李吟薇 徐國(guó)興
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白內(nèi)障術(shù)后干眼癥因素與對(duì)策*
李吟薇1,2徐國(guó)興1,2
1. 福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院 2.福建省眼科研究所
隨著我國(guó)人口老齡化的加劇,白內(nèi)障的患病率和絕對(duì)人數(shù)都在不斷上升。有數(shù)據(jù)表明,我國(guó)目前每年新增白內(nèi)障患者近100萬(wàn),其中有近40萬(wàn)人最終失明,每年實(shí)施白內(nèi)障手術(shù)約60萬(wàn)例。白內(nèi)障手術(shù)后最常見的并發(fā)癥是干眼,患者術(shù)后抱怨眼睛干燥、疼痛、刺激、燒灼和異物感。白內(nèi)障手術(shù)后干眼癥已經(jīng)成為了公共醫(yī)療的沉重話題,應(yīng)當(dāng)引起臨床眼科醫(yī)師的高度重視[1]。
白內(nèi)障 術(shù)后 干眼癥 對(duì)策
干眼又稱干燥性角膜結(jié)膜炎(kerato conjunctivitis sicca, KCS),是指任何原因引起的淚液質(zhì)和量異?;騽?dòng)力學(xué)異常導(dǎo)致的淚膜穩(wěn)定性下降,并伴有眼部不適,導(dǎo)致眼表組織病變?yōu)樘卣鞯亩喾N疾病的總稱[1]。部分人群具有干眼的癥狀,但只要經(jīng)過(guò)休息或短暫應(yīng)用人工淚液即恢復(fù)正常,尤其是沒有眼表的不可逆損害,亦無(wú)引起干眼的局部及全身性原因,這類情況稱之為干眼癥。有研究顯示,干眼癥能引起不適、視覺障礙和淚膜不穩(wěn)定,伴有淚膜滲透性增加和眼表炎癥,輕度可影響日常生活和工作,嚴(yán)重者危害視功能[2-3]。
干眼癥分為兩大類:淚液缺乏型和蒸發(fā)過(guò)剩型。淚液缺乏型干眼癥是由于淚液減少所致,由于淚液分泌減少,使淚液的高滲性增加,并且可以導(dǎo)致釋放炎癥因子[4]。還可進(jìn)一步分類為“干燥綜合征相關(guān)性干眼癥”和“非干燥綜合征相關(guān)性干眼癥”。與大多數(shù)非自身免疫性因年齡變化引起干眼癥的原因一樣,蒸發(fā)性干眼出現(xiàn)過(guò)量水的流失可能是因?yàn)橥庠谝蛩?,也可能是?nèi)在因素,瞼板腺功能異常也是蒸發(fā)過(guò)剩型干眼癥的主要機(jī)制[5]。
(1)年齡、性別因素。一般來(lái)說(shuō),婦女和老人的患病率比較高,尤其是老人。各種因素都可使老人患病,包括用藥、眼瞼松弛、激素變化(更年期)、炎癥、系統(tǒng)條件和氧化應(yīng)激[6]。隨著超過(guò)60歲的人的比例增加,加上更大的預(yù)期壽命,可以預(yù)見干眼癥的人數(shù)也會(huì)增加。
(2)角膜感覺神經(jīng)密度在人體中是最高的,切斷這些神經(jīng)可能導(dǎo)致上皮損傷愈合減慢,上皮通透性增加,上皮減少代謝活動(dòng)和細(xì)胞骨架結(jié)構(gòu)的喪失[7]。臨床上我們可以觀察到角膜敏感性降低[8-11]從而導(dǎo)致淚液分泌減少性干眼癥。然而隨著時(shí)間的推移,角膜敏感性可恢復(fù)至術(shù)前水平[10]切口位置的影響似乎沒有顯著性,盡管有一些數(shù)據(jù)表明切口形狀,特別是開槽切口(相對(duì)于單平面切口)可能加重患者的癥狀,尤其是本身就具有干眼癥的患者[14]。
(3)顯微鏡對(duì)角膜光照時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)也會(huì)減少淚膜破裂時(shí)間,并暫時(shí)惡化癥狀[14]。使用吸氣器也會(huì)加重干眼癥的癥狀。并且熱能的產(chǎn)生顯示了白內(nèi)障超聲乳化裝置對(duì)角膜結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷[16-17],與角膜神經(jīng)的橫斷損傷相比,這些可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致更多的蒸發(fā)式的白內(nèi)障。
(4)炎癥在白內(nèi)障術(shù)后干眼癥的發(fā)病機(jī)制中的關(guān)鍵作用也已經(jīng)越來(lái)越被認(rèn)可[18],人們也普遍理解白內(nèi)障手術(shù)中的眼表刺激引起的炎癥反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致中性粒細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞的募集,以及化學(xué)自由介質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生,如自由基、蛋白水解酶和環(huán)氧化酶[19-20]。這反過(guò)來(lái)會(huì)刺激和損害眼睛,從而導(dǎo)致淚膜的改變和永久化的惡性循環(huán)。局部術(shù)前麻醉劑和術(shù)后防腐劑的滴眼液也對(duì)炎癥有一定的影響[21-22]。
(5)杯狀細(xì)胞分泌淚膜的粘液成分、黏蛋白對(duì)角膜表面的疏水性與親水性的轉(zhuǎn)換很重要。通過(guò)連接到角膜微絨毛上的多糖,從而使淚膜附著。而杯狀細(xì)胞的破壞或缺乏會(huì)導(dǎo)致淚膜的破壞,從而導(dǎo)致蒸發(fā)過(guò)剩型干眼。而有研究明確表明,白內(nèi)障術(shù)后杯狀細(xì)胞會(huì)減少[12,23]。雖然有許多人認(rèn)為炎癥可能是罪魁禍?zhǔn)?,但是,體外研究卻提供了一些相反的證據(jù),表明某些炎癥介質(zhì),如1L-13和白三烯可能促進(jìn)杯狀細(xì)胞的分泌和分化[24,25]。
(6)杯狀細(xì)胞對(duì)于淚膜的意義,瞼板腺對(duì)于淚膜穩(wěn)定性的意義也同樣重要。瞼板腺可以分泌出減少淚膜蒸發(fā)的脂質(zhì)物質(zhì)。而這些脂質(zhì)物質(zhì)一旦停止分泌,就成為蒸發(fā)性干眼癥的常見原因[5],最近一項(xiàng)對(duì)白內(nèi)障手術(shù)和瞼板腺功能之間的關(guān)系的探索顯示,即使沒有明顯的結(jié)構(gòu)損害跡象,白內(nèi)障手術(shù)似乎也會(huì)影響瞼板腺的功能。但是瞼板腺功能指標(biāo)的這些變化仍然懸而未決,這表明瞼板腺功能障礙可以解釋一些持續(xù)性干眼癥的癥狀。但是白內(nèi)障手術(shù)對(duì)于瞼板腺功能影響的確切機(jī)制仍然不明[23,28-29]。
臨床上包括門診復(fù)查的時(shí)候,醫(yī)生通常會(huì)遇到很多白內(nèi)障患者術(shù)后視力雖然很好,可達(dá)0.6以上,但是患者就是覺得眼睛不舒服,或者雖然所測(cè)視力很好卻仍然覺得看東西模糊。通過(guò)淚液分泌實(shí)驗(yàn)、眼表分析等都可確診干眼癥,所以白內(nèi)障術(shù)后干眼癥的預(yù)防和治療顯得尤為重要,應(yīng)當(dāng)引起臨床醫(yī)生的重視,防治于未然是治療的重點(diǎn)之一,積極地預(yù)防將大大降低干眼癥的發(fā)病概率。
(1)有學(xué)者對(duì)有防腐劑保存的透明質(zhì)酸鈉眼藥水和0.1%氟米龍和無(wú)防腐劑的同樣藥水進(jìn)行了對(duì)比研究。結(jié)果顯示,雖然含防腐劑的眼藥水得到改進(jìn),但無(wú)防腐劑的藥水效果更好,因此,對(duì)于頻次較高的眼藥水,建議用不含防腐劑的眼藥水[30]。
(2)對(duì)于輕度干眼患者,淚液替代已足夠,但是更嚴(yán)重或持續(xù)性的干眼患者則應(yīng)該對(duì)其補(bǔ)充治療,對(duì)于可能潛在的疾病一定要及時(shí)查明原因。術(shù)后早期角膜神經(jīng)切斷及杯狀細(xì)胞的減少是主要原因,而瞼板腺功能障礙的影響則更加趨于慢性,炎癥的過(guò)程是變量[26]。
(3)傳統(tǒng)的藥物中,毋庸置疑,人工淚液是治療干眼癥的一線藥物,主要成分是透明質(zhì)酸等,即使缺乏了天然淚液中的蛋白質(zhì),仍對(duì)大多數(shù)患者有明確的療效[26]。還有一種比較特殊的人工淚液,作為生理性淚液補(bǔ)充劑的自體血清,既可潤(rùn)滑,又可營(yíng)養(yǎng)眼表,且天然又不易致敏,不過(guò)臨床只用于較明顯時(shí)候的角膜并發(fā)癥[31]。有研究表明,自體血清可對(duì)頑固性干眼癥療效明確[32]。
(4)免疫調(diào)節(jié)藥物,對(duì)于中重度患者即使只在亞臨床期也很有可能是炎癥成分引起的。環(huán)孢素A以其良好的耐受性和可長(zhǎng)期使用性而廣受歡迎,它也是FDA唯一批準(zhǔn)的用于治療干眼癥的藥物。它通過(guò)抑制免疫反應(yīng)來(lái)抑制淋巴細(xì)胞中重要的細(xì)胞因子IL-2激活[33]。他克莫司具有類似的作用機(jī)制,但它抑制其他細(xì)胞因子[34-35],因?yàn)槠渚哂懈蟮男Я?,?dāng)病人不能耐受或?qū)Νh(huán)孢素A無(wú)效時(shí),被建議作為環(huán)孢素A的替代品[36-39]。
(5)對(duì)于嚴(yán)重的淚液缺乏型患者,可以考慮使用小的膠原蛋白型或硅膠插頭型淚點(diǎn)塞。前瞻性隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)比較這兩種類型發(fā)現(xiàn),它們的效果是相似的,都能有效增加淚液體積和滯留量[40]。并發(fā)癥很少,大多數(shù)是堵塞的自然損耗問題[41]。淚小點(diǎn)塞的患者可能受益于輔助局部抗炎治療,如環(huán)孢素A[42],所以可以聯(lián)合起來(lái)治療。
(6)皮質(zhì)類固醇和非甾體類抗炎藥。白內(nèi)障術(shù)后通常會(huì)使用這些滴眼液抑制炎癥反應(yīng),而不是專門解決干眼癥的癥狀。通常使用不會(huì)超過(guò)1個(gè)月,因其副作用,并不鼓勵(lì)長(zhǎng)期使用。類固醇可能導(dǎo)致眼壓升高[43]。非甾體抗炎滴劑可能導(dǎo)致角膜融解,特別是有明顯眼表疾病者[44-45]。而結(jié)合外用類固醇藥物,可使并發(fā)癥的可能減少。對(duì)于高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者,例如有些干燥綜合征患者,則兩個(gè)都不用[22]。若有持續(xù)的干眼癥癥狀,則另一個(gè)外用皮質(zhì)類固醇激素的短期療程(2~4周)可以非常有效地緩解干眼癥[43-46]。
(7)美國(guó)有用熱脈沖系統(tǒng)治療瞼板腺功能不良型干眼癥的例子[47-49],在中國(guó)目前好像并不普及,可以讓患者在家自行熱敷以恢復(fù)瞼板腺的功能和降低干眼癥狀。
(8)含脂滴眼藥水,有隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)顯示,乳化液滴由于脂質(zhì)層的厚度和擴(kuò)散,可以顯著改進(jìn)干眼癥的癥狀和體征[50-52]。脂質(zhì)體噴霧劑和含脂質(zhì)滴眼液,如甘油三酯、磷脂、蓖麻油等,也可用于瞼板腺不良患者[53-55]。
(9)目前僅限于日本境內(nèi)使用的diquafosol眼藥水作為一種選擇性的p2y2受體使用激動(dòng)劑,在眼表能促進(jìn)淚液和黏蛋白的分泌,其臨床試驗(yàn)顯示可顯著改善干眼癥狀[56-58]。
(10)術(shù)前篩查。因?yàn)榘變?nèi)障手術(shù)會(huì)導(dǎo)致干眼癥的癥狀惡化,所以識(shí)別患者的術(shù)前眼表情況將有助于優(yōu)化眼表健康,應(yīng)當(dāng)注意識(shí)別危險(xiǎn)因素和癥狀[59]。包括老年人、女性,絕經(jīng)后雌激素治療和角膜屈光手術(shù)??梢岳谜{(diào)查問卷確定眼表疾病指數(shù)[60]及影響日常生活中的干眼癥因素[61],若于術(shù)前查出輕度和中度干眼的患者,在圍手術(shù)期臨床干預(yù)治療可改善術(shù)后的干眼癥狀[7]。重度干眼患者以及合并有全身性相關(guān)疾病的患者應(yīng)做好解釋工作,術(shù)后干眼癥狀可能會(huì)加重,并先用藥物控制干眼后再行相應(yīng)手術(shù)。另外恢復(fù)時(shí)間似乎與切口大小有關(guān),傷口越大,越難恢復(fù)[12],小的角膜切口可以盡量讓角膜感覺神經(jīng)分布完整,從而對(duì)淚液分泌和眨眼影響減少[12]。此外,較小的切口尺寸有減少散光的好處,可以降低術(shù)后模糊率[13]。
(11)中醫(yī)認(rèn)為干眼癥屬于“白澀癥”,并有其自己的一套辨證論治方案[15]。中藥方中的麥冬、石斛、枸杞子、菊花、熟地黃、芍藥、豆蔻、天花粉、半夏等均可用來(lái)配方進(jìn)行干眼癥的治療。具體如何用藥,還得因人而異[16]。有報(bào)道稱,右旋糖酐70滴眼液和內(nèi)服中藥治療同時(shí)進(jìn)行,可明顯改善患者各種干眼癥的不適癥狀[17]。也有中醫(yī)以針灸的方法刺激眼周相關(guān)穴位,能夠暢通經(jīng)絡(luò)、調(diào)和氣血、通關(guān)利竅、調(diào)整陰陽(yáng),促進(jìn)改善眼部的血液循環(huán),以達(dá)到緩解干眼癥癥狀的目的[30-31]。綜上所述,國(guó)內(nèi)外的臨床研究結(jié)果均為針灸治療干眼癥的有效性提供了較為豐富的臨床證據(jù)。
2016年白內(nèi)障治療領(lǐng)域取得的一些重大突破性進(jìn)展,中美研究團(tuán)隊(duì)共同參與的刊登于《Nature》雜志上的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),野生型羊毛甾醇可以顯著防止細(xì)胞內(nèi)突變晶狀體蛋白導(dǎo)致的聚積,體外和體內(nèi)試驗(yàn)均表明其可顯著恢復(fù)晶狀體的透光性。這一研究使羊毛甾醇溶液作為滴眼劑治療白內(nèi)障成為了可能,對(duì)于白內(nèi)障這一退行性疾病的治療具有重要意義[67]。干眼癥治療已從單一的人工淚液治療趨向于多方式、個(gè)體化方向,而中醫(yī)辨證施治也取得良好的療效??梢灶A(yù)見的是,未來(lái)干眼癥的治療已不僅僅局限于某一個(gè)學(xué)科,而是中西醫(yī)并舉、多學(xué)科結(jié)合的綜合治療手段,根據(jù)患者自身情況制定個(gè)性化治療方案,做到以人為本,更好地為白內(nèi)障術(shù)后的干眼癥患者服務(wù)。
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福建省社會(huì)發(fā)展高校產(chǎn)學(xué)合作項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):2014Y4003)。