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        杜仲化學(xué)成分及藥理作用研究進(jìn)展

        2017-06-08 22:52:57張帥男李煦照
        關(guān)鍵詞:化學(xué)成分杜仲藥理作用

        張帥男++李煦照

        【摘要】對杜仲的化學(xué)成分和藥理作用進(jìn)行綜述。在體內(nèi)和體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中,杜仲的藥理作用主要表現(xiàn)在抗高血壓、高血糖、糖尿病、肥胖、骨質(zhì)疏松癥、阿爾茲海默癥、衰老和性功能低下等。目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的杜仲化學(xué)成分共有70種化合物,包括27種木質(zhì)素、6種環(huán)烯醚萜、13種酚類、9種甾體和萜類、8種黃酮和7種其他化合物。但這些化合物的潛在活性和潛在毒性以及作用機(jī)制尚未明晰,仍需通過系統(tǒng)生物學(xué)和系統(tǒng)毒理學(xué)方法對其進(jìn)行挖掘和篩選。

        【關(guān)鍵詞】杜仲;化學(xué)成分;藥理作用

        【中圖分類號(hào)】R2855【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼】 A【文章編號(hào)】1007-8517(2017)10-0056-06

        The Research Review of the Components and Pharmacological Action of the Bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.

        ZHANG ShuainanLI Xuzhao*

        Pharmacy Schoolof Guiyang University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025,China

        Abstract:This article reviewed the components and pharmacological action of the bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.(EO). In modern pharmacological studies, in vivo and in vitro, Eucommia ulmoides has showed treatment effect on hypertension, hyperglycemia, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, aging, and sexual dysfunction and so on. There are 70 components have been isolated and identified from EO bark, including 27 lignans, 6 iridoids, 13 phenolics, 6 steroids, 3 terpenoids, 8 flavonoids and 7 other compounds. However, the potential activities and toxicity of these compounds and mechanism are not been clarified and need to be developed and screened by system biology and system toxicology research method.

        Keywords:Bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.;Compounds; Pharmacological Action

        杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)是杜仲科杜仲屬多年生落葉喬木,其藥材是杜仲樹的干燥樹皮。杜仲具有補(bǔ)肝腎、強(qiáng)筋骨、安胎的功效,用于肝腎不足、腰膝酸痛、筋骨無力、頭暈?zāi)垦?、妊娠漏血、胎?dòng)不安[1]。杜仲單獨(dú)用藥或組方用藥能夠治療陽痿、遺精、早泄、健忘、骨質(zhì)疏松癥、更年期綜合征、高血壓、類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎、腰痛、坐骨神經(jīng)痛、膝蓋痛、腎臟缺乏性疼痛、骨折和關(guān)節(jié)疾病等。藥理學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),杜仲化學(xué)成分對高血壓、高血糖、糖尿病、肥胖、骨質(zhì)疏松癥、阿爾茲海默癥、衰老和性功能低下等均有藥理活性[2]?,F(xiàn)將杜仲的化學(xué)成分和藥理作用,綜述如下。

        1杜仲的化學(xué)成分

        目前相關(guān)研究已從杜仲中分離得到了70種化合物,包括27種木質(zhì)素、6種環(huán)烯醚萜、13種酚類、9種甾體和萜類、8種黃酮和7種其他化合物。見表1。

        11木脂素類木脂素及其衍生物是杜仲的主要成分。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),從杜仲中已分離出27種木脂素,包括雙環(huán)氧木脂素(1-15)、單環(huán)氧木脂素(16-20)、新木脂素(21-25)、倍半木脂素(26-27)。

        12環(huán)烯醚萜類杜仲的另一種主要成分是環(huán)烯醚萜類。目前已有6種環(huán)烯醚萜類成分從杜仲中提取并鑒定出來。在這些化學(xué)成分中京尼平苷酸在體內(nèi)和體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中已經(jīng)證實(shí)其具有多種生物活性[2-7]。

        13酚類酚類成分具有抗氧化、抗突變、抗炎和抗癌活性。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),從杜仲中已分離并鑒定出13種酚類成分(34-46)。在這些成分中,綠原酸具有保護(hù)神經(jīng)的作用[2],也是評價(jià)杜仲提取物和制劑質(zhì)量的重要指標(biāo)。

        14甾體和萜類在杜仲中僅發(fā)現(xiàn)并純化了9種甾體(47-52)和萜類(53-55)。目前,在杜仲中已分離出β-谷甾醇、胡蘿卜苷、杜仲丙烯醇、betalin、白樺脂酸、杜仲二醇、地黃酸C、1, 4α, 5, 7α-tetrahydro-7-hydroxymethylcyclopenta [c] pyran-4-carboxylic methyl ester[8]。

        15黃酮類黃酮類成分是自然界中非常普遍的次生代謝產(chǎn)物。目前,從杜仲中已經(jīng)提鑒定出了山槲皮素、蘆丁、槲皮素3-O-半乳糖苷、quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabino-pyranosyl-(1-2)-β-D-glucopyranoside、異槲皮素等。

        16其他成分杜仲中還含有多糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸、Cutta-percha、微量元素等。如杜仲多糖A和杜仲多糖B,Ethylglucopyranoside、noetaeosanoic acid、tetraeosanoie-2, 3-dihydroxy-propylester、(αR)-α-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4,2′,4′-trihydroxy-dihydrochalcone、4,2′,4′-trihy-droxychalcone、(αR)-α,4,2′,4′-tetrahydroxy-dihydrochalcone[9-12]

        2藥理作用

        杜仲具有多種藥理作用,可用于治療陽痿、高血壓、高血脂、糖尿病、肥胖、關(guān)節(jié)炎、阿爾茨海默病等。

        21抗高血壓通過體內(nèi)和體外藥理實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),杜仲中的木脂素和提取物具有抗高血壓的作用。其機(jī)制是通過抑制cAMP、鈣離子內(nèi)流、調(diào)控NO含量、腎上腺素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)、舒張血管、增加冠脈血流量來產(chǎn)生降壓作用。杜仲中槲皮素、蘆丁、山柰酚等化學(xué)成分作用于 C3、BDKR B2、CA1 疾病靶點(diǎn)可產(chǎn)生對高血壓的治療、調(diào)節(jié)、預(yù)防作用。通過構(gòu)建整體網(wǎng)絡(luò),發(fā)現(xiàn)杜仲抗高血壓的3條主要途徑是通過抑制血管重塑過程改善高血壓的惡化病情、影響與原發(fā)性高血壓發(fā)病有關(guān)的多態(tài)性遺傳基因的活性、抑制碳酸酐酶活性維持機(jī)體滲透壓[36]。槲皮素是杜仲中主要的降壓成分。槲皮素根據(jù)濃度高低的不同,其降壓機(jī)制也不同。在低濃度時(shí),槲皮素的舒張血管作用具有內(nèi)皮依賴性,通過促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞釋放NO從而舒張血管;在高濃度時(shí),槲皮素通過抑制血管平滑肌細(xì)胞的Ca2+通道等途徑舒張血管。羅麗芳等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),杜仲木脂素可以顯著降低血漿一氧化氮水平,降低血漿中腎上腺素活性和血管緊張素水平,快速松弛腸系膜動(dòng)脈,從而降低自發(fā)性高血壓小鼠的血壓。

        22降血脂杜仲中綠原酸是降血脂的主要成分。王建輝等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn)杜仲綠原酸可以顯著降低小鼠血清TC、TG、LDL-C水平、動(dòng)脈硬化指數(shù)和冠心指數(shù),肝臟TC、TG含量顯著降低,血清和肝臟中MDA下調(diào)、抗氧化酶活性增加。

        23抗糖尿病研究發(fā)現(xiàn)杜仲多糖對四氧嘧啶所致的糖尿病小鼠有一定的治療作用。劉國榮等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn),杜仲多糖能有效降低四氧嘧啶致糖尿病小鼠的血糖,相對于模型組,杜仲多糖組的血糖明顯降低,胸腺指數(shù)和脾臟指數(shù)明顯增高,MDA和NO降低,SOD和NOS升高。金玲[41]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),杜仲中的提取物能夠顯著地增加脂肪細(xì)胞中葡萄糖的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)情況和消耗情況,在脂肪細(xì)胞的作用過程中有很強(qiáng)的降糖作用。

        24抗骨質(zhì)疏松杜仲可以防治大鼠去勢和維甲酸引起的骨質(zhì)疏松癥[42]。杜仲總黃酮可以促進(jìn)骨鈣素、骨保護(hù)素mRNA和護(hù)骨素蛋白的表達(dá)、但不能顯著地促進(jìn)成骨細(xì)胞合成I型膠原蛋白[43-45]。杜仲木脂素能顯著促進(jìn)大鼠原代成骨細(xì)胞骨細(xì)胞素的表達(dá),抑制核因子κB受體激活因子配體的表達(dá),從而調(diào)節(jié)破骨細(xì)胞功能,抑制骨吸收,促進(jìn)骨形成[46]。

        25抗炎和抗菌杜仲皮提取物具有抑制COX-2(IC50=992μg/mL)的作用。杜仲提取物(01和05mg/mL)可抑制LPS誘導(dǎo)的炎癥大鼠的胸腺巨噬細(xì)胞中TNF-α、IL-6、COX-2、PGE和NO的表達(dá)[47]。杜仲的95%乙醇提取物(01mg/mL和1mg/mL)具有抗鮑氏不動(dòng)桿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌和真菌(煙曲霉菌)的作用[48]。

        26神經(jīng)保護(hù)杜仲提取物具有治療神經(jīng)退行性病變的潛在治療作用,比如阿爾茨海默氏癥。杜仲水提物對Aβ(25-35)誘導(dǎo)的學(xué)習(xí)和記憶障礙小鼠有神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用。在體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,杜仲水提物可以改善記憶缺陷小鼠在Y迷宮中的行為和避暗實(shí)驗(yàn)中的分步延時(shí)時(shí)間。另外,杜仲水提物減少了認(rèn)知缺陷小鼠在Morris水迷宮中的逃避潛伏期。杜仲水提物(20mg/kg)具有明顯抑制海馬區(qū)和前額葉中AChE的活性,并呈現(xiàn)劑量依賴性[49]。

        27抗氧化杜仲水提物具有降低對細(xì)胞的氧化損傷和增加細(xì)胞存活率的作用,并具有劑量依賴性。另外,杜仲水提物具有明顯降低H2O2誘導(dǎo)的MC3T3E1細(xì)胞中caspases 3、6、7和9的表達(dá)。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,杜仲水提取物對多種細(xì)胞具有抗氧化保護(hù)作用[50]。在Ⅱ型糖尿病中,杜仲水提物體現(xiàn)出了明顯的抗氧化活性,可增強(qiáng)紅細(xì)胞超氧化物歧化酶、過氧化氫酶、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶的活性,可降低紅細(xì)胞、肝、腎中過氧化氫和脂類過氧化物的含量[51]。

        28其他藥理作用有研究對糖尿病大鼠進(jìn)行連續(xù)四周灌胃杜仲提取物(劑量400mg/kg)后發(fā)現(xiàn),陰莖中nNOS表達(dá)明顯增加,勃起功能發(fā)生了明顯的改善[52]。在體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),用70%的杜仲乙醇提取物(濃度150μg/mL)孵育人早幼粒淋巴HL-60細(xì)胞系24h后,可通過增強(qiáng)caspase-3的活性導(dǎo)致其死亡[53]。通過Bacille-Calmette-Guerin和脂多糖對小鼠進(jìn)行免疫性肝損傷后,采用杜仲乙醇提取物(4095、8190、16380mg/kg)灌胃給藥,每天1次,連續(xù)給藥10d。發(fā)現(xiàn)其顯著降低了小鼠血清中ALT和AST的水平,并且提高了SOD和GSH的活性[54]。杜仲多糖口服劑量50、100、200mg/kg,可以使環(huán)磷酰胺導(dǎo)致的體重、胸腺指數(shù)、腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬率和吞噬細(xì)胞指數(shù)下降速度減慢。杜仲多糖可以提高免疫抑制小鼠模型的胸腺指數(shù)和增加腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬率和吞噬指數(shù)[55,56]。杜仲多糖對兔心肌缺血再灌注模型有良好的保護(hù)作用。通過實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),心肌缺血再灌注組家兔 SOD 活性降低、MDA 的量增高明顯,說明體內(nèi)脂質(zhì)過氧化反應(yīng)比較強(qiáng)烈,細(xì)胞膜、線粒體膜和磷脂膜等受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷,器宮損害程度較重,而杜仲多糖有抗氧化及對網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)有活化作用,增強(qiáng)機(jī)體非特異免疫功能[57]。

        3小結(jié)與展望

        杜仲是我國傳統(tǒng)的名貴中藥,具有抗高血壓、高血糖、糖尿病、肥胖、骨質(zhì)疏松癥、阿爾茲海默癥、衰老和性功能低下等多種藥理作用[1]。杜仲的化學(xué)成分中,已發(fā)現(xiàn)了70種化合物,包括27種木質(zhì)素、6種環(huán)烯醚萜、13種酚類、9種甾體和萜類、8種黃酮和7種其他化合物。但是,目前的藥理作用研究大部分是基于杜仲提取物,其藥效成分和作用機(jī)制尚未完全明確。且其具有的潛在活性和潛在毒性的成分尚未明晰,今后仍需通過系統(tǒng)生物學(xué)和系統(tǒng)毒理學(xué)的研究進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的挖掘和篩選。

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        (收稿日期:2017-03-23編輯:穆麗華)

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