小綠葉蟬12 h,死亡率為 100%。并且勝紅薊精油中檢測(cè)出 24種化合物,其主要成分是 β-石竹烯(61.53%)、早熟素 I(11.09%)和早熟素 II(7.79%)。勝紅薊精油對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬的忌避和熏蒸活性可能與其主要成分的協(xié)同作用有關(guān)。研究結(jié)果證明,勝紅薊精油對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬有明顯的生物活性,具有開(kāi)發(fā)成防治小貫小綠葉蟬植物源農(nóng)藥的潛力。
勝紅薊;小貫小綠葉蟬;化學(xué)成分;生物活性
勝紅薊(Ageratum conyzoides L.)是菊科藿香薊屬植物,又稱(chēng)藿香薊、臭爐草、白花草、山羊草等[1-2]。原產(chǎn)于南美,有較強(qiáng)的入侵性,對(duì)入侵地的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)造成了嚴(yán)重的危害[3]。目前該植物通過(guò)人工引種的方式傳入中國(guó),對(duì)海南、廣東、廣西和福建等地入侵嚴(yán)重,被列為區(qū)域性惡性雜草[4-6],亟需防除。
目前植物精油活性越來(lái)越受到大家的關(guān)注[7-11],其中勝紅薊的精油在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域具有殺蟲(chóng)活性[12-16],對(duì)其進(jìn)行資源化利用,是害蟲(chóng)綠色防治的新思路。勝紅薊精油的主要成分早熟素Ⅰ和Ⅱ是昆蟲(chóng)的保幼激素[12],能有效阻止昆蟲(chóng)的胚胎發(fā)育,昆蟲(chóng)的幼蟲(chóng)早熟變態(tài),導(dǎo)致幼蟲(chóng)體型短小、活力下降,引起幼蟲(chóng)死亡[13],從而防御昆蟲(chóng)侵食。研究表明勝紅薊揮發(fā)油對(duì)玉米象(Sitophilus zeamais)具有很好的毒殺活性[7],以 250 mg·kg-1勝紅薊揮發(fā)油熏蒸處理谷物赤擬谷盜(Tribolium castaneum),死亡率為100%[14]。勝紅薊的單體化合物早熟素和石竹烯對(duì)曼氏血吸蟲(chóng)(Schistosoma mansoni)的活性弱于精油,但是兩者之間的互配效果與精油效果差異不顯著[15]。單體香豆素對(duì)甜瓜絹野螟(Diaphania hyalinata)、家蠅(Musca domestica)、美洲大蠊(Periplaneta americana)和谷蠹(Rhyzopertha dominica)4種害蟲(chóng)都具有顯著的殺蟲(chóng)活性[16],但目前勝紅薊精油對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬(Empoasca onukii Matsuda)的生物活性還未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。
小貫小綠葉蟬是中國(guó)茶園茶小綠葉蟬(E. spp.)的優(yōu)勢(shì)種[17],是茶區(qū)的重大刺吸式害蟲(chóng),分布范圍廣且產(chǎn)生量大,一年發(fā)生多代重疊[18]。該蟲(chóng)刺吸茶樹(shù)嫩梢,同時(shí)雌蟲(chóng)在嫩梢上產(chǎn)卵,破壞輸導(dǎo)組織,導(dǎo)致受害芽葉萎縮、卷曲和硬化,造成干茶碎片多,有焦末和澀味,嚴(yán)重影響茶葉產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),制約了茶葉的出口創(chuàng)匯[19]。對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬的防治以往主要依賴(lài)化學(xué)農(nóng)藥,但隨著施用時(shí)間和數(shù)量的增加,導(dǎo)致了農(nóng)藥殘留和害蟲(chóng)抗藥性等問(wèn)題的出現(xiàn)[20],尋找防治害蟲(chóng)的生物源活性物質(zhì)勢(shì)在必行。勝紅薊也是茶園的常見(jiàn)入侵雜草,已有田間種植勝紅薊利于減輕小貫小綠葉蟬危害的報(bào)道[21],以及其他植物精油對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬具有活性的研究報(bào)道[22-24],因此探討勝紅薊精油對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬的活性研究具有可行性和必要性。
本研究對(duì)勝紅薊精油進(jìn)行了提取鑒定,檢測(cè)其對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬的忌避和熏蒸活性,初步探討化學(xué)成分與生物活性間的關(guān)系,為合理開(kāi)發(fā)勝紅薊資源進(jìn)行茶樹(shù)害蟲(chóng)的防治提供科學(xué)參考。
取勝紅薊莖葉部位(采于廈門(mén)市郊區(qū)),置于陰涼通風(fēng)處陰干5 d,粉碎并過(guò)40目篩,于 4℃冰箱保存。試驗(yàn)茶樹(shù)品種為鐵觀音(Camellia sinensis cv. Tie-guanyin)。
在福建省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所中試基地室內(nèi)飼養(yǎng)小貫小綠葉蟬,采用水培茶枝法飼養(yǎng)獲得小貫小綠葉蟬成蟲(chóng)[25]。飼養(yǎng)溫度25℃±1℃,相對(duì)濕度60%~80%,光照條件12 h∶12 h(L∶D)。
1.2.1 勝紅薊精油提取
采用水蒸氣蒸餾法[26]提取勝紅薊精油,取植物粉末100 g,料夜比1∶20,提取5 h,收集分層后的上層液,將上層液用無(wú)水硫酸鈉脫水獲得精油,置于4℃冰箱備用。
精油產(chǎn)率=精油質(zhì)量/植物粉末質(zhì)量×100%
1.2.2 勝紅薊精油生物活性測(cè)定
(1)忌避作用:用丙酮稀釋勝紅薊精油,配置成精油含量分別為10、20、50、100、200 μL·mL-1的勝紅薊精油溶液。在同樣規(guī)格(90 cm×90 cm×90 cm)的尼龍網(wǎng)養(yǎng)蟲(chóng)籠中放置6盆水培茶枝,每盆水培茶枝留 4苗,每個(gè)濃度處理組3盆,設(shè)對(duì)照3盆,取3 mL藥劑均勻噴施于每盆水培茶枝上,以丙酮為對(duì)照,待丙酮揮發(fā)至無(wú)氣味后接入羽化2 d的40頭小貫小綠葉蟬成蟲(chóng),分別于接蟲(chóng)后8、l6、24 h檢查各茶枝上的成蟲(chóng)數(shù)量,試驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,計(jì)算忌避率。
防治措施:對(duì)于大直徑樁,可采用沿樁周?chē)鶆虿贾?~4孔以便探明地質(zhì)。通過(guò)幾個(gè)孔位的綜合地質(zhì)資料可以較好地反應(yīng)溶洞的發(fā)育及走向情況,但同樣存在盲區(qū)。目前地質(zhì)雷達(dá)、超聲探測(cè)、電場(chǎng)探測(cè)的方法已經(jīng)普遍應(yīng)用,可以在空間上全真顯示地層性狀,對(duì)于溶洞大小、分布、走向等能反應(yīng)完整信息,在樁基施工前利用上述探測(cè)方法將取得很好的效果。
忌避率=(對(duì)照組著落蟲(chóng)數(shù)-處理組著落蟲(chóng)數(shù))/對(duì)照組著落蟲(chóng)數(shù)×100%
(2)行為反應(yīng)作用:測(cè)定裝置采用Y型嗅覺(jué)儀。Y形嗅覺(jué)儀兩臂長(zhǎng)5 cm,基管長(zhǎng)5 cm,兩臂夾角45°,直徑1 cm。調(diào)節(jié)空氣壓縮機(jī)和玻璃轉(zhuǎn)子流量計(jì),使嗅覺(jué)儀內(nèi)氣流以 0.5 L·min-1速率平穩(wěn)流動(dòng)。取 50 μL不同濃度精油藥劑或?qū)φ杖芤?,滴在潔凈濾紙片上,放入Y形管兩臂最前端作為味源,然后將羽化 3 d的20頭小貫小綠葉蟬接入到嗅覺(jué)儀直臂中,觀察其行為選擇反應(yīng)和在 Y形管各部位的滯留時(shí)間。當(dāng)試蟲(chóng)越過(guò)某臂,且停留時(shí)間超過(guò)30 s,則視為對(duì)兩臂作出選擇;5 min內(nèi)不作選擇,或在前臂停留時(shí)間不超過(guò)30 s,則記無(wú)反應(yīng)。每個(gè)處理重復(fù)3次。比較試蟲(chóng)在5、15、30、45 min的忌避反應(yīng)率。
忌避反應(yīng)率=對(duì)照臂蟲(chóng)數(shù)/測(cè)試總蟲(chóng)數(shù)× 100%
(3)熏蒸作用:采用三角瓶改良熏蒸法,在250 mL三角瓶中接入20頭羽化5 d的小貫小綠葉蟬成蟲(chóng),加入適量新鮮茶樹(shù)嫩枝作為飼料。把滴加200 μL不同濃度的植物精油的棉花團(tuán)置于瓶底,用打孔的保鮮膜封住瓶口,并設(shè)置丙酮為空白對(duì)照組。每個(gè)濃度重復(fù) 3次,觀察試蟲(chóng)死亡情況,計(jì)算死亡率和校正死亡率。
死亡率=死亡蟲(chóng)數(shù)/總蟲(chóng)數(shù)×100%
校正死亡率=(處理死亡率-對(duì)照死亡率)/(1-對(duì)照死亡率)×100%
精密量取15 μL精油,用正己烷以體積比為1∶100稀釋并搖勻,然后用有機(jī)濾膜(0.22 μm)過(guò)濾。精油在氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用儀(GC/MS-QP2010,日本島津)上進(jìn)樣,石英毛細(xì)管柱 Rtx-5(30 m×0.25 μm×0.25 μm),利用計(jì)算機(jī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)質(zhì)譜圖庫(kù)(NIST),對(duì)組分進(jìn)行定性,用面積歸一法表示各成分的相對(duì)含量。程序升溫和質(zhì)譜條件參閱前人報(bào)道并調(diào)整[27]。
程序升溫:柱起始溫度60℃,保留2 min;以 5℃·min-1升至 125℃,然后以 3℃·min-1升至180℃;最后以8℃·min-1升至220℃,進(jìn)樣口溫度220℃。載氣為He,流速1 mL·min-1,分流比為50∶1,進(jìn)樣量1 μL,溶劑延遲3 min。
質(zhì)譜條件:質(zhì)譜的電離方式為 EI,電離電壓為 70 eV,離子源溫度 200℃,掃描范圍為35~450 amu。
本文采用SPSS 22.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。忌避率、忌避反應(yīng)率、死亡率和校正死亡率均為 3次重復(fù)試驗(yàn)的平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差,采用Duncan新復(fù)極差分析不同濃度處理組于 0.05水平下的差異顯著性。
勝紅薊精油不同濃度處理對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬均具有忌避作用(表1),當(dāng)精油含量為200 μL·mL-1時(shí),8 h室內(nèi)忌避活性最好,忌避率為 100%;作用 8 h時(shí),不同處理組對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬的忌避率均高于80%,隨著作用時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),忌避活性有所下降。然而,當(dāng)精油含量大于10 μL·mL-1時(shí),作用8、16、24 h對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬的室內(nèi)忌避率均高于60%。
隨著勝紅薊精油濃度的提高,對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬成蟲(chóng)的忌避活力增強(qiáng);隨著處理時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),趨避率有所下降(表2)。100 μL·mL-1和50 μL·mL-1的勝紅薊精油對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬具有很強(qiáng)的趨避活性,5 min時(shí)的趨避率分別為91.67%±1.67%和76.67%±1.67%。
當(dāng)勝紅薊精油含量為5 μL·mL-1時(shí),對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬成蟲(chóng)的致死率在12 h時(shí)即達(dá)到100%;隨著濃度的升高,致死率差異不顯著。丙酮對(duì)照組試蟲(chóng)的死亡率為0.033%±0.029%(表3)。
表3 勝紅薊精油對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬熏蒸活性Table 3 Fumigant activity of essential oil of A. conyzoides against E. onukii
勝紅薊精油化學(xué)成分分析結(jié)果見(jiàn)表4和圖1。試驗(yàn)從勝紅薊精油中檢測(cè)出單萜類(lèi)、酮類(lèi)和脂類(lèi)等多種化合物,共鑒定出24種化合物,其中β-石竹烯(61.53%)、早熟素Ⅰ(11.09%)和早熟素Ⅱ(7.79%)是其主要成分(80.41%)。
表4 勝紅薊精油化合物及相對(duì)含量Table 4 Composition and relative contents of essential oil from A. conyzoides
植物精油是植物重要的次生代謝物質(zhì),這些物質(zhì)通常都具有特異的生物活性[28],是植物源殺蟲(chóng)劑的活性成分來(lái)源,通常毒性較低,使用安全,因此植物源殺蟲(chóng)劑的應(yīng)用前景廣闊[29]。本研究表明,勝紅薊精油對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬具有顯著的忌避和熏蒸活性,其精油的組成成分與前人報(bào)道有差異,可能與采集地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間有關(guān)。但其精油中檢測(cè)出早熟素Ⅰ、早熟素Ⅱ和β-石竹烯是其主要成分,與前人報(bào)道一致[9,30]。勝紅薊精油對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬具有顯著的忌避和熏蒸活性,可能是精油中的多種揮發(fā)性成分協(xié)同作用的結(jié)果,與勝紅薊精油的主要成分能抑制昆蟲(chóng)生長(zhǎng)報(bào)道一致[12-13]。因此需要進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)活性成分與協(xié)同關(guān)系的探討,可以為勝紅薊精油驅(qū)蟲(chóng)活性的深入研究提供參考和依據(jù),為小貫小綠葉蟬植物源精油趨避劑的研制提供指導(dǎo)。
勝紅薊是中國(guó)南方常見(jiàn)的入侵植物,不僅材料來(lái)源豐富,而且其精油提取物與印楝[31]、魚(yú)藤根[32]和喜樹(shù)葉提取物[33]一樣,對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬具有生物活性,具有防控茶園小貫小綠葉蟬的應(yīng)用潛力。隨著勝紅薊活性物質(zhì)及作用機(jī)理研究的深入,在農(nóng)業(yè)等領(lǐng)域可將其變害為益、變廢為寶,且有望進(jìn)一步將其轉(zhuǎn)化為小貫小綠葉蟬的植物源防蟲(chóng)劑。
致謝:勝紅薊精油對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬的忌避和熏蒸活性的檢測(cè)在福建省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所中試基地完成,特別感謝李建宇和史夢(mèng)竹助理研究員及福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)的研究生在試驗(yàn)中提供的指導(dǎo)和幫助,特此致謝!感謝美國(guó)伊利諾伊州立大學(xué)植物生物系Stephen R. Downie教授對(duì)本文英文提供修改意見(jiàn)。
圖1 勝紅薊精油的氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜總離子流圖Fig. 1 Total ionic flows of GC-MS of A. conyzoides essential oil
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The Repellency and Fumigant Activity of Essential Oil from Invasive Plant (Ageratum conyzoides) against Leafhopper (Empoasca onukii)
WANG Qizhi1, LIU Yumei2, LI Shuming1
1. Department of Horticulture, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; 2. Xiamen Overseas Chinese Subtropical Plant Introduction Garden, Xiamen 361002, China
The biological activity of essential oil from the invasive plant species Ageratum conyzoides L. to leafhopper Empoasca onukii Matsuda was reported in this study. The effects of essential oil concentrations on E. onukii were also investigated by selecting different plants and using Y-tube olfactometer and modified fumigation methods. The chemical composition of essential oil was examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and their relative activities was also analyzed. The results indicated that essential oil concentrations from A. conyzoides had significant effects on fumigant and repellent properties against E. onukii. High concentrations of essential oil displayed significant powerful effects. At an oil concentration of 200 μL·mL-1, the repellent rate was100%. At concentrations of 100 μL·mL-1and 50 μL·mL-1, the repellent rates were 91.67%±1.67% and 76.67%±1.67%, respectively. At a concentration of 5 μL·mL-1, the fumigant mortality rate at 12 h was 100%. Twenty-four essential oil constituents were identified, with the major constituents being β-caryophyllene (61.53%), precocene I (11.09%), and precocene II (7.79%). Main synergistic composition could effectively increase the repellency and fumigant activity against E. onukii. The results showed that the essential oil of A. conyzoides had significant effects against E. onukii and potential benefits as a botanical pesticide to control E. onukii.
Ageratum conyzoides, Empoasca onukii, chemical components, biological activity
S571.1;S435.711
A
1000-369X(2017)05-442-07
2017-03-09
2017-05-23
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金青年科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31500162)、福建省農(nóng)業(yè)重點(diǎn)自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(2014N0026)、泉州市校(院)地協(xié)同創(chuàng)新專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(重點(diǎn))項(xiàng)目(2014Z101)、廈門(mén)市企業(yè)合作項(xiàng)目(2015-3502-04-001831)
王奇志,女,博士,講師,主要從事植物源農(nóng)藥研發(fā),E-mail:wqz@hqu.edu.cn