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        CDKAL1、CDKN2A/2B、FTO基因多態(tài)性與維吾爾族2型糖尿病的關聯(lián)以及基因間交互作用研究

        2017-05-11 18:27:50肖珊阿勒滕齊齊格姚華蘇銀霞王志強
        中國醫(yī)藥導報 2017年9期
        關鍵詞:維吾爾族等位基因多態(tài)性

        肖珊+阿勒滕齊齊格+姚華+蘇銀霞+王志強+馬琦+朱筠

        [摘要] 目的 研究基因CDKAL1、CDKN2A/2B、FTO的單核苷酸多態(tài)性(SNPs)與維吾爾族2型糖尿病的關聯(lián)以及基因間的交互作用。 方法 通過病例-對照研究的方法,收集新疆醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)2012年3月~2013年9月期間住院的維吾爾族2型糖尿病患者1000例作為病例組,選擇同期在我院進行體檢的維吾爾族非糖尿病者1010例作為對照組。采用Sequenom MassARRAYRSNP技術檢測CDKAL1、CDKN2A/2B、FTO基因的7個SNPs位點,最終納入研究的是所有位點均檢測成功的病例組879例和對照組895例。兩組各SNPs的基因型及等位基因頻率的比較采用χ2檢驗。使用Logistic回歸分析各SNPs的遺傳模型。使用GMDR 0.9軟件分析各基因間交互作用。 結果 7個位點的基因型分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P > 0.05)。位點rs10811661、rs7195539、rs8050136、rs9939609的基因型和位點rs8050136、rs9939609的等位基因分布在兩組間分布差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05),兩位點的風險等位基因均是A。兩組間位點rs10811661、rs8050136、rs9939609的基因型分布在遺傳模型中差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。通過GMDR軟件進行基因-基因交互作用分析,二階交互作用模型rs10811661-rs7195539為最佳模型,進行1000次置換檢驗后P=0.014。 結論 CDKAL1的基因多態(tài)性可能與維吾爾族2型糖尿病的發(fā)病風險無關。CDKN2A/2B(rs10811661)、FTO(rs7195539、rs8050136、rs9939609)的基因多態(tài)性可能與維吾爾族2型糖尿病的發(fā)病風險有關,其中,rs8050136和rs9939609的等位基因A可能是維吾爾族2型糖尿病發(fā)病的風險等位基因。在維吾爾族2型糖尿病發(fā)病過程中CDKN2A/2B(rs10811661)與FTO(rs7195539)間可能存在交互作用。

        [關鍵詞] 2型糖尿??;維吾爾族;基因多態(tài)性;交互作用

        [中圖分類號] R587.1 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)03(c)-0016-07

        Gene polymorphisms of CDKAL1, CDKN2A/2B, FTO association with type 2 diabetes mellitus and gene-gene interaction in Uygur Population

        XIAO Shan1,3 Aleteng Qiqige1,3 YAO Hua2,3 SU Yinxia2,3 WANG Zhiqiang2,3 MA Qi2,3 ZHU Jun1,3▲

        1.Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830000, China; 2.Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease in Xinjiang, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830000, China; 3.Center of Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Diabetes, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830000, China

        [Abstract] Objective To investigate the relationship among single nucleotide polymorphisms of CDKAL1, CDKN2A/2B, FTO, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Uygur, and further to analyze the possible gene-gene interaction. Methods A case-control study was designed. 1000 cases of hospitalized Uygur with T2DM were selected as cases group in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from March 2012 to September 2013. 1010 Uygur without diabetes mellitus (DM) who did physical examination during the same time in the same hospital were selected as the control group. Seven SNPs in CDKAL1, CDKN2A/2B and FTO were tested using the technology of Sequenom MassARRAYRSNP. Finally the cases, in which all the loci were successfully detected, were 879 in cases group and 895 in control group. Chi-square was used to analyze the distribution of genotype and allele. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the genetic models. Gene-gene interaction was analyzed by Generalized Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction 0.9 software. Results The genotype distributions of the 7 loci were in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05). Genotype distributions of rs10811661, rs7195539, rs8050136, rs9939609 and allele frequencies of rs8050136, rs9939609 were significantly different between cases group and control group (all P < 0.05). The risk allele was A in loci rs8050136 and rs9939609. The genotype distributions of rs10811661, rs8050136, and rs9939609 differed significantly in genetic models (P < 0.05). In the GMDR analysis, the second-order interaction of rs10811661-rs7195539 was the best model, after the 1000 times replacement tests, P=0.014. Conclusion The gene polymorphism in CDKAL1 may be unrelated with T2DM. The polymorphisms in CDKN2A/2B (rs10811661) and FTO (rs7195539, rs8050136, rs9939609) may be associated with T2DM, and A allele of rs8050136 and rs9939609 are likely risk alleles for T2DM in Uygur. There is potential interaction among CDKN2A/2B (rs10811661)-FTO (rs7195539) in the pathogenesis of T2DM in Uygur population.

        [Key words] Type 2 diabetes; Uygur; Gene polymorphisms; Interaction

        目前糖尿?。―M)的患病率呈快速上升的趨勢,成為繼心腦血管疾病、腫瘤之后另一個嚴重危害人民健康的重要慢性非傳染性疾病。2010年中國疾病預防控制中心和中華醫(yī)學會內(nèi)分泌學分會應用世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)1999年的診斷標準發(fā)現(xiàn)我國DM患病率為9.7%,再次證實我國可能已成為DM患病人數(shù)最多的國家,若同時以糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)≥6.5%作為DM診斷標準之一,則其患病率為11.6%[1]。新疆位于亞歐大陸中部,占全國陸地總面積的1/6,是一個多民族聚居的地區(qū),其中維吾爾族約占總?cè)丝诘?6%。2012年Yang等[2]通過流行病學調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),維吾爾族T2DM的患病率為6.23%,這些維吾爾族DM患者中僅有35%清楚DM診斷,7.3%使用降糖藥物,3.13%血糖控制達標。以上數(shù)據(jù)均說明維吾爾族DM防治工作刻不容緩。

        2型糖尿?。═2DM)是由遺傳和環(huán)境因素共同作用的復雜疾病,其中,遺傳因素在T2DM的發(fā)病過程中扮演著至關重要的角色。全基因組關聯(lián)研究(genome-wide association studies,GWAS)通過尋找整個基因組的遺傳差異成功確定與T2DM有很強關聯(lián)的基因位點,位點數(shù)由2006年的3個增加至目前的大約70個[3],其中包括CDKAL1、CDKN2A/2B、FTO 3個基因的易感位點。目前HapMap計劃已經(jīng)提供了漢族人群、歐洲人群等不同種族全基因組SNPs基因型數(shù)據(jù),但以上3個基因在維吾爾族人群中尚未進行驗證。本研究通過分析維吾爾族各單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)與T2DM的關聯(lián),以及基因間的交互作用,為將來進一步揭示維吾爾族T2DM的分子發(fā)病機制奠定基礎。

        1 資料與方法

        1.1 一般資料

        選擇2012年3月~2013年9月在新疆醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)住院的維吾爾族T2DM患者1000例作為病例組,選擇同期在我院體檢的無DM、無血緣關系的維吾爾族1010例作為對照組。最終納入研究的是所有位點均檢測成功的病例組879例,其中,男543例,女336例,年齡21~83歲,平均(51.3±9.7)歲;對照組895例,其中,男571例,女324例,年齡21~79歲,平均(50.4±9.9)歲。病例組及對照組年齡及性別構成差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。參加本研究之前,所有調(diào)查對象均填寫了知情同意書,研究方案已得到我院倫理委員會批準。DM的診斷符合1999年WHO的糖尿病診斷標準[4]或既往已明確診斷為T2DM。

        1.2 方法

        所有調(diào)查對象均抽取靜脈抗凝血4 mL,分裝至EP管中,置于-80℃冰箱保存,以備提取DNA。

        使用北京百泰克生物技術有限公司的核酸自動提取儀提取外周血DNA,具體操作步驟參照核酸自動提取儀的使用方法進行。提取出DNA后,經(jīng)1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳儀進行檢測,估計濃度和DNA降解程度。質(zhì)檢合格的DNA A260/A280比值(OD值)為1.8~2.0,電泳圖中條帶好,且濃度大于50 ng/μL方可使用。隨后樣本轉(zhuǎn)移至96孔板,-20℃儲存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>

        選取CDKAL1、CDKN2A/2B、FTO基因的7個研究熱點SNPs進行研究,包括rs10946398、rs7754840、rs10811661、rs3088440、rs7195539、rs8050136、rs9939609。SNPs的檢測均由北京博奧生物有限公司進行,采用Sequenom MassARRAYRSNP技術檢測,本研究的基因分型成功率和準確率>98%。

        1.3 統(tǒng)計學方法

        采用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計算對照組的Hardy-Weinberg平衡判斷樣本的群體代表性。兩組各SNPs基因型及等位基因頻率的比較采用χ2檢驗。使用Logistic回歸分析維吾爾族T2DM各SNPs的共顯性、加性、顯性及隱性遺傳模型。使用GMDR 0.9軟件分析各基因間交互作用,選擇交叉驗證一致性及測試平衡準確性均較高的模型作為最佳模型。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。

        2 結果

        2.1 維吾爾族各SNPs在兩組間的分布

        7個位點對照組的基因型分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P > 0.05),具有群體代表性,進行進一步統(tǒng)計分析。兩組間各SNPs基因型及等位基因的分布、遺傳模型Logistic回歸分析結果顯示,位點rs10946398、rs7754840、rs3088440的基因型和等位基因分布在兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。位點rs10811661、rs7195539、rs8050136、rs9939609的基因型分布和位點rs8050136、rs9939609的等位基因分布在兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計學(P < 0.05),兩位點的風險等位基因均是A,OR值分別為1.198(95%CI 1.037~1.384)、1.238(95%CI 1.075~1.427)。兩組間位點rs10811661基因型分布在共顯性、加性和隱性模型中差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05),OR值分別為1.484(95%CI 1.010~2.183)、1.230(95%CI 1.057~1.431)、1.276(95%CI 1.057~1.541)。兩組間位點rs8050136基因型分布在共顯性、加性和顯性模型中差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05),OR值分別為1.472(95%CI 1.045~2.072)、1.196(95%CI 1.035~1.382)、1.220(95%CI 1.012~1.470)。兩組間位點rs9939609基因型分布在共顯性、加性、顯性和隱性模型中差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05),OR值分別為1.224(95%CI 1.004~1.492)、1.513(95%CI 1.106~2.070)、1.228(95%CI 1.069~1.411)、1.279(95%CI 1.061~1.542)、1.377(95%CI 1.021~1.858)。見表1。

        2.2 各SNPs之間基因-基因交互作用

        將各SNPs位點按照共顯性模型賦值。通過GMDR軟件進行基因-基因交互作用分析結果顯示,二階交互作用模型rs10811661-rs7195539為最佳模型,其交叉驗證一致性為10/10,測試平衡準確性最高為0.5483,且P=0.011,進行1000次置換檢驗后P=0.014,見表2。圖1為最佳模型的基因-基因間交互作用圖。

        3 討論

        在過去的近10年,GWAS成為確定與復雜疾病有關聯(lián)的常見基因變異的首選方法。GWAS中陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多與T2DM相關的易感基因,包括CDKN2A/2B[5]、CDKAL1[5]和FTO[6]。本研究首次在維吾爾族人群分析CDKN2A/2B、CDKAL1和FTO這三個基因與T2DM的關聯(lián)。

        CDK5調(diào)節(jié)亞基相關蛋白1樣因子1(CDK5 regulatory subunit associated protein 1-like 1,CDKAL1)基因,目前的生理學功能仍然是個謎,顧名思義,該基因的氨基酸序列與CDK5調(diào)節(jié)相關蛋白1高度類似,該蛋白做為CDK5調(diào)節(jié)亞基p35和p39的結合蛋白而被發(fā)現(xiàn)[7]。目前發(fā)現(xiàn),CDKAL1基因有5個SNPs與T2DM有關,包括rs4712523、rs10946398、rs7754840、rs7756992、rs9465871。以上所有的SNPs均位于CDKAL1上6p22.3區(qū)域的5號內(nèi)含子,為非編碼的SNPs[8]。Stancakova等[9]在芬蘭男性受試者進行的病例-對照研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)位點rs7754840與芬蘭男性T2DM有關聯(lián)。Zeggini等[10]在英國的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),rs10946398與T2DM的關聯(lián)很引人注目,P值=8.4×10-5,OR值=1.14(95%CI 1.07~1.22)。本研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)CDKAL1基因的常見易感位點rs10946398、rs7754840與維吾爾族T2DM的發(fā)病風險有關聯(lián)。

        細胞周期素依賴性蛋白激酶抑制因子2A/2B(cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/2B,CDKN2A/2B)基因,CDKN2A和CDKN2B位于染色體9p21,是兩個鄰近的細胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶抑制基因。CDKN2A和CDKN2B分別編碼CDK抑制劑p16INK4a和p15IN K4b,抑制CDK4和CDK6的活性。在包括歐洲和亞洲的多項研究[11-19]中均證實了rs10811661多態(tài)性與T2DM有關聯(lián)。然而也有部分研究[15,20-22]未發(fā)現(xiàn)rs10811661多態(tài)性與T2DM的關聯(lián)。本研究中位點rs10811661的基因型分布在兩組間存在統(tǒng)計學差異,提示rs10811661基因多態(tài)性可能與維吾爾族T2DM發(fā)病風險有關聯(lián)。同時,其基因型分布在共顯性、加性和隱性模型中均有統(tǒng)計學差異,OR值分別為1.484、1.230、1.276,提示TT基因型攜帶者發(fā)生T2DM的風險增加。迄今為止多項研究關注的均是CDKN2A/2B基因位點rs3088440的多態(tài)性與惡性腫瘤發(fā)病的相關性,包括其SNP增加唾液腺癌[23]和黑色素瘤[24]的發(fā)病風險,與宮頸癌[25]和分化型甲狀腺癌[26]發(fā)病無關聯(lián)。既往尚未進行該位點與T2DM相關性的研究。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),位點rs3088440的基因型及等位基因分布在兩組間差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義,提示其與維吾爾族T2DM發(fā)病風險無關。

        脂肪量及肥胖相關基因(fat mass and obesity-associated,F(xiàn)TO),是2007年由Frayling等[27]研究白色人種時發(fā)現(xiàn)的脂肪量與肥胖相關基因,它定位于染色體16q12.2上,全長約430 kb,包含9個外顯子、8個內(nèi)含子。既往有關FTO的研究中尚未針對位點rs7195539進行過研究。位點rs8050136及rs9939609與T2DM的關聯(lián)在多個研究中均得到證實,但研究結果不一致。部分研究[27-31]認為上述位點的SNP與T2DM的關聯(lián)是通過BMI介導的,但部分研究[32-35]認為上述位點SNP與T2DM的關聯(lián)是獨立于BMI的。本研究中位點rs7195539、rs8050136、rs9939609的基因型分布在兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,提示其SNP可能與維吾爾族T2DM的發(fā)病風險有關聯(lián)。位點rs8050136、rs9939609的等位基因分布在兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,兩位點的風險等位基因均是A,OR值分別為1.198、1.238,提示rs8050136、rs9939609上攜帶等位基因A的維吾爾族發(fā)生T2DM的風險是增加的。兩組間位點rs8050136的基因型分布在共顯性、加性、顯性模型中差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,OR值分別為1.472、1.196、1.220;兩組間位點rs9939609的基因型分布在共顯性、加性、顯性、隱性中差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義,OR值分別為1.224、1.513、1.228、1.279、1.377,提示位點rs8050136上攜帶基因型CA或AA的維吾爾族較攜帶CC者、位點rs9939609上攜帶基因型TA或AA的維吾爾族較攜帶TT者發(fā)生T2DM的風險增加。

        多因子降維法(multifactor dimensionality reduction,MDR)是近年來發(fā)展起來的一種非參數(shù)、無需遺傳模式的高階交互作用分析方法[36],被成功應用于在多發(fā)性硬化、T2DM等疾病的病因研究中[37]。但由于該法不能用于數(shù)量性狀的研究,為此Lou等[38]在2007年提出了一種基于MDR基本原理的擴展方法——廣義多因子降維法(generalized multifactor dimensionality,GMDR),又稱基于計分的多因子降維法。該法可以通過將廣義線性模型的概念引入到MDR中,使其不但能夠分析連續(xù)變量,且能夠納入?yún)f(xié)變量,從而控制協(xié)變量引起的干擾,提高預測的準確度。通過GMDR軟件進行基因-基因交互作用分析,二階交互作用模型rs10811661-rs7195539為最佳模型,提示在維吾爾族T2DM發(fā)病過程中,rs10811661-rs7195539間可能存在交互作用。

        綜上所述,CDKAL1的基因多態(tài)性可能與維吾爾族T2DM的發(fā)病風險無關。CDKN2A/2B(rs10811661)、FTO(rs7195539、rs8050136、rs9939609)的基因多態(tài)性可能與維吾爾族T2DM的發(fā)病風險有關,其中rs8050136和rs9939609的等位基因A可能是維吾爾族T2DM發(fā)病的風險等位基因。在維吾爾族T2DM發(fā)病過程中CDKN2A/2B(rs10811661)-FTO(rs7195539)間可能存在交互作用。

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        (收稿日期:2016-11-20 本文編輯:程 銘)

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