王躍華,周 凱,陳 鋒,黃永清,趙巧麗
替格瑞洛預(yù)防老年全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后深靜脈血栓形成的效果及價值
王躍華,周 凱,陳 鋒,黃永清,趙巧麗
目的 探討替格瑞洛預(yù)防老年髖關(guān)節(jié)置換患者術(shù)后深靜脈血栓形成的價值。方法 前瞻性收集我院2015年1月至2016年6月收治的全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換患者96例,將患者隨機分為觀察組和對照組。觀察組采用替格瑞洛預(yù)防術(shù)后深靜脈血栓形成,對照組采用低分子肝素鈉。觀察兩組患者的深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率、肺栓塞率、D-二聚體、患肢周徑、術(shù)后引流量、引流時間、血腫、淤斑、切口感染、肺部感染、術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時間。結(jié)果 觀察組患者深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率低于對照組(2.08% vs.16.67%,P=0.014)。兩組患者術(shù)前D-二聚體和患肢周徑比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。觀察組患者術(shù)后3、7 d D-二聚體和患肢周徑小于對照組(P<0.05)。兩組患者術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時間、術(shù)后引流量、術(shù)后引流時間、肺栓塞、血腫、淤斑、切口感染和肺部感染等差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 替格瑞洛顯著降低老年全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后深靜脈血栓率,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
替格瑞洛;老年;全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù);深靜脈血栓
由于人口的老齡化等原因,接受全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的患者逐年增多[1-2]。全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率較高,輕者可僅有下肢腫脹、疼痛和靜脈曲張等,重者可導(dǎo)致患者肢體殘疾,甚至引發(fā)肺栓塞,進而導(dǎo)致患者死亡[3]。有報道,全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換患者術(shù)后深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率為2%~3%,對于老年的高?;颊?,深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率甚至高達20%,由深靜脈血栓導(dǎo)致的肺栓塞高達0.4%~1.0%[4]。因此,預(yù)防全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后深靜脈血栓形成具有重要意義。導(dǎo)致老年全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換患者術(shù)后深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率較高的原因主要是下肢深靜脈血管內(nèi)皮損傷和血小板聚集,因此抗血小板聚集是預(yù)防深靜脈血栓形成的重要措施[5]。既往主要使用低分子肝素鈉預(yù)防深靜脈血栓形成,以降低全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換患者術(shù)后血栓發(fā)生率[6-7]。替格瑞洛是一種新型的血小板聚集抑制劑,可以抑制血小板Ⅱb/Ⅲa受體。主要用于冠狀動脈介入術(shù)后預(yù)防支架內(nèi)血栓形成[8-10]。有關(guān)替格瑞洛在預(yù)防老年全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換患者術(shù)后深靜脈血栓形成中的價值國內(nèi)尚沒有相關(guān)研究。
1.1 一般資料 2015年1月至2016年6月,前瞻性收集我院收治的全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換患者96例,納入標準:①擬行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的患者;②年齡≥60歲且≤85歲;③同意參與本研究并簽署知情同意書。排除標準:①研究期間轉(zhuǎn)院、放棄治療或不配合治療;②凝血功能障礙或出血傾向;③低分子肝素鈉、阿司匹林或替格瑞洛過敏;④肝腎等臟器功能不全;⑤既往心肌梗死等重大心血管疾病;⑥急性或慢性感染期;⑦精神疾??;⑧6個月內(nèi)曾有深靜脈血栓病史;⑨甲狀腺功能不全。研究期間,根據(jù)納入標準和排除標準,共納入老年全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換患者96例,根據(jù)完全隨機數(shù)字表原則,將患者隨機分為觀察組和對照組,每組48例。兩組患者年齡、性別、病因、體重指數(shù)等差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。本研究中所有患者均知情同意并簽署知情同意書,本研究通過我院倫理委員會批準。
1.2 治療方法 所有患者入院后完善相關(guān)檢驗檢查,如有手術(shù)適應(yīng)證、無手術(shù)禁忌證,則擇期行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)。觀察組術(shù)前1 d給予替格瑞洛(批號:國藥準字J20130020)單次負荷劑量180 mg,術(shù)后90 mg連續(xù)3 d,同時給予阿司匹林100 mg (國藥準字H51021384)。對照組術(shù)前30 min給予低分子量肝素鈉注射液(批號:國藥準字H19990216)肌肉注射,劑量5 000 U,術(shù)后連用3 d。術(shù)后第2天兩組患者均給予早期功能鍛煉,早期以被動鍛煉為主,3 d后以主動鍛煉為主。
1.3 觀察指標 主要觀察指標包括深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率、肺栓塞率、D-二聚體、患肢周徑、術(shù)后引流量、引流時間、血腫、淤斑、切口感染、肺部感染、術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時間。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計軟件,計量資料比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗;計數(shù)資料比較采用卡方檢驗。P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1 兩組患者手術(shù)情況比較 兩組患者術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時間、術(shù)后引流量和術(shù)后引流時間等差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表2。
2.2 兩組患者D-二聚體和患肢周徑水平比較 兩組患者術(shù)前D-二聚體和患肢周徑差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后3、7 d,觀察組患者D-二聚體和患肢周徑低于對照組(P<0.05)。見表3。
表1 兩組患者基礎(chǔ)臨床情況比較(例,%)
表2 兩組患者手術(shù)情況比較
2.3 兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥比較 觀察組患者深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率低于對照組(2.08% vs.16.67%,P=0.014)。兩組患者肺栓塞、血腫、淤斑、切口感染和肺部感染等發(fā)生率比較差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表4。
全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換是骨科常見的大手術(shù),對機體打擊較大,患者術(shù)后常處于高凝狀態(tài),深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率可顯著增高,主要原因是血管內(nèi)皮細胞的損傷和血小板的聚集,尤其是老年患者。隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的發(fā)展,全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后切口感染等其他嚴重并發(fā)癥已明顯降低,而深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率仍居高不下,因此,預(yù)防全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后深靜脈血栓形成具有重要的臨床意義。低分子肝素鈉和阿司匹林是目前臨床上常用的抗凝藥物,均可以顯著降低全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后深靜脈血栓形成率[11-12]。Anderson等[13]研究顯示,在全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的患者中,使用阿司匹林和低分子肝素鈉預(yù)防術(shù)后深靜脈血栓形成,效果顯著,但是兩者作用價值差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。由于阿司匹林具有價格優(yōu)勢,因此,其推薦使用阿司匹林作為全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后深靜脈血栓的預(yù)防用藥。另一項報道也表明,兩者在全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者中的臨床應(yīng)用價值并無差異[7]。尋求更有效、更安全的抗凝方法十分迫切。
替格瑞洛是一種新型的抗血小板藥物,已經(jīng)被多個國家批準上市,可以通過與P2Y12的可逆性結(jié)合,發(fā)揮抗血小板作用。目前,替格瑞洛已被廣泛用于冠狀動脈支架植入術(shù)后患者的診治中。研究顯示,替格瑞洛聯(lián)合阿司匹林可以顯著降低冠狀動脈支架植入術(shù)后患者支架內(nèi)血栓形成率,改善患者臨床預(yù)后[14-15]。然而,替格瑞洛在我國使用時間較短,相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)極為缺乏。
本研究聯(lián)合使用阿司匹林和替格瑞洛預(yù)防老年全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者深靜脈血栓形成率,結(jié)果顯示,在安全性方面,與單獨使用低分子肝素鈉比較,阿司匹林聯(lián)用替格瑞洛并未增加患者出血風(fēng)險,還顯著降低了患者術(shù)后深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率、D-二聚體和患肢周徑。
本研究具有一定的創(chuàng)新性,且為隨機對照研究,具有一定的臨床參考價值。然而,本研究納入的樣本量較少,且目前相關(guān)研究較少,尚需要進一步的臨床研究證實。
綜上所述,替格瑞洛能顯著降低老年全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后深靜脈血栓率,值得進一步推廣。
表3 兩組患者D-二聚體和患肢周徑水平比較
表4 兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥比較(例,%)
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Effect and value of ticagrelor in prevention of deep venous thrombosis in senile patients after total hip replacement
WANG Yue-hua,ZHOU Kai,CHEN Feng,HUANG Yong-qing,ZHAO Qiao-li
(Department of Bone and Joint,Pingdingshan Shenma Medical Group General Hospital,Pingdingshan 461700,China)
Objective To explore the value of ticagrelor in preventing deep venous thrombosis in elderly patients after total hip replacement surgery.Methods Totally 96 patients with total hip replacement in our hospital from January 2015 to June 2016 were selected and randomly divided into observation group and control group.The patients in observation group
ticagrelor for prevention of postoperative deep venous thrombosis and control group was given low molecular weight heparin.The incidence rate of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism,D-two dimers,limb circumference,postoperative drainage,drainage time,hematoma,ecchymosis,incision infection,pulmonary infection,bleeding volume and operation time were recorded.Results The incidence of deep venous thrombosis in observation group was lower than that of control group (2.08% vs.16.67%,P=0.014).No significant difference was observed in D-two dimer and limb circumference between the two groups before surgery (P>0.05),while there were significant differences at 3 d and 7 d after surgery (P>0.05).No significant difference was found in the amount of bleeding,operation time,postoperative drainage,drainage time,postoperative pulmonary embolism,ecchymosis,hematoma,wound infection and lung infection between the two groups (P>0.05).Conclusion Ticagrelor can decrease the incidence of deep venous thrombosis after total hip replacement in elderly patients,which is worthy of further promotion
Ticagrelor;Elderly;Total hip replacement;Deep venous thrombosis
2017-01-11
平煤神馬醫(yī)療集團總醫(yī)院骨關(guān)節(jié)科,河南 平頂山 461700
10.14053/j.cnki.ppcr.201706020