溫干軍+江帝欽+陳堅(jiān)+周樹(shù)根+滕范文+趙云芳+周植森
【摘要】 目的:探討經(jīng)保守治療的穩(wěn)定型胸腰椎骨折后凸畸形進(jìn)行性加重與MRI影像學(xué)相關(guān)特征的關(guān)系。方法:回顧性研究經(jīng)保守治療的穩(wěn)定型胸腰椎骨折患者,通過(guò)受傷時(shí)MRI來(lái)判斷骨折椎前縱韌帶(AL)、后縱韌帶(PL)、上下終板及上下位椎間盤(pán)的損傷情況,通過(guò)X光片來(lái)測(cè)量受傷當(dāng)時(shí)及最后隨訪時(shí)的骨折節(jié)段的后凸角、楔形角及椎體壓縮比例,最后統(tǒng)計(jì)分析畸形加重的程度與MRI上相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)損傷情況的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果:通過(guò)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)上終板的損傷和嚴(yán)重的骨水腫是引起后凸進(jìn)行性加重、骨折椎體繼續(xù)楔形變及椎體前柱壓縮比例加大的重要因素。而當(dāng)前縱韌帶和骨折椎上椎間盤(pán)損傷時(shí),僅后凸角呈進(jìn)行性加大;但后縱韌帶損傷、下終板的撕裂及下位椎間盤(pán)損傷與后凸畸形加重并沒(méi)有明顯的相關(guān)性。經(jīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)引起后凸角加大超過(guò)5°的危險(xiǎn)因素是前縱韌帶損傷、上終板的撕裂、上位椎間盤(pán)的損傷及骨水腫范圍超過(guò)椎體的1/3,同前縱韌帶、上終板和上位椎間盤(pán)未損傷及骨水腫范圍未超過(guò)椎體的1/3的病例相比,這些危險(xiǎn)因素分別是引起后凸加重的約14.1、3.7、6.8和10.4倍。結(jié)論:前縱韌帶損傷、骨折椎上終板及上位椎間盤(pán)損傷、嚴(yán)重的骨水腫是影響后凸畸形進(jìn)行性加重的關(guān)鍵因素。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 胸腰椎骨折; 保守治療; 后凸畸形
Analysis the Causes of Progression Kyphotic Deformity in Conservatively Treated Stable Thoracolumbar Fractures/WEN Gan-jun,JIANG Di-qin,CHEN Jian,et al.//Medical Innovation of China,2017,14(10):024-028
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the relation between the progression of kyphotic deformity and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in conservatively treated stable thoracolumbar fractures.Method:Retrospective study of patients with stable thoracolumbar fractures were treated with conservatively,MRI was used to determine the injury of anterior longitudinal ligament(AL), posterior longitudinal ligament(PL),superior and inferior endplate and superior and inferior intervertebral discs.The injured at that time and the last follow-up of the fracture segment kyphosis, wedge angle and the proportion of vertebral compression were measured by X ray.Finally,statistical analysis was made on the correlation between the severity of deformity and the damage of MRI.Result:The presence of superior endplate disruption and a higher level of bone edema were found to cause the progressions of kyphotic angle(KA),wedge angle(WA),and anterior vertebral compression(AVC) rate.When AL or superior disc injury was observed,only KA increased meaningfully,but PL injury, inferior endplate disruption, and inferior disc injury showed no notable correlation with kyphotic deformity progression.The risk factors found to be associated with an increase of KA to >5° were AL injury,superior endplate disruption,superior disc injury,and a bone edema level of over 1/3 were 14.1,3.7,6.8,and 10.4-fold compared with the not more than 1/3.Conclusion:AL injury,superior endplate and disc injury,and a high level of bone edema were critical factors that determine kyphotic deformity progression.
【Key words】 Thoracolumbar fracture; Conservative treatment; Kyphotic deformity
First-authors address:Changping Hospital of Dongguan,Dongguan 523573,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2017.10.007
穩(wěn)定型的胸腰椎骨折一般指后凸角小于30°、椎體壓縮小于50%并且未涉及后柱的損傷[1-3],對(duì)于這些穩(wěn)定型的胸腰椎的骨折通常采用手術(shù)治療,但保守治療同樣能取得滿意的臨床效果[2,4-7]。但是對(duì)于保守治療,筆者通過(guò)隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)骨折椎后凸角及椎體壓縮程度明顯加重,并且繼發(fā)腰背部疼痛和神經(jīng)癥狀[8-11]。因此,筆者認(rèn)為能明確保守治療引起椎體畸形加重的影響因素是很有必要的。MRI為臨床上用來(lái)證實(shí)胸腰椎損傷的工具,并且其能很好地明確韌帶、終板、椎間盤(pán)和椎體損傷程度[12-13]。本研究中,筆者通過(guò)MRI來(lái)探討引起保守治療椎體畸形加重的相關(guān)影響因素,并且在臨床上推廣,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2007年9月-2014年4月常平醫(yī)院骨科收治的胸腰椎壓縮性骨折或穩(wěn)定型爆裂性骨折111例,所有患者無(wú)神經(jīng)癥狀,其中男47例,女64例;年齡22~67歲,平均49.1歲;47例為交通事故傷,37例為摔傷,27例高處墜落傷;7例胸椎骨折,69例胸腰段骨折,35例腰椎骨折;37例前縱韌帶損傷,12例后縱韌帶損傷,47例上終板損傷,3例下終板損傷,14例上椎間盤(pán)損傷,4例下椎間盤(pán)損傷,43例骨折椎體水腫范圍1/3~2/3,14例骨折椎體水腫范圍超過(guò)2/3。所有患者的骨折通過(guò)MRI確定為新鮮骨折,骨折疏松性骨折、病理性骨折和多發(fā)骨折被排除在外,均采用胸腰骶支具外固定保守治療方法,并且所有隨訪3.5~78個(gè)月,平均12個(gè)月,均超過(guò)3個(gè)月。所有患者在損傷后48 h之內(nèi)通過(guò)MRI來(lái)評(píng)估前(后)縱韌帶、上下終板、骨折椎上下椎間盤(pán)損傷、椎體內(nèi)骨水腫水平,分組情況見(jiàn)表1,典型病例圖見(jiàn)圖1。
1.2 方法 所有患者確認(rèn)為新鮮骨折后臥床休息4周后,佩戴胸腰骶支具固定2個(gè)月,期間避免彎腰可允許日?;顒?dòng);通過(guò)側(cè)位X光片來(lái)測(cè)量后凸角、楔形角及骨折椎體前緣壓縮比例,從而來(lái)評(píng)估椎體畸形程度。后凸角采用的Cobb角的測(cè)量方法,后凸角即骨折椎上位椎體的上終板的平行線與下位椎體下終板平行線的夾角。楔形角即骨折椎體上下終板所成的夾角。骨折椎體前緣壓縮比例即骨折椎體前緣高度丟失所占上下椎體前緣平均高度的百分比,見(jiàn)圖2。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 使用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料采用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn)和單因素方差分析來(lái)分析MRI上分類變量,采用線性回歸分析來(lái)確定后凸畸形進(jìn)展5°的危險(xiǎn)因素,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 各組后凸角、楔形角、椎體高度丟失情況比較 所有患者平均后凸角和楔形角分別加大3.1°(-3.8°~-13.1°)和3.6°(-3.5°~-13.3°),另外椎體前緣高度丟失7.5%(-6.1%~-45.6%)。對(duì)于那些上終板撕裂或椎體水腫范圍比較大的胸腰椎骨折,后凸角、楔形角及椎體前緣高度丟失的更加明顯。無(wú)明顯上終板撕裂病例,后凸角、楔形角及椎體前緣高度丟失平均值分別為1.82°、2.32°和4.82%,相反,對(duì)于存在上終板撕裂的病例,后凸角、楔形角及椎體前緣高度丟失平均值分別為4.93°、5.42°和12.14%。對(duì)于椎體水腫范圍小于1/3的病例,后凸角、楔形角及椎體前緣高度丟失平均值分別為1.24°、1.81°和4.71%,椎體水腫在1/3~2/3時(shí),后凸角、楔形角及椎體前緣高度丟失平均值分別為4.33°、4.52°和8.32%,椎體水腫超過(guò)2/3時(shí),三個(gè)平均值分別為7.34°、7.83°和15.84%。當(dāng)胸腰椎骨折存在前縱韌帶或上椎間盤(pán)損傷,僅僅后凸角丟失更加明顯,本研究中存在前縱韌帶損傷的病例平均后凸角丟失為4.21°,而無(wú)前縱韌帶損傷的病例平均后凸角丟失為1.59°;同樣當(dāng)有上椎間盤(pán)損傷時(shí),后凸角丟失為6.12°,無(wú)上椎間盤(pán)損傷的病例平均后凸丟失為2.63°,見(jiàn)表2。對(duì)于那些合并有后縱韌帶、下終板及下椎間盤(pán)損傷的胸腰椎骨折,這些損傷同后凸角及椎體高度丟失無(wú)明顯的相關(guān)性。
2.2 后凸畸形加重5°的危險(xiǎn)因素線性回歸分析 通過(guò)本次研究發(fā)現(xiàn),引起后凸角丟失大于5°的危險(xiǎn)因素是前縱韌帶、上終板及上椎間盤(pán)損傷和椎體水腫范圍超過(guò)1/3,同無(wú)上述危險(xiǎn)因素的胸腰椎骨折相比時(shí),這些影響因素使后凸丟失等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別加大了約14.1、3.7、6.8和10.4倍。當(dāng)椎體水腫范圍超過(guò)2/3時(shí)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加大了約200倍,見(jiàn)表3。
3 討論
對(duì)于穩(wěn)定型胸腰椎骨折,治療方案的選擇仍然是有爭(zhēng)議的。文獻(xiàn)[8,14]報(bào)道顯示,手術(shù)治療能獲得較好的臨床效果,而保守治療會(huì)繼發(fā)神經(jīng)并發(fā)癥及血栓、肺栓塞及尿路感染等[2,10,15]。另外,也有報(bào)道稱保守治療會(huì)得到非常滿意臨床效果,并且無(wú)任何功能缺失[5,10]。文獻(xiàn)[4]報(bào)道保守治療所引起的后凸丟失是不被統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)強(qiáng)烈支持的,并且大多數(shù)的骨折椎體畸形發(fā)生在受傷當(dāng)時(shí)。同時(shí)也有報(bào)道稱手術(shù)治療胸腰椎骨折內(nèi)固定失敗率或后凸畸形的復(fù)發(fā)率高達(dá)56%[11,16-19]。
根據(jù)McAfee胸腰椎骨折分型[13],一般的對(duì)于壓縮性骨折和穩(wěn)定型爆裂性骨折,無(wú)后方韌帶復(fù)合體損傷,當(dāng)椎體壓縮超過(guò)50%,后凸角大于30%或者椎管占位大于50%時(shí)才采用手術(shù)治療。對(duì)于無(wú)神經(jīng)癥狀的胸腰椎壓縮性骨折和爆裂性骨折,椎體壓縮小于50%并且后凸角小于30%被認(rèn)為是穩(wěn)定型骨折,這些類型的骨折,使用支具的保守治療方法也能獲得好的臨床效果[2,5-7]。但是,在隨訪過(guò)程中椎體前柱高度丟失及后凸畸形也時(shí)有發(fā)生。影像學(xué)上骨折椎體畸形程度不一定同臨床及功能結(jié)果相關(guān)[2,10,20-21],但是椎體壓縮和后凸畸形加大也許會(huì)加劇腰背部疼痛及引起神經(jīng)癥狀[8,10-11,22-23]。目前很少研究涉及到骨折椎體畸形進(jìn)展相關(guān)的影響因素,因此,本研究探討穩(wěn)定型的胸腰椎骨折經(jīng)保守治療后凸角進(jìn)行性加大的相關(guān)影響因素。
MRI可以多平面的成像,比如矢狀位和軸位、椎體序列、椎間盤(pán)及韌帶的損傷程度、骨折水腫范圍、硬膜外血腫的范圍,同時(shí)MRI能提供有關(guān)脊髓的信息。盡管MRI對(duì)于皮質(zhì)骨骨折沒(méi)CT敏感,因?yàn)樵谄べ|(zhì)骨很少的可移動(dòng)的質(zhì)子,因骨折而引起骨髓的改變相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)在MRI上比較敏感。MRI是臨床上被用來(lái)評(píng)估椎間盤(pán)和韌帶損傷,還包括后方韌帶復(fù)合體的損傷[12]。
本研究就是為了探討MRI上前后縱韌帶、上下椎間盤(pán)、上下終板損傷情況及骨水腫程度對(duì)胸腰椎骨折保守治療后凸畸形及椎體壓縮進(jìn)展的影響。對(duì)于穩(wěn)定型胸腰椎爆裂性骨折,影響穩(wěn)定型及預(yù)防后凸畸形最重要的因素是后方韌帶復(fù)合體,如存在后方韌帶復(fù)合體損壞,手術(shù)治療的臨床療效優(yōu)于保守治療[24-25]。在本醫(yī)院,對(duì)于合并有后方韌帶復(fù)合體損傷的胸腰椎骨折,也是采用手術(shù)治療,因此被排除在本研究之外。旋轉(zhuǎn)暴力和剪切力可引起前縱韌帶損傷,同樣引起椎體和椎間盤(pán)爆裂的外力也可導(dǎo)致前縱韌帶損傷[24,26]。后縱韌帶損傷主要由于前屈的暴力和引起終板椎間盤(pán)爆裂的外力引起,后縱韌帶是間接復(fù)位椎管內(nèi)骨塊的很重要的結(jié)構(gòu)。對(duì)于胸腰椎骨折采用保守治療的患者,如果存在有未被識(shí)別的韌帶損傷,后凸畸形會(huì)繼續(xù)加重并且會(huì)有持續(xù)性的疼痛[24]。本研究中,對(duì)于合并有前縱韌帶損壞的患者,后凸角平均明顯加大4.2°,因而前縱韌帶損傷被認(rèn)為是后凸畸形加重的重要原因。
MRI上終板破裂和椎體水腫信號(hào)范圍超過(guò)1/3可能明顯影響后凸畸形進(jìn)展[24]。假如存在上終板骨折,那么外力的作用的很大的,當(dāng)MRI上椎體骨水腫的范圍超過(guò)1/3時(shí),那說(shuō)明椎體內(nèi)骨小梁的破壞程度是相當(dāng)大的[27],對(duì)于這樣的病例,隨訪中可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)明顯的后凸畸形的加重。本研究中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)有上終板撕裂和骨水腫范圍超過(guò)1/3時(shí),后凸角、楔形角及椎體前緣壓縮比例明顯加重,因而筆者認(rèn)為上終板損傷和骨水腫范圍超過(guò)1/3是影響后凸畸形加重的原因。特別是當(dāng)上終板損傷時(shí),后凸角加大5°的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)擴(kuò)大了約3.7倍,骨折椎體骨水腫范圍在1/3~2/3時(shí),后凸角加大5°的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)約10.4倍,同樣當(dāng)骨折椎體骨水腫范圍超過(guò)2/3時(shí),該風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為216倍,因此骨折椎體骨水腫范圍超過(guò)2/3是影響后凸畸形加重的關(guān)鍵因素。當(dāng)暴力作用于椎間盤(pán)時(shí),椎間盤(pán)的形態(tài)學(xué)發(fā)生改變并且伴有椎間盤(pán)組織移位及重新分布;椎間盤(pán)被外力作用擠壓到終板及椎體內(nèi)被認(rèn)為是引起后凸畸形進(jìn)行性加重的很重要因素[11]。本次研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)骨折椎體上椎間盤(pán)損傷并被擠壓到椎體內(nèi)會(huì)明顯引起后凸畸形進(jìn)行性加重,同未合并上椎間盤(pán)損傷病例相比,上位椎間盤(pán)損傷是引起后凸畸形進(jìn)展5°風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的6.8倍,上位椎間盤(pán)的損傷也會(huì)引起楔形角及椎體前緣高度丟失,但此無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。這正好解釋為什么一些椎間盤(pán)損傷的患者,僅僅后凸角加大而椎體高度沒(méi)有丟失。
本研究中筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)后縱韌帶、下終板及下位椎間盤(pán)損傷與后凸畸形進(jìn)行性加重?zé)o明顯的相關(guān)性,筆者認(rèn)為是回顧性研究本身的不足,因?yàn)榘咽中g(shù)治療的患者排除在外,僅有12例合并有后縱韌帶損傷的患者被納入研究,而大多數(shù)后縱韌帶損傷合并有后方韌帶復(fù)合體損傷;同樣本次研究中僅僅有3例下終板損傷、4例下位椎間盤(pán)損傷的患者被納入研究,因?yàn)樵搩煞N類型的損傷一般被認(rèn)為是不穩(wěn)定型的骨折。另外筆者未研究那些影響后凸畸形加重影像學(xué)因素與臨床療效、年齡、依從性及骨密度之間的相關(guān)性。
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