李莉娜,肖鵬,王云峰,王翠蓮
(長治醫(yī)學院病理學教研室,長治 046000)
Flot-2高表達促進食管鱗狀細胞癌的生長和侵襲
李莉娜*,肖鵬,王云峰,王翠蓮
(長治醫(yī)學院病理學教研室,長治 046000)
目的探究fotillin-2(Flot-2)在人食管鱗狀細胞癌中的表達及基本功能。方法利用免疫組織化學技術檢測76例人食管鱗狀細胞癌組織及相應癌旁組織中Flot-2的免疫反應陽性水平,并分析其與食管鱗狀細胞癌的相關性。以小分子siRNA降低人食管鱗狀細胞癌細胞系KYSE150細胞中Flot-2表達后,利用CKK-8及Transwell小室實驗,檢測細胞生長和侵襲能力的變化。結果Flot-2在人食管鱗狀細胞癌組織中免疫反應性明顯升高,其在轉(zhuǎn)移組織中的免疫反應水平顯著高于非轉(zhuǎn)移組織。敲低Flot-2表達后,KYSE150細胞的生長和侵襲能力明顯降低。結論Flot-2能促進細胞的生長和侵襲,參與人食管鱗狀細胞癌的發(fā)生與轉(zhuǎn)移過程。
Flotillin-2;食管鱗狀細胞癌;轉(zhuǎn)移
食管癌惡性程度高,五年生存率低,其致死率在全球惡性腫瘤致死率中位列第八。在中國等發(fā)展中國家,鱗狀細胞癌為食管癌的主要病理類型。在我國其發(fā)病率和致死率位居各類惡性腫瘤前列,已成為嚴重影響我國人民群眾生命健康的重大疾病[1]。因此,深入研究食管癌,特別是食管鱗狀細胞癌的分子病理機制意義重大。
Flotillins是一類重要的脂筏蛋白,是細胞膜表面脂筏結構的重要組成成分,包含fotillin-1(Flot-1)和fotillin-2(Flot-2)兩個成員,在細胞信號傳導,物質(zhì)運輸?shù)冗^程中發(fā)揮重要作用,參與細胞連接、細胞惡性轉(zhuǎn)化等一系病理生理進程的調(diào)節(jié)[2]。Flot-1和Flot-2已被證實參與肺癌、口腔癌、胃癌、鼻咽癌等腫瘤的惡性進程[3-7]。對Flot-1與食管癌關系的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)lot-1在食管鱗狀細胞癌組織和細胞中高表達,并能促進食管鱗狀細胞癌細胞的生長[8]。Flotillins蛋白之間能形成異源或同源二聚體,是其穩(wěn)定和發(fā)揮作用的結構基礎[2]。因此,作為另一個fotillins,F(xiàn)lot-2在食管鱗狀細胞癌是否存在類似于Flot-1的表達水平和功能,目前尚不清楚。本研究觀察了Flot-2在人食管鱗狀細胞癌中的表達及降低人食管鱗狀細胞癌細胞系KYSE150細胞中Flot-2表達對該細胞系生長和侵襲的影響。
1 臨床標本與細胞系
收集長治醫(yī)學院附屬和平醫(yī)院病理科2016年1月至5月手術切除的食管鱗狀細胞癌患者的癌組織和癌旁組織標本蠟塊,共76對。所有病例術前均無化療、放療及免疫治療史。人食管鱗狀細胞癌細胞系KYSE150細胞購自中南大學細胞中心。
2 試劑
SP法免疫組織化學試劑盒及DAB顯示試劑盒均購自福州邁新生物技術有限公司,F(xiàn)lot-2兔多抗、GAPDH兔多抗及相應的二抗購自武漢三鷹生物技術有限公司。Flot-2 siRNA(si-Flot-2)和對照siRNA(si-NC)由廣州銳博生物科技有限公司合成,F(xiàn)lot-2 siRNA序列為5’-ATGACAAAGTGGACTATCT-3’[7]。RPMI-1640、胎牛血清和0.25%胰蛋白酶購自以色列BI公司, LipofectamineTM2000和Transwell 小室購自美國Thermo公司,ECL顯色液購自Millipore,RIPA蛋白裂解液、5×SDS上樣緩沖液、CCK-8購自南京諾唯瓚生物有限公司。
3 免疫組織化學染色
組織蠟塊4μm切片,檸檬酸緩沖液高壓修復3min,F(xiàn)lot-2抗體的工作濃度1∶100,詳細步驟按照SP試劑盒說明書操作。陽性對照取乳腺癌組織,陰性對照用PBS代替一抗設立。結果判斷標準:先按陽性細胞占上皮細胞或腫瘤細胞的百分比計分:無陽性細胞為0分,陽性細胞≤10%計1分,11%~50%計2分,51% ~ 75%計3分,>75%計4分;再按染色強度計分:淺黃色計1分,棕黃色計2分,棕褐色計3分。以兩者乘積為最后得分:0~3分為陰性或弱陽性,4~6為陽性,6~12分為強陽性。
4 細胞轉(zhuǎn)染
轉(zhuǎn)染前24h,將KYSE150細胞消化接種于6孔板中,使第二天轉(zhuǎn)染時,細胞匯合度在70%左右。根據(jù)LipofectamineTM2000說明書,制備si-Flot-2脂質(zhì)體混合液及相應的si-NC脂質(zhì)體混合液,室溫靜置20min;隨后將混合好的siRNA脂質(zhì)體懸液均勻滴加至細胞中,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)6h后更換培養(yǎng)基;48h后,抽提細胞總蛋白,檢測Flot-2敲低效率。
5 Western blot
處于對數(shù)生長期的細胞,經(jīng)PBS漂洗后,加入適量RIPA蛋白裂解液,于冰上裂解30min后,用細胞刮將細胞裂解液刮下,經(jīng)超聲破碎,低溫高速離心后,得到細胞總蛋白。經(jīng)SDS-PAGE(聚丙烯酰胺凝膠)電泳、轉(zhuǎn)膜、封閉、一抗和二抗孵育后,進行ECL化學發(fā)光顯色,利用Gel-Pro analyzer軟件分析條帶灰度值,經(jīng)內(nèi)參校正后,比較蛋白表達差異。
6 CCK-8實驗
將分別轉(zhuǎn)染si-Flot-2和si-NC的KYSE150細胞,按照2000個/孔的密度接種于96孔板,于接種后24h、48h、72h、96h,按10μl CCK-8/孔(每孔含100μl培養(yǎng)基)的比例,加入CCK-8溶液,每組設置5個復孔,37℃孵育1h后,于酶標儀(Epoch,Bio Tek公司)450nm波長下,檢測每孔的吸光值,計算細胞生長速率。
7 Transwell侵襲實驗
按2.5×104個/孔的密度,將分別轉(zhuǎn)染si-Flot-2和si-NC的KYSE150細胞,接種于包被有基質(zhì)膠(Matrigel)的Transwell小室中(細胞懸液總體積保持在500μl),下層為750μl 5%FBS+RPMI1640培養(yǎng)基,保證小室和下層培養(yǎng)基的接觸面沒有氣泡,正常培養(yǎng)48h后,棄培養(yǎng)基,經(jīng)緩沖液清洗、甲醇固定后,0.1%結晶紫染色20min,自來水沖洗干凈后,用棉簽小心刮掉上層膜側(cè)未穿過的細胞,于倒置顯微鏡下觀察細胞穿過情況,每組設置3個復孔,每孔隨機選取5個視野,計數(shù)穿過細胞數(shù),以平均數(shù)作為此孔的細胞穿過數(shù),取3個復孔的細胞穿過數(shù)進行統(tǒng)計學分析。
8 統(tǒng)計學分析
利用SPSS 18.0 統(tǒng)計分析軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,免疫組化結果采用Kruskal-Wallis H 檢驗比較組間總體差異,Nemenyi秩和檢驗比較組間相互差異。計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(s)表示,采用兩樣本t檢驗比較實驗組和對照組間的差異, P< 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
1 食管鱗狀細胞癌組織中Flot-2免疫反應性增強
免疫組織化學檢測顯示,F(xiàn)lot-2免疫反應產(chǎn)物主要定位于食管鱗狀細胞癌癌組織和配對癌旁組織細胞質(zhì)和細胞膜。Flot-2在鱗狀細胞癌組織中的免疫反應性明顯強于相應癌旁組織 (圖1A,圖1B,表1)。對Flot-2在無淋巴結轉(zhuǎn)移和有淋巴結轉(zhuǎn)移的食管鱗狀細胞癌中的免疫反應性比較發(fā)現(xiàn),相較于無淋巴結轉(zhuǎn)移的食管鱗狀細胞癌組織,F(xiàn)lot-2在發(fā)生淋巴結轉(zhuǎn)移的食管鱗狀細胞癌組織中的免疫反應性更強(圖1C,表1),提示Flot-2可能參與食管鱗狀細胞癌的轉(zhuǎn)移過程。
圖1 食管鱗狀細胞癌及癌旁組織中Flot-2的免疫組織化學表達。A,癌旁組織中;B,無轉(zhuǎn)移的食管鱗狀細胞癌組織;C,有轉(zhuǎn)移的食管鱗狀細胞癌組織;比例尺,100μmFig. 1 Immunohistochemical expression of Flot-2 in ESCC tissue and adjacent tissue. A, adjacent tissue; B, non-metastatic ESCC tissue; C, metastatic ESCC tissue; scale bar, 100μm
表1 Flot-2在食管鱗狀細胞癌組織和癌旁組織中的免疫反應性比較Tab. 1 Comparison of Flot-2 immunoreactivity in ESCC tissue and adjacent tissue
2 沉默F(xiàn)lot-2抑制KYSE150細胞生長和侵襲
為了探討Flot-2在人食管鱗狀細胞癌中的作用,利用脂質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)染技術,將靶向Flot-2的si-Flot-2和相應的對照siRNA(si-NC)轉(zhuǎn)入人食管鱗狀細胞癌細胞系KYSE150細胞,建立低表達Flot-2的細胞模型。收集轉(zhuǎn)染si-RNA 48h后的KYSE150細胞,提取總蛋白,進行Flot-2蛋白水平的免疫印記檢測。結果顯示,與未轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA的空白細胞和轉(zhuǎn)染si-NC的細胞相比,轉(zhuǎn)染si-Flot-2的KYSE150細胞中,F(xiàn)lot-2d蛋白水平明顯降低(圖2),表明成功建立了敲低Flot-2的KYSE150細胞模型。
圖2 Western blot檢測Si-Flot-2沉默KYSE150細胞中Flot-2表達Fig. 2 Western blot detection of the efciency of Flot-2 knockdown in KYSE150 cells by Si-Flot-2
利用CCK-8實驗檢測沉默F(xiàn)lot-2的KYSE150細胞生長速率,結果顯示:與轉(zhuǎn)染si-NC的細胞相比,轉(zhuǎn)染si-Flot-2的細胞生長速率明顯減慢,在轉(zhuǎn)染72h和96h后差異尤其顯著(圖3)。由此提示,F(xiàn)lot-2可能通過促進人食管鱗狀細胞癌細胞的生長而參與腫瘤進程。
圖3 沉默F(xiàn)lot-2抑制KYSE150細胞的生長速率。*,與轉(zhuǎn)染si-NC的細胞比較,P <0.01Fig. 3 Statistical analysis for the effect of Flot-2 knockdown on the proliferative rate of KYSE150 cells detected by CCK-8. *, P<0.01, compared with cells transfected with si-NC
圖4 沉默F(xiàn)lot-2對KYSE150細胞侵襲力的影響。A, 穿過Transwell膜細胞的結晶紫染色;B,穿過Transwell膜的細胞數(shù)統(tǒng)計學分析; *,與轉(zhuǎn)染si-NC細胞比較,P <0.01Fig. 4 The efect of Flot-2 knockdown on the invasion ability of KYSE150 cells detected by Transwell assay. A, crystal violet staining of the cells having migrated through the Transwell membrane; B, statistical analysis for the number of cells having migrated through the Transwell membrane; *, P<0.01, compared with cells transfected with si-NC
利用Transwell小室實驗對沉默F(xiàn)lot-2對KYSE150細胞侵襲能力檢測顯示,與轉(zhuǎn)染si-NC的對照細胞相比,抑制Flot-2表達后,KYSE150細胞消化基質(zhì)膠、穿過小室的細胞數(shù)目明顯降低(35.00 ± 2.89 vs 14.67 ± 1.45, P < 0.05),細胞的侵襲能力顯著降低(圖4)。因此,F(xiàn)lot-2可能通過促進人食管鱗狀細胞癌細胞的侵襲而參與其轉(zhuǎn)移進程。
脂筏是細胞表面信號分子聚集的超微結構,是細胞信號匯集、整理和傳導的分子平臺[9]。Flot-2作為重要的脂筏結構蛋白,在上述過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。已知Flot-2與神經(jīng)再生分化、細胞內(nèi)吞、細胞增殖、胰島素信號傳導等生命過程密切相關,其表達異常與包括腫瘤在內(nèi)的多種病理過程相關[2,10-12]。目前,F(xiàn)lot-2已被證實在多種實體腫瘤中表達異常升高,且與腫瘤早期診斷、轉(zhuǎn)移及預后判斷等因素相關。例如:在乳腺癌和非小細胞肺癌中,F(xiàn)lot-2異常活化與乳腺癌的病理分期、轉(zhuǎn)移能力呈正相關,與患者生存期呈負相關[5,13-15];在宮頸癌及腎細胞癌等腫瘤中,F(xiàn)lot-2呈漸行性升高[16,17];Flot-2的表達水平,可以作為鼻咽癌淋巴結轉(zhuǎn)移的分子標記[18];在口腔鱗狀細胞癌及胃癌等消化道相關腫瘤中,F(xiàn)lot-2同樣與腫瘤生長、轉(zhuǎn)移等密切相關[4,19]?;贔lot-2在腫瘤中的關鍵作用,在本研究中,我們檢測了其在食管鱗狀細胞癌中的水平,結果顯示Flot-2在食管鱗狀細胞癌中的水平明顯升高,且在存在淋巴結或遠端轉(zhuǎn)移的組織中更高。由此提示,F(xiàn)lot-2可能作為人食管鱗狀細胞癌早期診斷和靶向治療的潛在靶標。
已有研究顯示,F(xiàn)lot-2促進腫瘤進程的主要分子機制是促進腫瘤細胞生長和侵襲。降低Flot-2的表達,能抑制Akt/FOXO等信號軸的活性,進而抑制乳腺癌的生長、遷移和侵襲[14];在鼻咽癌中,降低5-8F細胞中Flot-2的表達,能抑制Akt3/NF-kB通路的活性,進而抑制其侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[7];降低Flot-2表達,同樣能抑制胃癌細胞的生長、遷移和侵襲能力[20]。本研究中,我們同樣探討了Flot-2對人食管癌鱗狀細胞癌細胞生長和侵襲能力的影響。在SiRNA下調(diào)Flot-2表達后,KYSE150細胞的生長和侵襲能力均受到明顯抑制,由此提示Flot-2可以通過促進人食管鱗狀細胞癌細胞的生長和侵襲,而促進其發(fā)生和轉(zhuǎn)移。
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High expression of Flot-2 promotes the development and invasion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Li Lina*, Xiao Peng, Wang Yunfeng, Wang Cuilian
(Department of Pathology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000)
ObjectiveTo explore the expression and functions of fotillin-2 (Flot-2) in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).MethodsThe immunoreactivity of Flot-2 in the cancerous and adjacent tissue from 76 ESCC cases was detected by immunohistochemistry, and its correlation with ESCC was analyzed. Small RNA interference (siRNA) was applied to reduce the expression of Flot-2 in KYSE150 ESCC cells, after which the proliferation and invasion abilities of KYSE150 cells were examined by CCK-8 and Transwell tests.ResultsFlot-2 immunoreactivity was signifcantly higher in ESCC tissue than in adjacent tissue, and in metastatic ESCC than in non-metastatic ESCC. The proliferation and invasion abilities of KYSE150 cells were obviously inhibited after Flot-2 knockdown.ConclusionFlot-2 plays a role in the development and metastasis of ESCC by promoting cell proliferation and invasion.
Flotillin-2; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; metastasis
R730.2
A
10.16705/ j. cnki. 1004-1850. 2017.02.011
2016-11-07
2017-03-30
長治醫(yī)學院科研啟動基金普及項目(201508)
李莉娜,女(1981年),漢族,講師
*通訊作者(To whom correspondence should be addressed):lilina9825@163. com