徐逸昕,譚玉林,王一波,丁蔚,徐學(xué)忠
急性闌尾炎術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生與平均住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)的相關(guān)因素分析
徐逸昕,譚玉林,王一波,丁蔚,徐學(xué)忠
(江蘇大學(xué)附屬武進(jìn)醫(yī)院 普外科二,江蘇 常州 213002)
目的 探討急性闌尾炎術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生與平均住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)的相關(guān)因素。方法 采用回顧性病例分析方法。收集1 693例行闌尾切除術(shù)患者的臨床病理資料。發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥患者為220例。以中位住院時(shí)間為截點(diǎn),選取住院時(shí)間≥6 d的定義為住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)組(626例),<6 d定義為非住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)組(1 067例)。分析性別、年齡、預(yù)防性使用抗生素、手術(shù)方式、炎癥嚴(yán)重程度對(duì)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及平均住院時(shí)間之間的影響。結(jié)果 單因素分析顯示:預(yù)防性抗生素、手術(shù)方式、炎癥嚴(yán)重程度是發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的危險(xiǎn)因素(χ2=47.939,7.191,33.031,P<0.05);年齡、手術(shù)方式、炎癥嚴(yán)重程度是平均住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)的危險(xiǎn)因素(χ2=41.443,26.847,29.944,P<0.05)。多因素結(jié)果分析顯示:不預(yù)防性使用抗生素、復(fù)雜性闌尾炎是影響患者發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=2.378,1.422,95%可信區(qū)間1.593~3.551,1.008~2.007,P<0.05);高齡、開(kāi)腹手術(shù)、復(fù)雜性闌尾炎是影響患者平均住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=1.666,2.072,1.411,95%可信區(qū)間1.166~2.381,1.498~2.866,1.076~1.805,P<0.05)。結(jié)論 不預(yù)防性使用抗生素、復(fù)雜性闌尾炎與患者發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥密切相關(guān),高齡、開(kāi)腹手術(shù)、復(fù)雜性闌尾炎與患者平均住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)密切相關(guān)。術(shù)前應(yīng)詳細(xì)了解患者的一般情況以及炎癥嚴(yán)重程度,個(gè)體化治療,減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,縮短住院時(shí)間。
急性闌尾炎;并發(fā)癥;住院時(shí)間;危險(xiǎn)因素
急性闌尾炎是普外科急腹癥中最常見(jiàn)的疾病,跟年齡、季節(jié)、糖尿病等相關(guān)[1-3]。隨著時(shí)代的進(jìn)步、社會(huì)的發(fā)展以及人民生活水平的提高,要求我們?cè)谛录夹g(shù)(小切口闌尾切除術(shù)、單孔腹腔鏡闌尾切除術(shù)、ERAT[4]等)的幫助下,貫徹快速康復(fù)的治療理念,進(jìn)一步減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥、縮短住院時(shí)間。本次研究,我們通過(guò)回顧性研究分析影響急性闌尾炎術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及平均住院時(shí)間的因素。
1.1 臨床資料 回顧2012年1月~2016年1月在本院行闌尾切除術(shù)的急性闌尾炎患者共1693例,其中男961例,女732例。年齡4~88歲,中位年齡37歲(≥60歲237例,<60歲1 456例)。預(yù)防性使用抗生素942例。開(kāi)腹手術(shù)病例1 446例、腹腔鏡手術(shù)247例。術(shù)后病理分為:急性單純性闌尾炎(382例);急性化膿性闌尾炎伴闌尾周圍炎(786例);急性化膿性闌尾炎伴壞疽或者穿孔(525例)。將急性單純性闌尾炎、急性化膿性闌尾炎定義為非復(fù)雜性闌尾炎,將伴有壞疽、穿孔的急性闌尾炎定義為復(fù)雜性闌尾炎。術(shù)后并發(fā)癥220例,包括傷口感染、腹腔膿腫、小腸梗阻、小腸損傷以及腸瘺、術(shù)后出血、闌尾殘端漏、闌尾殘株炎。平均住院時(shí)間(6.2±2.5)d,中位住院時(shí)間6.3 d。
1.2 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①術(shù)中探查、術(shù)后病理均證實(shí)為急性闌尾炎。②治療方式為開(kāi)腹或腹腔鏡闌尾切除術(shù)。③具有完整的病例資料。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①入院時(shí)有合并癥。②保守治療患者。③同期行其他手術(shù)。④術(shù)后發(fā)生與手術(shù)非直接相關(guān)并發(fā)癥者。⑤臨床資料缺失者。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo) 年齡、性別、預(yù)防性抗生素、手術(shù)方式、炎癥嚴(yán)重程度,分析觀察指標(biāo)對(duì)于術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和平均住院時(shí)間的影響。
1.4 隨訪 術(shù)后采用門診以及電話方式進(jìn)行隨訪,觀察患者的預(yù)后情況,隨訪截止至2016年3月。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 應(yīng)用SPSS20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分?jǐn)?shù)和例數(shù)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資料采用“x±s”表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);多因素分析采用Logistic回歸模型。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和平均住院時(shí)間的單因素分析 單因素分析情況顯示:預(yù)防性抗生素、手術(shù)方式、炎癥嚴(yán)重程度是影響術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率的危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05),年齡、性別不是其危險(xiǎn)因素;年齡、手術(shù)方式、炎癥嚴(yán)重程度是影響手術(shù)患者平均住院時(shí)間的危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05),性別、預(yù)防性抗生素不是其危險(xiǎn)因素。見(jiàn)表1。
表1 發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和平均住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)的單因素分析Table 1 Univariate analysis of occurrence of postoperative complications and prolongation of hospitalization time
2.3 發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的多因素分析 發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的多因素分析結(jié)果:不預(yù)防性使用抗生素、復(fù)雜性闌尾炎是術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
表2 發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的多因素分析Table 2 Multivariate analysis of occurrence of postoperative complications
2.4 平均住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)的多因素分析 手術(shù)患者平均住院時(shí) 間的多因素分析結(jié)果:年齡、手術(shù)方式、炎癥嚴(yán)重程度是手術(shù)患者平均住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
表3 平均住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)的多因素分析Table 3 Multivariate analysis of prolongation of hospitalization time
急性闌尾炎具有起病急、病程快的特點(diǎn),同時(shí)還需要與右側(cè)卵巢囊腫破裂、卵巢囊腫蒂扭轉(zhuǎn)、急性盆腔炎[5]以及盲腸憩室破裂、上消化道穿孔[6]等疾病進(jìn)行鑒別。實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查有血常規(guī)、體溫、CRP[7]、降鈣素原(PCT)和 D-二聚體(DD)[8-10]。體格檢查包括結(jié)腸充氣試驗(yàn)、腰大肌試驗(yàn)、閉孔內(nèi)肌試驗(yàn)和按壓疼痛加劇試驗(yàn),最近證實(shí)呼吸疼痛試驗(yàn)對(duì)明確診斷也有很大幫助[11]。器械檢查檢查有:腹部B超、CT、MRI。其中,腹部B超診斷急性闌尾炎的敏感性為44%~100%,特異性為47%~100%。但由于大量因素干擾,使腹部B超在診斷時(shí)容易出現(xiàn)假陽(yáng)性、假陰性[12]。相比腹部B超,CT可以將診斷準(zhǔn)確率提高6~8倍[13],同時(shí)將診斷的假陽(yáng)性率從24%降到3%[14]。MRI在兒童以及懷孕婦女中應(yīng)用較廣泛,對(duì)急性闌尾炎診斷的敏感性為96.5%,特異性為96.1%[15-16]。
3.1 急性闌尾炎的保守治療與手術(shù) 目前,關(guān)于急性闌尾炎首選保守還是手術(shù)治療,仍然存在著巨大的爭(zhēng)議。Leonardo等[17]報(bào)道相比手術(shù)治療患者,雖然有60%的保守治療患者有更快的恢復(fù)速度、更短的禁食時(shí)間和更低的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,但是有26.6%的保守治療患者在治療過(guò)程中需要改為手術(shù)。并且,保守治療患者隨訪1年,有20%因急性闌尾炎再次入院。相比之下,手術(shù)治療具有成功率高(99.6%)和重復(fù)入院率低的特點(diǎn)。兩種治療方式在平均住院時(shí)間上無(wú)明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。但在治療闌尾膿腫時(shí),保守治療也有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì),有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道保守治療比手術(shù)更加安全、有效[18]。本研究中,同期有291例保守治療患者,其平均住院時(shí)間(3.8±0.1)d與手術(shù)治療患者平均住院時(shí)間(6.2±2.5)d相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.860)。總之,除了闌尾膿腫以外,闌尾切除術(shù)還是治療急性闌尾炎的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
3.2 影響手術(shù)患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率的相關(guān)因素 闌尾切除術(shù)后的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率約為23.5%,主要有傷口感染、腹腔膿腫、小腸梗阻、小腸損傷以及腸瘺、術(shù)后出血、闌尾殘端漏、闌尾殘株炎,其中傷口感染約12.5%[19-22]。如何改進(jìn)治療方案來(lái)減少并發(fā)癥一直是外科醫(yī)生關(guān)心的問(wèn)題。預(yù)防性抗生素是影響闌尾切除術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率的相關(guān)因素。Anderson等[23]通過(guò)回顧性分析多中心的9 576例行闌尾切除術(shù)患者的臨床資料,發(fā)現(xiàn)不預(yù)防性使用抗生素是影響闌尾切除術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。術(shù)前三十分鐘或者于麻醉誘導(dǎo)時(shí)預(yù)防性使用抗生素能明顯減少闌尾切除術(shù)后傷口感染、腹腔膿腫的發(fā)生率。單獨(dú)在術(shù)后使用抗生素并不能降低傷口感染的發(fā)生率。同時(shí),炎癥嚴(yán)重程度也與術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率密切相關(guān)。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道復(fù)雜、嚴(yán)重的炎癥是術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。與單純、化膿性闌尾炎相比,壞疽、穿孔性闌尾炎更容易在術(shù)后發(fā)生切口感染、腹腔膿腫以及腸瘺[24-25]。另外,手術(shù)方式也是術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率的相關(guān)影響因素。Sauerland等[26]報(bào)道腹腔鏡手術(shù)在減少術(shù)后傷口感染、腸梗阻、腸瘺等的發(fā)生率方面要明顯優(yōu)于開(kāi)腹手術(shù)。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不預(yù)防性使用抗生素、復(fù)雜性闌尾炎是術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。而相比開(kāi)腹手術(shù),腹腔鏡手術(shù)能減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.113)。我們考慮可能由于近年來(lái)小切口闌尾切除術(shù)、快速康復(fù)理念、切口保護(hù)器、優(yōu)質(zhì)引流管、高檔抗生素的使用,使得開(kāi)腹闌尾切除術(shù)的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥大為減少。
3.3 影響手術(shù)患者平均住院時(shí)間的相關(guān)因素 Pokharel等[27]收集200例闌尾切除術(shù)患者的臨床資料,發(fā)現(xiàn)≥60歲患者的平均住院時(shí)間為5.3 d,<60歲患者的平均住院時(shí)間為2.2 d,兩組相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。同時(shí),在穿孔性闌尾炎患者中,≥60歲患者平均住院時(shí)間為9.5 d,<60歲患者為5.4 d,兩組相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。另外,劉東生[28]分析625例闌尾切除術(shù)患者的病例資料,發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡、復(fù)雜闌尾炎、闌尾周圍膿腫、合并癥是延長(zhǎng)手術(shù)患者平均住院時(shí)間的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,腹腔鏡手術(shù)是縮短平均住院時(shí)間的獨(dú)立保護(hù)因素。本研究結(jié)果顯示:高齡、開(kāi)腹手術(shù)、復(fù)雜性闌尾炎是手術(shù)患者平均住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。因此,不管醫(yī)療還是護(hù)理,應(yīng)該給予老年、炎癥較重患者足夠的重視。
3.4 總結(jié) 急性闌尾炎患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生與預(yù)防性抗生素、炎癥嚴(yán)重程度密切相關(guān),平均住院時(shí)間與患者年齡、手術(shù)方式、炎癥嚴(yán)重程度密切相關(guān)。因此,術(shù)前需要充分明確炎癥嚴(yán)重程度以及患者的一般情況,制定個(gè)體化治療方案。同時(shí),規(guī)范抗生素的使用、提高闌尾切除術(shù)的微創(chuàng)率也將是我們今后工作的重點(diǎn)。
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Relevant factors analysis for the occurrence of postoperative complications and the prolongation of average hospitalization time in patients with acute appendicitis
Xu Yi-xin,Tan Yu-lin,Wang Yi-bo,Ding Wei,Xu Xue-zhong
(Department of general surgery,Wujin HospitalAffiliated to Jiangsu University,Changzhou,Jiangsu,213002,China)
Objective To investigate the related factors of the postoperative complications and the prolongation of average hospitalization time in patients with acute appendicitis.Methods The clinical and pathological data of 1693 patients undergoing appendectomy were collected by using the retrospective case analysis.220 patients suffered postoperative complications.Median hospitalization time was served as a cut-off point,626 patients with hospitalization time≥6 days and 1067 patients with hospitalization time<6 days were allocated into the long time group and short time group,respectively.The influence of gender,age,prophylactic use of antibiotics,the mode operation,the severity of inflammation on postoperative complications and average hospitalization time were analyzed.Results The univariate analysis showed that the prophylactic use of antibiotics,the mode of operation and the severity of inflammation were the factors affecting the occurrence of postoperative complications(χ2=47.939,7.191,33.031,P<0.05).The age,the mode of operation and the severity of inflammation were factors affecting the prolongation of the average hospitalization time(χ2=41.443,26.847,29.944,P<0.05).The multivariate analysis showed that the lack of prophylactic antibiotics and complicated acute appendicitis were independent risk factors affecting the occurrence of postoperative complications(OR=2.378,1.422 95%CI 1.593-3.551,1.008-2.007,P<0.05).The advanced age,traditional open surgery and complicated acute appendicitis were independent risk factors affecting the prolongation of the average hospitalization time(OR=1.666,2.072,1.411 95%CI 1.166-2.381,1.498-2.866,1.076-1.805,P<0.05).Conclusion The postoperative complications are closely associated with The lack of prophylactic antibiotics and complicated acute appendicitis.The prolongation of the average hospitalization time is closely associated with advanced age,traditional open surgery and complicated acute appendicitis.We should detailedly acquaint the general situation of the patients and the severity of inflammation before surgery.Then,the Individualized treatment plan can be made.Through these,the postoperative complications and the prolongation of hospitalization time will be reduced.
Acute appendicitis;Postoperative complications;Hospitalization time;Risk factors
10.3969/j.issn.1009-4393.2017.27.009
徐學(xué)忠,Email:xxz197001@sina.com