動脈瘤伴非瓣膜性心房顫動致急性腦梗死溶栓1例報道
蘇文婷1,牛爭平2
急性缺血性腦卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)具有高死亡率,高致殘率,高復(fù)發(fā)率,嚴(yán)重危害人類的生命與健康。心源性卒中占缺血性卒中比例高達(dá)15%~26%[1],其中71.5%的心源性腦卒中是心房顫動(atrial fibrillation,AF)所致。AF病人發(fā)生AIS的風(fēng)險比一般人高5倍[ 2 ],其中絕大多數(shù)為非瓣膜性心房纖顫。有研究認(rèn)為心房顫動致缺血性卒中病人本身出血轉(zhuǎn)化風(fēng)險高,30%~50%的腦栓塞病人會轉(zhuǎn)化為出血性腦梗死,因此臨床上對于心源性腦栓塞(cardiac cerebral embolism,CCE)病人進(jìn)行靜脈溶栓(intravenous thrombolysis ,IVT)治療的療效和安全性仍存在疑惑。急性缺血性腦卒中伴顱內(nèi)動脈瘤(rate of intracranial aneurysms ,IAs)的發(fā)生率為6.6%[ 3 ],正常人群為3.6% ~ 6%[4]。動脈瘤破裂可能導(dǎo)致腦出血,而溶栓藥物如重組組織型纖溶酶原激活劑(RT - PA)可能導(dǎo)致繼發(fā)性顱內(nèi)出血(ICH)[ 5 ],由于潛在的出血并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險較高,故伴有動脈瘤的缺血性卒中病人需謹(jǐn)慎溶栓。長期以來,未破裂腦動脈瘤被認(rèn)為是RT-PA的禁忌證[ 6-7 ],但最近有文獻(xiàn)報道質(zhì)疑這一說法[8-9 ]。心房顫動合并非破裂動脈瘤致急性腦梗死早期溶栓在臨床上少見,現(xiàn)將我院最近收治的1例報道如下。
病人,男性,72歲,主因頭暈7 h余入院,病人于2015年7月3日03:00時,無明顯誘因于起身小便后出現(xiàn)有頭暈不適,頭暈發(fā)作與轉(zhuǎn)頸及體位改變相關(guān),行頭顱核磁示雙側(cè)側(cè)腦室后角旁、半卵圓中心多發(fā)陳舊性腔隙性腦梗死,為求診治而入院,當(dāng)日23:55病人于活動中突然出現(xiàn)意識喪失,小便失禁,右側(cè)偏癱,心電監(jiān)護(hù)示血氧飽和度為99%,血壓150/90 mmHg,心率150次/min。既往有高血壓病史10余年,發(fā)現(xiàn)有陣發(fā)性心房顫動3余年,目前未規(guī)律服用藥物治療,2011年1月16日行頭顱CTA發(fā)現(xiàn)動脈瘤。查體:神志淺昏迷,雙眼向左側(cè)凝視,右側(cè)肢體肌力0級,肌張力減低,右側(cè)巴氏征陽性,NIHSS評分19分。急查凝血系列示:血漿凝血酶原標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(INR)1.29,心電圖示:心房顫動,余化驗(yàn)未見異常,考慮心房顫動栓子脫落導(dǎo)致腦栓塞,立即給予肝素鈉注射液5 000 IU靜脈注射抗凝治療,同時給予甘露醇250 mL靜脈輸注脫水。向病人家屬說明病情、最佳的治療方案以及可能出現(xiàn)的風(fēng)險,家屬要求快速溶栓治療。于發(fā)病90 min后給予rt-PA7.2 mg靜脈快速推注(1 min內(nèi)),64.8 mg/1 h靜脈輸注,用藥48 min后病人神志轉(zhuǎn)為清楚,混合性失語,觀察黏膜有出血,右上肢肌力Ⅲ級,右下肢肌力Ⅳ級,NIHSS評分11分,溶栓后24 h內(nèi)復(fù)查頭顱MRI提示左側(cè)額葉、額頂葉腦梗死(急性期),左側(cè)枕葉微出血灶,頭顱MRA未見血管閉塞,缺血灶如圖1所示。7月5日開始給予華法林1.5 mg,并根據(jù)INR調(diào)整華法林用量,至7月10日調(diào)整劑量為3 mg;同時給予奧拉西坦,依達(dá)拉奉等腦保護(hù)治療,阿托伐他汀鈣片調(diào)脂穩(wěn)斑,美托洛爾控制心率,左旋氨氯地平片控制血壓,甘油果糖和甘露醇交替脫水治療,并動態(tài)監(jiān)測心電圖,凝血時間,7月7日因出現(xiàn)室性心律失常給予胺碘酮轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)心率,至7月9日轉(zhuǎn)為竇性心率。于7月19日復(fù)查凝血系列,示血漿凝血酶原標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比率為1.83。病人癥狀逐漸改善,除言語欠流利,右手握力略差外,余神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能正常。囑病人出院后繼續(xù)堅持口服華法林并注意復(fù)查凝血系列。
注:左側(cè)頭顱MRA示后交通動脈起始部的小動脈瘤,右側(cè)頭顱DWI示給予rt-PA靜脈溶栓后與左側(cè)大腦中動脈分布一致的左半球缺血灶。
2.1 心房顫動致腦栓塞 腦栓塞是指血液中各種栓子隨血流進(jìn)入顱內(nèi)動脈系統(tǒng)使血管腔急性阻塞引起相應(yīng)供血區(qū)腦組織缺血壞死及腦功能障礙,由于其起病急驟,沒有足夠的時間建立側(cè)支循環(huán),所以通常栓塞性腦卒中病變范圍大,顱內(nèi)壓增高癥狀突出,NIHSS評分高,而CCE是此類型卒中最常見的亞型。本病例即為心房顫動所致的CCE,該病人起病急驟,側(cè)支循環(huán)未及時建立起來,所以臨床癥狀重,NIHSS評分為19分,表現(xiàn)為偏癱,急性意識喪失。病人既往有陣發(fā)性房顫和卒中病史,結(jié)合發(fā)病時心電圖表現(xiàn),診斷明確。對于神經(jīng)功能缺損嚴(yán)重的病人,溶栓治療是超早期急性腦梗死的關(guān)鍵。IST-3[10]研究結(jié)果表明,合并心房顫動病人接受rt-PA靜脈溶栓后的獲益不亞于未合并心房顫動者。尤壽江等[11]評估伴有心房顫動的急性缺血性卒中病人重組組織型纖溶酶原激活劑靜脈溶栓的療效及預(yù)后,得出結(jié)論:心房顫動病人行靜脈溶栓的顱內(nèi)出血及死亡風(fēng)險高于非心房顫動病人,但心房顫動不是溶栓后死亡的獨(dú)立危險因素,不增加癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險,入院時NIHSS評分高、收縮壓低可能是心房顫動病人靜脈溶栓治療預(yù)后不良及死亡的危險因素。故臨床上對于符合時間窗的CCE病人,同樣應(yīng)積極給予靜脈溶栓治療。本病例病人雖然發(fā)病時NIHSS評分高達(dá)19分(意識水平3分,意識水平提問2分,意識水平指令2分,凝視2分,右側(cè)肢體運(yùn)動8分,語言2分),溶栓后出血轉(zhuǎn)化的風(fēng)險高,但是考慮到溶栓獲益大,仍積極溶栓治療,溶栓后病人神志好轉(zhuǎn),肢體肌力逐漸恢復(fù),僅表現(xiàn)為鼻黏膜出血,頭顱核磁示左側(cè)枕葉微出血灶,其他部位未見出血灶。CCE復(fù)發(fā)率高,據(jù)統(tǒng)計10%~20%在10 d內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā),但很少超過3 d內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)。
EAFT等[12-14]一系列研究結(jié)果證實(shí)抗凝治療可以有效預(yù)防卒中復(fù)發(fā),基于此研究,2012 ESC 房顫管理指南[15],2014年AHA/ACC/HRS房顫管理指南[16],2014年ASA卒中/TIA二級預(yù)防指南[17]及2014年中國缺血性卒中和TIA二級預(yù)防指南[18]一致推薦卒中合并房顫病人二級預(yù)防中應(yīng)遵循抗凝治療為首選。何時啟動抗凝治療?理論上講,盡早啟動抗凝治療預(yù)防卒中再發(fā)更有效,然而,這種可能的獲益一定要與潛在的ICH風(fēng)險相平衡,達(dá)到既能抗凝又可以降低出血風(fēng)險,這一問題值得臨床醫(yī)師深思。2014年AHA/ASA卒中和TIA二級預(yù)防指南推薦[19],多數(shù)卒中/TIA合并房顫病人,口服抗凝劑啟用時間為有明顯神經(jīng)癥狀后14 d內(nèi)(Ⅱa,B)。本病例病人成功溶栓24 h后即開始給予華法林抗凝治療,14 d后達(dá)到有效治療劑量,并給予美托洛爾控制心率。
2.2 伴非破裂動脈瘤的急性缺血性腦卒中 靜脈溶栓治療AIS的有效性已得到公認(rèn)[20],但RT - PA溶栓治療增加顱內(nèi)出血(ICH)的風(fēng)險亦是不爭的事實(shí)。接受靜脈溶栓的AIS病人ICH 發(fā)生率為5.8% ~6.4%[21],未破裂的顱內(nèi)動脈瘤可能會增加出血并發(fā)癥[22]。早在1995年初,歐洲急性卒中研究(European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study,ECASS)[ 23 ]和美國國立神經(jīng)疾病與卒中研究所(National Institude of Neurological Disorders and Strokes,NINDS)試驗(yàn)[ 24 ]沒有把動脈瘤作為溶栓禁忌證;1999年,歐洲急性卒中研究Ⅱ(ECASS Ⅱ)提出存在動脈瘤破裂病史是靜脈溶栓治療的一個危險因素,但指南沒有提及未破裂動脈瘤[ 25 ];2000年,STARS 研究[ 26 ]和NINDS使用同樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);1999年,PROACT Ⅱ[ 27 ]研究排除所有的瘤;1999年阿替普酶急性非介入溶栓治療缺血性卒中研究(The Alteplase ThromboLysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke study,ATLANTIS)[28]和從2002到2006的腦卒中溶栓治療中的安全實(shí)施研究(Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study,SITS-MOST)[ 29 ]明確列出“動脈瘤,動靜脈畸形和腫瘤的歷史”排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn);2008年ECASS Ⅲ[30 ]列出其他增加出血風(fēng)險的相關(guān)主要疾病,但“不納入”動脈瘤和血管瘤,強(qiáng)調(diào)動脈瘤為溶栓治療的一個危險因素;2013年[31]、2015年AHA/ASA急性缺血性卒中靜脈溶栓納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中列出顱內(nèi)動脈瘤為禁忌[19 ]。然而,五項(xiàng)回顧性研究表明,腦卒中后靜脈溶栓治療伴或不伴顱內(nèi)動脈瘤的病人癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血無顯著差異[ 32-36 ]。
顱內(nèi)動脈瘤靜脈溶栓導(dǎo)致ICH是一個很難估計的風(fēng)險,但至少有一部分病人可能從RT - PA靜脈溶栓獲益。有研究表明動脈瘤在5 mm~9.9 mm不增加動脈瘤破裂的風(fēng)險[37 ],且有資料顯示接受RT - PA靜脈溶栓的病人最大的動脈瘤直徑約8 mm[ 32,35]或者9 mm[32]。2016年AHA/ASA指出[ 19 ]對伴有一個小或中等大小的(<10 mm)和可能有出血風(fēng)險的顱內(nèi)未破裂動脈瘤的AIS病人,RT - PA靜脈溶栓是合理的和可能的推薦(Ⅱa;證據(jù)等級C)。本例病人未破裂顱內(nèi)動脈瘤大小為3.3 mm,而且缺血灶位于左側(cè)大腦半球,動脈瘤在后交通動脈起始部,缺血灶和動脈瘤不在同一供血動脈。病人給予靜脈溶栓治療后動脈瘤未出現(xiàn)破裂,表明綜合考慮病灶大小、位置,結(jié)合病人基礎(chǔ)條件,伴有動脈瘤的CCE行靜脈溶栓治療是可行的。
目前,對于CCE及伴有顱內(nèi)動脈瘤的CCE早期溶栓治療雖無指南明確推薦,但可視病人的基礎(chǔ)條件及起病嚴(yán)重程度,動脈瘤的大小、位置以及出血轉(zhuǎn)化風(fēng)險的評估,RT - PA靜脈溶栓治療應(yīng)作為部分病人的最佳治療選擇,從而使部分出血低風(fēng)險的病人能從本治療中獲益。
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(本文編輯王雅潔)
1.山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)(太原 030001);2.山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院
牛爭平,E-mail:nzp@105sina.com
R743 R255
C
10.3969/j.issn.1672-1349.2017.06.041
1672-1349(2017)06-0762-05
2016-12-06)
引用信息:蘇文婷,牛爭平.動脈瘤伴非瓣膜性心房顫動致急性腦梗死溶栓1例報道[J].中西醫(yī)結(jié)合心腦血管病雜志,2017,15(6):762-766.