孫麗麗,曾祥泉,Nilesh W Gaikwad,王歡,須海榮,葉儉慧*
1. 浙江大學(xué)茶葉研究所,浙江 杭州 310058;2. 紹興出入境檢驗檢疫局,浙江 紹興 312000;3. 加州大學(xué)戴維斯分校環(huán)境與毒理系,加州 戴維斯 95616;4. 浙江大學(xué)作物研究所,浙江 杭州 310058
綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物的檢測及應(yīng)用
孫麗麗1,曾祥泉2,Nilesh W Gaikwad3,王歡4,須海榮1,葉儉慧1*
1. 浙江大學(xué)茶葉研究所,浙江 杭州 310058;2. 紹興出入境檢驗檢疫局,浙江 紹興 312000;3. 加州大學(xué)戴維斯分校環(huán)境與毒理系,加州 戴維斯 95616;4. 浙江大學(xué)作物研究所,浙江 杭州 310058
綠茶被認(rèn)為具有多種生理功效,但臨床實驗和流行病學(xué)研究仍存有爭議。綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物檢測方法的建立是為了從代謝物水平研究綠茶及其提取物對人體的生理效用,有助于闡釋綠茶生理功效的作用機理,并避免或減輕由于攝入樣品化學(xué)組成差異和生物個體差異對實驗結(jié)果的影響。兒茶素類化合物 EGCG、EGC、EC和 ECG及其派生物是常用的綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物,主要檢測方法有高效液相色譜-電化學(xué)檢測法、液相色譜-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法等。本文綜述了綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物的種類、備樣方法和檢測手段,分析、討論了基于綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物開展的綠茶生物利用率研究,以及臨床實驗和流行病學(xué)研究結(jié)果,提出在后續(xù)研究中應(yīng)進(jìn)一步完善和規(guī)范人體中兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物的備樣和檢測方法,并可嘗試尋找在生物體內(nèi)比較穩(wěn)定的、更能反映綠茶及其提取物攝入水平的新型生物標(biāo)記物。
綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物;HPLC-EC;兒茶素化合物;EGCG;代謝產(chǎn)物;流行病學(xué);綜述
近30年來,綠茶生理功效和藥理功效受到了科學(xué)界的廣泛關(guān)注。大量細(xì)胞和動物實驗證明綠茶具有抗氧化、清除自由基、減肥降脂、抗炎抗癌等功效[1-6],部分臨床實驗結(jié)果亦表明飲用綠茶能夠預(yù)防或有助于治療癌癥、神經(jīng)退行性疾病、心血管疾病和抑郁癥等[2,7-12]。但是綠茶及其提取物藥理功能的臨床實驗結(jié)果仍存在爭議[13-14],諸多功效尚未得到流行病學(xué)研究的佐證[15-18]。部分人體實驗結(jié)果的不一致與其實驗條件較難控制有關(guān)。綠茶生理功效的臨床研究和流行病學(xué)研究通常是對受試者進(jìn)行綠茶或綠茶提取物攝入干預(yù)或者調(diào)查[9,15,19-21],其實驗結(jié)果受到綠茶及其提取物化學(xué)組成[22-23]、受試人群生物學(xué)個體差異[24]、受試人群飲食習(xí)慣和生活習(xí)慣的影響[24]。為了從機理上研究綠茶及其提取物對人體的生理及藥理功效,減少或避免由于樣品攝入、受試者個體差異等因素引起的實驗結(jié)果差異,這就需要明確攝入綠茶后其活性成分在人體體液或組織中的分布情況、濃度水平和代謝途徑。
生物標(biāo)記物是指對正常生物學(xué)過程、致病過程或治療干預(yù)造成的藥物反應(yīng)進(jìn)行測量而得到的特征指標(biāo),已被廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床藥理學(xué)和人體營養(yǎng)代謝組學(xué)的研究[25-26]。生物標(biāo)記物可分為外源性和內(nèi)源性標(biāo)記物,可以是存在于血液、尿液、細(xì)胞、組織或組織液中的目標(biāo)化學(xué)成分[26-27]。根據(jù)膳食生物標(biāo)記物的定義[25],綠茶生物標(biāo)記物是指綠茶攝入后在任何生物樣本中近期或長期的狀態(tài),包括綠茶內(nèi)含成分及其代謝派生物。通過檢測人體不同體液或組織中綠茶生物標(biāo)記物的濃度,研究綠茶及其提取物對人體的生理功效及其可能的作用機制[25,28]。由于動物模型中綠茶代謝產(chǎn)物或與人體有所不同[29],本文所指的綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記均指人體內(nèi)所能檢測到的兒茶素類綠茶生物標(biāo)記物,主要介紹兒茶素類及其派生物標(biāo)記物的種類、不同取樣部位的備樣方法和檢測手段,結(jié)合兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物水平探討綠茶的生物利用率,以及綠茶生理功效相關(guān)臨床實驗和流行病學(xué)研究結(jié)果,并對后續(xù)研究提出建議。
理想的綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物應(yīng)能準(zhǔn)確反映綠茶的攝入水平,與綠茶的生理功效相關(guān),且具有特異性、靈敏性,滿足半衰期檢測要求[24,30]。綠茶的主要化學(xué)成分有茶多酚、生物堿、氨基酸、糖類和蛋白質(zhì)[15]。兒茶素類化合物是茶多酚的主體成分,占茶多酚總量70%~80%,被認(rèn)為與綠茶的生理功效密切相關(guān)[31]。綠茶中兒茶素類化合物主要包括兒茶素(C)、表兒茶素(EC)、沒食子兒茶素(GC)、表沒食子兒茶素(EGC)、兒茶素沒食子酸酯(CG)、表兒茶素沒食子酸酯(ECG)、沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯(GCG)、表沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯(EGCG),其中EGCG是含量最高、最具生物活性的兒茶素組分[32]。ECG、EGCG、EC和EGC已被用于綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記,在受試者的血漿和尿液中呈現(xiàn)劑量效應(yīng)[19,33-35],且攝入方式(短期和長期攝入)對血漿中兒茶素水平和存在形式有顯著影響[36]。40名成年受試者日服 800 mg EGCG,4周后發(fā)現(xiàn)血漿中自由態(tài) EGCG的累積濃度提高了60%以上[37]。但考慮到EC亦存在于其他常見食物如蘋果、葡萄酒和巧克力[38-39]中,Sun等[28]和 Dai等[9]認(rèn)為尿液中 EGC是更直接的綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)志物。
兒茶素類進(jìn)入人體后由于酶和微生物代謝容易發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)化,生成相應(yīng)的II相代謝物。兒茶素類派生物是除自由態(tài)兒茶素化合物以外的另一類重要的綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物,主要有甲基化兒茶素、葡萄糖醛酸化和硫酸化兒茶素[40-43]。兒茶素類在血漿、尿液或組織液中的存在狀態(tài)有所不同[19],且其派生物生成受到兒茶素分子結(jié)構(gòu)的影響[44]。在血漿中兒茶素類化合物多以自由態(tài)存在,而在尿液中則多以其硫酸酯或葡糖醛酸結(jié)合物的形式存在[19,44]。EGCG 多以自由態(tài)存在于血漿中[19],而EGC和EC多以結(jié)合態(tài)存于血漿中[44];100% EC和89% EGC以結(jié)合態(tài)存在于尿液中[19],而EGCG和ECG及其代謝物均未在尿液中被檢測到[44-45]。由于血漿中 ECG和EGCG(自由態(tài)和結(jié)合態(tài))呈現(xiàn)明顯的劑量效應(yīng)關(guān)系,因此血漿ECG和EGCG是比較可靠的綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物[19,33]。從人體尿液樣本中已分離鑒定多種兒茶素代謝物,包括EGC和EC的葡萄糖醛酸結(jié)合物、甲基化產(chǎn)物、硫酸化結(jié)合物,以及開環(huán)產(chǎn)物 5-(3′,4′,5′-三羥基苯基)-γ-戊內(nèi)酯(M4),5-(3′,4′-二羥基苯基)-γ-戊內(nèi)酯(M6)和5-(3′,5′-二羥基苯基)-γ-戊內(nèi)酯(M6′)等[28,45]。但考慮到EGC和EC代謝產(chǎn)物M4和M6會受到人體大腸微生物環(huán)境的影響,單獨作為生物標(biāo)記物劑量效應(yīng)不明顯,不具特異性。對于尿液樣品選擇EGC和EC(自由態(tài)和結(jié)合態(tài))作為具有濃度效應(yīng)的綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物[19,33]。此外,在血漿和尿液中均檢測出比自由態(tài)EGC更高濃度的甲基化代謝產(chǎn)物4′-O-甲基EGC[44,46],4′-O-甲基EGC具有更長的半衰期,當(dāng)血漿和尿液中絕大多數(shù)的兒茶素化合物已被清除時,仍然可以檢測到4′-O-甲基EGC[41],可作為綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物[19]。
鑒于綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物主要包括兩大類:自由態(tài)兒茶素及其派生物,綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記的備樣方法大致可分為非酶解法和酶解法。非酶解法只能從生物樣品中獲得游離態(tài)的兒茶素生物標(biāo)記物,而酶解法則通過添加β-葡萄糖醛酸酶和硫酸酯酶對生物樣品中的葡萄糖醛酸化和硫酸化兒茶素進(jìn)行酶解,獲得相應(yīng)的兒茶素標(biāo)記物總量[42,47]。表1列舉了綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物的備樣方法、檢測手段和藥代謝動力學(xué)研究結(jié)果。由于兒茶素在生理環(huán)境下容易被氧化,可向生物樣品中添加抗氧化劑維生素C保護(hù)[42]。由于血漿中含有大量的脂類和蛋白質(zhì)成分,可采用氯仿或二氯甲烷萃取去除血漿中的蛋白質(zhì)和脂類[42,47]。從生物樣品中提取綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物的方法有:乙酸乙酯萃取法[42]和固相萃取法[47]??诜z入后進(jìn)入人體循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的兒茶類化合物濃度很低,在檢測前通常需要真空濃縮、氮氣吹干或真空干燥后再復(fù)溶重組樣品,用于提高待測樣品的濃度。
綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物的檢測方法有高效液相色譜-紫外檢測法(HPLC-UV)、高效液相色譜-熒光檢測法(HPLC-FL)、高效液相色譜-化學(xué)發(fā)光檢測法(HPLC-CL)、高效液相色譜-電化學(xué)檢測法(HPLC-EC)、液相色譜-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法(LC-MS)和超高液相色譜-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法(UPLC-MS)[48]。最常用的是HPLC-EC和LC-MS法。前者主要用于已知的目標(biāo)生物標(biāo)記物的濃度檢測,靈敏度高;后者用于新標(biāo)記物的發(fā)現(xiàn)與鑒定,可測出量種類多[45,48]。HPLC-EC的血漿EGCG、ECG和二甲基化EGCG的最低檢測限可達(dá)0.5 ng·mL-1,尿液中EC、EGC和甲基化EGC的最低檢測限量也可達(dá)到0.5 ng·mL-1[19]。Nakagawa等[49]報道血漿中EGCG和EGC的最低檢測限量可達(dá)到2 pmol·mL-1。飲用綠茶或其提取物1.3~2.0 h后,人體血液中的綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物達(dá)到峰值,血漿EGCG的最高濃度與其攝入量有明顯的量效關(guān)系[19,44,47],最高可達(dá)2 μg·mL-1[50];飲用6 h后,血漿中EGCG濃度顯著回落,低至20 ng·mL-1[47]。攝入綠茶或其提取物后,尿液中EC和EGC濃度(自由態(tài)和結(jié)合態(tài))明顯升高且存在劑量效應(yīng)[33],90%的兒茶素在8 h內(nèi)排出[44]。Lee等[42]報道健康男性攝入含有1.2 g茶粉的200 mL溫水(含88 mg EGCG, 82 mg EGC, 33 mg ECG, 32 mg EC)后,24 h累積尿液排出2.8~3.2 mg EGC(自由態(tài)<1%)和1.6~2.3 mg EC(自由態(tài)<1%)。另外,UPLC-MS能一次檢測出更多的多酚類物質(zhì)的同時縮短檢測時間,有助于進(jìn)行代謝組學(xué)的檢測[51-52]。
表1 綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物的備樣方法、檢測手段和藥代謝動力學(xué)研究Table 1 Studies on preparation method, determination techniques and pharmacokinetics of greentea catechin biomarkers
續(xù)表1
續(xù)表1
兒茶素類在人體內(nèi)的藥物代謝動力學(xué)研究揭示了兒茶素類在人體內(nèi)的吸收、分布、代謝以及排泄特點,同時解答了綠茶及其提取物的生物利用率問題(Bioavailability)。生物利用率是指所服用藥物能到達(dá)體循環(huán)的比例,是度量藥物制劑被機體吸收程度的一種指標(biāo)。生物利用率涉及消化、吸收、代謝過程,并受到其他共攝成分的影響[57-58]。兒茶素類化合物的生物利用率低,這主要是由于兒茶素類在胃腸道消化系統(tǒng)中的降解和代謝、細(xì)胞膜滲透能力弱,以及肝臟的首渡效應(yīng)[59],具體表現(xiàn)在進(jìn)入人體血液的綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物濃度低。兒茶素類在胃液(pH 1.5~2.0)中較穩(wěn)定,而在腸液(pH 6~8)環(huán)境下極不穩(wěn)定[60-61],消化過程中的降解致使兒茶素類生物利用率低下[62-63]。胃腸道消化后,兒茶素類被小腸吸收進(jìn)而進(jìn)入循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。然而由于兒茶素類的脂溶性差,導(dǎo)致其滲透腸膜細(xì)胞的能力弱[64]。這兩方面的因素導(dǎo)致了兒茶素類較低的可獲得率,從而導(dǎo)致血漿中的兒茶素類化合物濃度低。據(jù)報道,在隨機、雙盲實驗中,攝入1 600 mg EGCG后血漿中僅檢測到9 628 ng EGCG[65]。而不同的兒茶素化合物具有不同的穩(wěn)定性,酯型兒茶素類在腸液中的穩(wěn)定性低于非酯型兒茶素[66-67]。綠茶攝入后24 h尿液中EC和EGC的回收率分別達(dá)到28.5%和11.4%,高于其他兒茶素單體[49]??梢?,不同兒茶素化合物的生物利用率存在差異[40]。除了由腸道吸收進(jìn)入人體循環(huán)系統(tǒng),兒茶素類在人體大腸(結(jié)腸)部位的代謝是人體利用兒茶素類的重要途徑[49]。兒茶素類在腸道內(nèi)被微生物所代謝,然后進(jìn)入血液被吸收或者隨糞便排出。兒茶素在結(jié)腸微生物的催化作用下發(fā)生環(huán)裂解反應(yīng)[68],降解為酚酸及其甘氨酸結(jié)合物等簡單的復(fù)合物,目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)有數(shù)十種這樣的代謝產(chǎn)物。因此,僅采用血漿中的兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物的藥物動力學(xué)衡量,兒茶素類的生物利用率容易被低估。
綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物從藥物代謝動力學(xué)角度闡述綠茶對人體健康的作用??紤]到樣品收集的可行性和可操作性,血液和尿液是臨床上檢測綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物的最主要的樣本來源。通過檢測人體血液或尿液的綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物濃度,結(jié)合統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析,來研究攝入綠茶及其提取物對人體的健康功效。
Pietta等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn)攝入綠茶兒茶素后,血漿中抗壞血酸鹽和谷胱甘肽濃度有 10%~20%的短暫下降,而血漿 TRAP值提高了16%~19%。8-羥基脫氧鳥苷(8-OhdG)是一種顯示全身氧化性DNA損傷的生物標(biāo)記物,是可能導(dǎo)致遺傳突變的危險因素。Takechi等[69]針對57名38~73歲的健康日本女性開展其血漿和尿液中綠茶兒茶素類標(biāo)記物濃度與血漿脂類水平相關(guān)性的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)血漿中綠茶兒茶素類標(biāo)記物濃度與甘油三酸酯和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇的濃度略有相關(guān),或能改善健康女性的血脂水平。
為探明飲用綠茶對乳腺癌發(fā)生的影響,研究者對 74 942名中國女性進(jìn)行跟蹤調(diào)查,采用LC-MS對受試者尿液中EC、EGC及其代謝產(chǎn)物M4和M6進(jìn)行相關(guān)指標(biāo)的檢測,與受試者的飲茶頻率、種類、消耗量、起始時間等建立統(tǒng)計模型,結(jié)果表明飲茶習(xí)慣可能會延緩乳腺癌的發(fā)生[9]。Luo等[70]通過對年齡在40~70歲的353例女性乳腺癌病例和701例匹配對照的尿液EGC、EC及其代謝物含量進(jìn)行檢測,發(fā)現(xiàn)尿液中EC濃度與患乳腺癌風(fēng)險間呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(OR=0.59,95% CI=0.39~0.88)。然而在一項日本公共衛(wèi)生中心研究中,共有24 226名40~69歲的婦女在1990—1995年期間回答了調(diào)查問卷并提供了血液,隨訪至2002年12月,通過檢測乳腺癌患者及對照血漿中EGC、EC、EGCG和ECG的含量,發(fā)現(xiàn)血漿中茶多酚濃度與乳腺癌風(fēng)險之間沒有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的關(guān)聯(lián)[71]。Sun等[72]對上海地區(qū)1986—1989年期間招募的18 000名45~64歲男性進(jìn)行調(diào)查問卷并收集尿液樣本,檢測尿液中的EGC、EC及其代謝產(chǎn)物M4和M6,結(jié)果表明尿液中EGC濃度與食管癌發(fā)生呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(OR=0.49,95% CI=0.26~0.94)。Yuan等[73]對中國上海的18 244名男性的結(jié)腸直腸癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險做了一項前瞻性研究,并進(jìn)行了16年的隨訪,研究結(jié)果表明尿液中EGC和4'-MeEGC濃度較高的個體具有較低的結(jié)腸癌風(fēng)險,而尿液中EC或其代謝物的濃度與直腸癌風(fēng)險無關(guān)。然而,另一項研究對上海18 244名男性(211例和1 067個匹配對照)采集尿液評價EC、EGC及其代謝產(chǎn)物4'-MeEGC濃度與HCC患病風(fēng)險的相關(guān)性,未發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān);并表示高水平的兒茶素甚至可能增加高危個體的患病風(fēng)險[46]。此外,還有將綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物應(yīng)用于綠茶與其他慢性疾?。ㄈ绶逝?、心血管疾病、認(rèn)知障礙等)臨床干預(yù)的研究。Chow等[37]報道 Fitzpatric皮膚型II和III的受試者連續(xù)服用EGCG膠囊或茶多酚膠囊 4周后,發(fā)現(xiàn)攝入 EGCG膠囊對紫外線引發(fā)的皮膚紅斑沒有保護(hù)作用。
已報道的兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物的最低檢測限量可達(dá) 2 pmol·mL-1[49],但檢測結(jié)果很大程度上受到備樣方法的影響。用血漿作為綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物的檢測載體,因血漿半衰期短[37,44,74],采集時間及其間隔都會影響數(shù)據(jù)的有效性,并且人體血液pH值為7.3~7.4,呈弱堿性,兒茶素類在弱堿性環(huán)境下不穩(wěn)定,易發(fā)生化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)變;血漿中含有大量其他化學(xué)成分如蛋白質(zhì)、脂類,這些環(huán)境因素均會影響樣品中兒茶素生物標(biāo)記物的檢測。此外,兒茶素類與血漿蛋白能發(fā)生相互作用,形成氫鍵、疏水作用及共價鍵[75-76]。乙酸乙酯萃取能有效破壞兒茶素類與血漿蛋白間的氫鍵和部分疏水作用,但無法破壞共價鍵-S-S-,導(dǎo)致兒茶素檢測濃度或低于真實值,可采用 2-巰基乙醇還原二硫鍵,對萃取方法進(jìn)行改善[47]。由于備樣方法可直接影響血漿中綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物的檢出濃度,因此在后續(xù)工作中需對血漿樣品的備樣方法進(jìn)行規(guī)范。由于血漿壽命短、成本高,可采用尿液進(jìn)行生物標(biāo)記物定量,大多數(shù)酚類生物標(biāo)記物測量需要采集24 h尿樣[30]。然而,尿液中兒茶素生物標(biāo)記物多以葡萄糖醛酸結(jié)合物、甲基化和硫酸鹽、開環(huán)裂解產(chǎn)物等 II相代謝物形式存在,要對所有兒茶素派生物進(jìn)行定性定量檢測存在技術(shù)壁壘且缺乏相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品。兒茶素類進(jìn)入人體后在酶和微生物的作用下發(fā)生多種化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)變。因此,尿液中綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物水平更易受到生物個體差異的影響,如個體間腸道菌落種群差異。動物實驗易控制且取樣方便,大量研究采用動物模型研究茶葉多酚在生物體內(nèi)的吸收、代謝和轉(zhuǎn)化[77-78],但值得注意的是兒茶素類在動物體內(nèi)的代謝產(chǎn)物組成或有別于人體內(nèi)[29]。考慮到兒茶素類在人體中并不穩(wěn)定,茶葉中除了初級代謝物,還包括許多次級代謝物如茶多酚、黃嘌呤、蛋白質(zhì)和氨基酸、多糖、揮發(fā)性化合物等,可嘗試尋找在生物體內(nèi)比較穩(wěn)定的新綠茶生物標(biāo)記物。此外,還要考慮綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物與其他化合物或食物基質(zhì)的相互作用[79]。有研究表明,單純攝入兒茶素和飲用含有兒茶素的紅葡萄酒,兩者血漿中檢測到的物質(zhì)存在很大差異,前者在血漿中能夠檢測到自由態(tài)兒茶素類化合物,而后者只能檢測到結(jié)合態(tài)兒茶素[19]。綜上,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步完善和規(guī)范綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物的檢測方法,包括樣品收集、儲存、標(biāo)志物的提取等,同時通過化學(xué)合成等手段獲得較多的兒茶素派生物標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品,用于精確定量。
研究綠茶生理功效和藥理功效很重要的環(huán)節(jié)是受試人群的篩選。家族歷史、生活習(xí)慣和飲食習(xí)慣、是否吸煙,以及疾病等因素都會影響受試者對綠茶及其提取物攝入的生理反應(yīng),并影響實驗結(jié)果[80-82]。因此,對受試者應(yīng)限定多項條件進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格篩選,減少其他因素的影響,以獲得綠茶及其提取物干預(yù)實驗的真正效果。研究綠茶及其提取物攝入對某些疾病的預(yù)防或治療功效時,除了做統(tǒng)計相關(guān)性分析以外,還需開發(fā)與疾病或癥狀密切相關(guān)的生物標(biāo)記物或代謝圖譜,研究人體內(nèi)綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物濃度與內(nèi)源目標(biāo)生物標(biāo)記物水平變化的相關(guān)性,采用代謝組學(xué)的研究方法從機理上對綠茶的生理功效進(jìn)行闡釋。追蹤綠茶攝入后兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物在人體中的代謝軌跡,有助于掌握綠茶主要活性成分——兒茶素類化合物的機體內(nèi)代謝、轉(zhuǎn)化機理,從兒茶素類生物代謝和轉(zhuǎn)變角度結(jié)合其機體內(nèi)的分布和濃度水平思考兒茶素類化合物對人體的主要作用部位、生理活性及功效,提供兒茶素類的人體代謝動力學(xué)理論基礎(chǔ),有助于綠茶生理功效的臨床研究更具有方向性和前瞻性。近年來研究表明,兒茶素類在人體下消化道部位(結(jié)腸)的代謝是人體利用兒茶素類的重要途徑[83],兒茶素類或能通過調(diào)節(jié)人體腸道菌群改善機體免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能[84],這為后續(xù)研究提供了新的方向。此外,有研究報道綠茶8種兒茶素化合物的人體生物利用率差異較大,C和EC的生物利用率明顯高于其他6種兒茶素化合物[48,85],或可以選擇生物利用率較高的組分開展臨床實驗。
通過檢測受試者體內(nèi)綠茶生物標(biāo)記物的濃度和水平變化,從代謝物水平研究綠茶及其提取物對人體的生理效用,避免或減輕由于攝入樣品化學(xué)組成差異和生物個體差異對臨床實驗和流行病學(xué)研究實驗結(jié)果的影響。但由于攝入后進(jìn)入人體循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的綠茶生物標(biāo)記物濃度極低,其備樣方式和檢測手段影響到檢測結(jié)果,在后續(xù)研究中需進(jìn)一步完善和規(guī)范人體內(nèi)不同部位的綠茶兒茶素類生物標(biāo)記物檢測方法,并開發(fā)穩(wěn)定性更高、更能反映綠茶攝入水平的新型生物標(biāo)記物。
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Determination of Green Tea Catechin Biomarkers and It′s Relative Application
SUN Lili1, ZENG Xiangquan2, Nilesh W Gaikwad3, WANG Huan4, XU Hairong1, YE Jianhui1*
1. Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; 2. Shaoxing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shaoxing 312000, China; 3. Department of Nutrition and Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis 95616, USA; 4. Crop Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Green tea has been considered to have many health benefits, but there is still controversy about the clinical and epidemiological results. Development of green tea catechin biomarkers was to evaluate the physiological effects of green tea from a metabolic point of view, which will be helpful to interpret the functional mechanism of green tea in vivo and also avoid or reduce the influences of chemical compositions of samples intake or individual differences in human studies. Catechin compounds EGCG, EGC, EC, C, ECG and their derivatives are common green tea catechin biomarkers that have many determination methods including HPLC-EC, LC-MS and so on. This paper reviewed the types of green tea catechin biomarkers and their preparation and determination methods, discussed the results of biomarker-level based bioavailability studies, clinical trials and epidemiological studies, proposed suggestions for future research, such as further improvement and standardization of the preparation and determination methods of catechin biomarkers as well as development of new green tea biomarkers with higher stability in human body and sensitivity in reflecting their intake levels.
green tea catechin biomarker, HPLC-EC, catechin compounds, EGCG, metabolites, epidemiology, review
TS272.5+1;Q946.84+1
A
1000-369X(2017)05-429-13
2017-05-09
2017-05-30
美國農(nóng)業(yè)部國家糧食和農(nóng)業(yè)研究所專項基金(#CA-D-NTR-2104-H)、國家留學(xué)基金委國家公派碩士研究生項目基金[2015]3024
孫麗麗,女,碩士研究生,主要從事茶與營養(yǎng)學(xué)研究,E-mail:21416071@zju.edu.cn。*通訊作者:jianhuiye@zju.edu.cn