崔 榮 唐驍文 石興耀 周 勇
上海市嘉定區(qū)中醫(yī)醫(yī)院外科(201800)
Rab5A在結(jié)直腸癌中的表達(dá)及其意義*
崔 榮 唐驍文 石興耀#周 勇
上海市嘉定區(qū)中醫(yī)醫(yī)院外科(201800)
背景:結(jié)直腸癌是消化系統(tǒng)常見(jiàn)惡性腫瘤之一,多數(shù)患者確診時(shí)已為進(jìn)展期,預(yù)后較差,早期診斷對(duì)改善患者預(yù)后尤為重要。目前,分子標(biāo)記物診斷結(jié)直腸癌備受關(guān)注。目的:探討Rab5A在結(jié)直腸癌中的表達(dá)及其意義。方法:收集135例行結(jié)直腸癌切除術(shù)患者的癌組織及其配對(duì)癌旁非癌組織。采用real-time PCR檢測(cè)21例患者癌組織及其配對(duì)癌旁非癌組織以及結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞株HCT116、HT-29、LoVo、SW480和正常結(jié)腸上皮細(xì)胞株NCM460中的Rab5A mRNA表達(dá);采用蛋白質(zhì)印跡法檢測(cè)4例患者癌組織及其配對(duì)癌旁非癌組織中的Rab5A蛋白表達(dá);采用免疫組化法檢測(cè)110例患者癌組織中的Rab5A蛋白表達(dá);分析Rab5A表達(dá)與結(jié)直腸癌臨床病理特征和預(yù)后的關(guān)系。結(jié)果:結(jié)直腸癌組織中的Rab5A mRNA表達(dá)水平顯著高于癌旁非癌組織(P=0.003);結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞株HCT116、HT-29、LoVo、SW480中的Rab5A mRNA表達(dá)水平顯著高于正常結(jié)腸上皮細(xì)胞株NCM460(P<0.05)。結(jié)直腸癌組織中的Rab5A蛋白表達(dá)水平顯著高于癌旁非癌組織。110例結(jié)直腸癌組織中,51例(46.4%)為Rab5A低表達(dá),59例(53.6%)為Rab5A高表達(dá)。Rab5A蛋白表達(dá)與腫瘤大小、血清癌胚抗原(CEA)水平和TNM分期相關(guān)(P=0.008;P=0.002;P=0.010)。Rab5A高表達(dá)患者的3年生存率顯著低于低表達(dá)者(52.1%對(duì)77.5%,P<0.05)。Rab5A、血清CEA和TNM分期與結(jié)直腸癌患者的預(yù)后相關(guān)(P=0.009;P=0.006;P=0.017),是影響預(yù)后的獨(dú)立因素(P=0.026;P=0.032;P=0.014)。結(jié)論:Rab5A參與了結(jié)直腸癌的惡性演進(jìn)過(guò)程,其高表達(dá)提示患者預(yù)后不良,可作為預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)直腸癌患者預(yù)后的有效指標(biāo)。
結(jié)直腸腫瘤; Rab5A; 免疫組織化學(xué); 預(yù)后
結(jié)直腸癌是消化系統(tǒng)常見(jiàn)惡性腫瘤之一。早期結(jié)直腸癌患者無(wú)明顯癥狀,或僅表現(xiàn)為非特異性消化道癥狀,多數(shù)患者確診時(shí)已為進(jìn)展期,預(yù)后較差,早期診斷對(duì)改善患者預(yù)后尤為重要[1-4]。結(jié)腸鏡是診斷結(jié)直腸癌的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但為侵入性,患者耐受性差,不適用于人群篩查。因此,亟待探尋可有效診斷早期結(jié)直腸癌的非侵入性檢查方法,其中分子標(biāo)記物備受關(guān)注。
Rab5屬于Rab GTP酶(GTPases)家族成員,包含3種亞型,分別為Rab5A、Rab5B和Rab5C[5-6]。Rab5A在多種腫瘤(如乳腺癌、肺癌、卵巢癌)中表達(dá)異常,可促進(jìn)腫瘤發(fā)生以及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,在腫瘤的發(fā)病機(jī)制中發(fā)揮至關(guān)重要的作用[7-10]。然而,目前尚未見(jiàn)關(guān)于Rab5A在結(jié)直腸癌中作用的報(bào)道。本研究通過(guò)檢測(cè)Rab5A在結(jié)直腸癌組織中的表達(dá)并分析其表達(dá)與患者臨床病理特征和預(yù)后的相關(guān)性,旨在明確Rab5A在結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展中的作用。
一、研究對(duì)象
納入2005年1月—2015年6月于上海市嘉定區(qū)中醫(yī)醫(yī)院行結(jié)直腸癌切除術(shù)的患者135例,其中男80例,女55例,年齡30~83歲,平均(65.65±0.95)歲。所有患者術(shù)前均未接受放化療。采集患者術(shù)后癌組織及其配對(duì)癌旁非癌組織(距癌組織邊緣5 cm)標(biāo)本。所有標(biāo)本經(jīng)HE染色后由組織病理學(xué)檢查確診。研究方案經(jīng)上海市嘉定區(qū)中醫(yī)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審批,入選患者或其家屬簽署知情同意書。
二、細(xì)胞株和主要試劑
結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞株HCT116、HT-29、LoVo、SW480以及正常結(jié)腸上皮細(xì)胞株NCM460(上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬仁濟(jì)醫(yī)院中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供),以含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)基(美國(guó)Gibco公司)或含堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(bFGF)、表皮生長(zhǎng)因子(EGF)的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基(美國(guó)Hyclone公司)培養(yǎng)(37 ℃,5% CO2)。RNA提取試劑、逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒、qPCR試劑盒[寶生物工程(大連)有限公司],BCA蛋白定量試劑盒、SDS-PAGE凝膠配制試劑盒(碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所),Rab5A抗體(美國(guó)Abcam公司), 二抗(美國(guó)Proteintech公司),ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑盒(美國(guó)Millipore公司)。
三、方法
1. Real-time PCR:取21例患者的癌組織及其配對(duì)癌旁非癌組織標(biāo)本、結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞株HCT116、HT-29、LoVo、SW480和正常結(jié)腸上皮細(xì)胞株NCM460,采用RNA提取試劑提取總RNA,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA,行real-time PCR擴(kuò)增。PCR反應(yīng)條件:95 ℃ 30 s;95 ℃ 5 s,60 ℃ 30 s,40個(gè)循環(huán)。Rab5A引物上游:5’-ACG GGC CAA ATA CGG GAA AT-3’,下游:5’-TCA AAC TTT ACC CCA ATG GTA CTC-3’;GAPDH引物上游:5’-ACT CGT CAT ACT CCT GCT-3’,下游:5’-GAA ACT ACC TTC AAC TCC-3’。以2-△△Ct法分析目的基因相對(duì)表達(dá)量。
2. 蛋白質(zhì)印跡法:取4例患者的癌組織及其配對(duì)癌旁非癌組織標(biāo)本,蛋白裂解液裂解,提取總蛋白,采用BCA法進(jìn)行蛋白定量,行SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳,將蛋白質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜,5%脫脂奶粉室溫封閉90 min,加入Rab5A抗體(1∶200稀釋),4 ℃孵育過(guò)夜。次日TBST洗膜,加入HRP標(biāo)記的二抗(1∶4 000 稀釋),室溫孵育1 h。ECL顯影,ImageJ圖像分析軟件行灰度掃描,分析目的蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量。
3. 免疫組化染色:取110例患者的癌組織標(biāo)本,常規(guī)石蠟包埋,切片,脫蠟,梯度乙醇水化,3%過(guò)氧化氫孵育15 min,微波修復(fù)15 min,自然冷卻后以10%胎牛血清白蛋白封閉30 min,加入Rab5A抗體(1∶200稀釋),4 ℃過(guò)夜,加入HRP標(biāo)記的二抗(1∶4 000 稀釋)孵育30 min,DAB顯色,蘇木精復(fù)染,中性樹膠封片。Rab5A蛋白表達(dá)定位于細(xì)胞質(zhì),胞質(zhì)呈明顯棕黃色或棕褐色染色判定為Rab5A陽(yáng)性。每張切片于高倍鏡下隨機(jī)選取10個(gè)視野,計(jì)數(shù)1 000 個(gè)腫瘤細(xì)胞中的陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)。陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞百分率:<1%,0分;1%~25%,1分;26%~50%,2分;>51%,3分。染色強(qiáng)度:未著色或與背景色相似,0分;著色淺,略高于背景色,1分;中等著色,明顯高于背景色而呈棕黃色,2分;強(qiáng)染呈棕褐色,3分??偡譃殛?yáng)性細(xì)胞百分率與染色強(qiáng)度評(píng)分的乘積,<4分為Rab5A低表達(dá);≥ 4分為Rab5A高表達(dá)。
4. 隨訪情況:對(duì)本組患者進(jìn)行隨訪,隨訪截至2015年12月31日,隨訪時(shí)間6~120個(gè)月,中位隨訪期36個(gè)月。隨訪方式為電話或門診隨訪。
一、Rab5A mRNA表達(dá)情況
Real-time PCR檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,結(jié)直腸癌組織中的Rab5A mRNA表達(dá)水平顯著高于癌旁非癌組織(P=0.003)(圖1);結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞株HCT116、HT-29、LoVo、SW480中的Rab5A mRNA表達(dá)水平顯著高于正常結(jié)腸上皮細(xì)胞株NCM460(P<0.05)(圖2)。
圖1 結(jié)直腸癌及其配對(duì)癌旁非癌組織中Rab5A mRNA表達(dá) 情況
二、Rab5A蛋白表達(dá)情況
蛋白質(zhì)印跡法檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,結(jié)直腸癌組織中的Rab5A蛋白表達(dá)水平顯著高于癌旁非癌組織(圖3)。
三、Rab5A表達(dá)與結(jié)直腸癌臨床病理特征的關(guān)系
免疫組化染色結(jié)果顯示,110例結(jié)直腸癌組織中51例(46.4%)為Rab5A低表達(dá),59例(53.6%)為Rab5A高表達(dá)(圖4)。
圖2 結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞株和正常結(jié)腸上皮細(xì)胞株Rab5A mRNA表達(dá)情況
圖3 Rab5A蛋白在結(jié)直腸癌(T)及其配對(duì)癌旁非癌組織(N)中的表達(dá)情況(蛋白質(zhì)印跡法)
A: Rab5A低表達(dá);B: Rab5A高表達(dá)
圖4 結(jié)直腸癌組織中Rab5A蛋白表達(dá)情況(免疫組化染色,×100)
采集患者性別、年齡、腫瘤大小、腫瘤部位、血清癌胚抗原(CEA)水平、TNM分期數(shù)據(jù),分析其與癌組織中Rab5A蛋白表達(dá)的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示Rab5A蛋白表達(dá)與腫瘤大小、血清CEA水平和TNM分期相關(guān)(P=0.008;P=0.002;P=0.010), 與患者性別、年齡、腫瘤部位無(wú)關(guān)(P>0.05)(表1)。
Kaplan-Meier生存分析顯示,Rab5A高表達(dá)患者和低表達(dá)患者的3年生存率分別為52.1%和77.5%,高表達(dá)者顯著低于低表達(dá)者(P<0.05)(圖5)。
表1 結(jié)直腸癌組織Rab5A蛋白表達(dá)與患者臨床病理特征的關(guān)系
臨床病理特征例數(shù)Rab5An(%)低表達(dá)(n=51)高表達(dá)(n=59)P值性別 男6226(41.9)36(58.1)0.223 女4825(52.1)23(47.9)年齡 ≤65歲4116(39.0)25(61.0)0.876 >65歲6935(50.7)34(49.3)腫瘤大小 ≤5cm5732(56.1)25(43.9)0.008 >5cm5319(35.8)34(64.2)腫瘤部位 直腸7932(40.5)47(59.5)0.941 結(jié)腸3119(61.3)12(38.7)血清CEA ≤5ng/mL5831(53.4)27(46.6)0.002 >5ng/mL5220(38.5)32(61.5)TNM分期 Ⅰ-Ⅱ4226(61.9)16(38.1)0.010 Ⅲ-Ⅳ6825(36.8)43(63.2)
圖5 Rab5A蛋白表達(dá)與結(jié)直腸癌患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系(Kaplan-Meier法)
Kaplan-Meier單因素模型分析表明,Rab5A、血清CEA和TNM分期與結(jié)直腸癌患者的預(yù)后相關(guān)(P=0.009;P=0.006;P=0.017)。進(jìn)一步行Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型分析,結(jié)果顯示Rab5A、血清CEA和TNM分期是影響結(jié)直腸癌患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立因素(P=0.026;P=0.032;P=0.014)(表2)。
表2 結(jié)直腸癌患者預(yù)后影響因素分析
研究表明,Rab家族在腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展過(guò)程中扮演重要角色。Rab25可通過(guò)激活A(yù)kt/GSK-3β信號(hào)通路介導(dǎo)上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲能力[11-12],可作為卵巢癌患者的獨(dú)立預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo),與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)[13]。Rab3D可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)熱休克蛋白90(Hsp90)促進(jìn)乳腺癌的上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移、侵襲[14]。Rab27A可通過(guò)調(diào)控胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子Ⅱ(IGF-Ⅱ)影響血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)、細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1(cyclin D1)以及基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)等的表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[15],亦可作為結(jié)直腸癌和胰腺癌患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)[16-17]。
作為Rab家族成員之一,Rab5A亦在腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用[18]。Fukui等[19]的研究顯示,Rab5A可通過(guò)EGF信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)肝細(xì)胞癌轉(zhuǎn)移。Yang等[8]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Rab5A與乳腺癌腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)。Zhao等[10]對(duì)卵巢癌的研究表明,Rab5A可促進(jìn)G1期腫瘤細(xì)胞向S期轉(zhuǎn)化。
本研究檢測(cè)了Rab5A在結(jié)直腸癌組織和細(xì)胞株中的表達(dá)情況, 結(jié)果顯示結(jié)直腸癌組織中Rab5A mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)水平均明顯高于癌旁非癌組織,結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞株中的Rab5A表達(dá)亦明顯上調(diào);110例結(jié)直腸癌組織中59例(53.6%)為Rab5A高表達(dá)。上述結(jié)果表明Rab5A在轉(zhuǎn)錄和轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平呈高表達(dá),可作為結(jié)直腸癌的分子標(biāo)記物。
進(jìn)一步分析Rab5A表達(dá)與結(jié)直腸癌臨床病理特征的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示Rab5A蛋白表達(dá)水平與腫瘤大小、血清CEA水平和TNM分期相關(guān),隨著腫瘤體積的增大和惡性程度的增高,Rab5A蛋白陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率明顯升高,提示其參與了腫瘤的惡性演進(jìn)過(guò)程。Kaplan-Meier生存分析表明Rab5A蛋白高表達(dá)患者的3年生存率顯著低于低表達(dá)者;單因素分析表明,Rab5A蛋白表達(dá)水平與結(jié)直腸癌患者的預(yù)后密切相關(guān);多因素分析表明,Rab5A表達(dá)水平是影響預(yù)后的獨(dú)立因素。
綜上所述,本研究結(jié)果表明,Rab5A 在結(jié)直腸癌組織中呈高表達(dá),其表達(dá)水平越高,患者預(yù)后越差,可作為預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)直腸癌患者預(yù)后的有效指標(biāo)。然而,Rab5A在結(jié)直腸癌惡性演進(jìn)過(guò)程中的具體作用機(jī)制仍未完全明確,有待后續(xù)進(jìn)一步深入研究。
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(2016-05-14收稿;2016-07-28修回)
Expression and Significance of Rab5A in Colorectal Cancer
CUIRong,TANGXiaowen,SHIXingyao,ZHOUYong.
DepartmentofGeneralSurgery,JiadingHospitalofTraditionalChineseMedicine,Shanghai(201800)
SHI Xingyao, Email: drcuirong@hotmail.com
Colorectal Neoplasms; Rab5A; Immunohistochemistry; Prognosis
10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2017.01.003
上海市嘉定區(qū)科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會(huì)資助課題(2015014)
#本文通信作者,Email: drcuirong@hotmail.com
Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the commonly seen malignant tumors in digestive system. Most patients with colorectal cancer were diagnosed in advanced stage and the prognosis is poor. Early diagnosis is crucial to improve the overall survival of patient. Currently, molecular markers for diagnosis of colorectal cancer has attracted more and more attention of the investigators. Aims: To investigate the expression and significance of Rab5A in colorectal cancer. Methods: Colorectal cancerous tissue and the paired para-cancer noncancerous tissue of 135 patients who underwent resection for colorectal cancer were collected. Expression of Rab5A mRNA in cancerous tissue, para-cancer noncancerous tissue, colon cancer cell lines HCT116, HT-29, LoVo and SW480 and normal colonic epithelial cell line NCM460 was determined by real-time PCR. Protein expression of Rab5A in cancerous tissue and para-cancer noncancerous tissue of 4 patients was detected by Western blotting. Protein expression of Rab5A in cancerous tissue of 110 patients was detected by immunohistochemistry. Correlations between expression of Rab5A and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of colorectal cancer were analyzed. Results: Expression of Rab5A mRNA in cancerous tissue was significantly higher than that in para-cancer noncancerous tissue (P=0.003). Expression of Rab5A mRNA in colon cancer cell lines HCT116, HT-29, LoVo and SW480 was significantly higher than that in normal colonic epithelial cell line NCM460 (P<0.05). Protein expression of Rab5A in cancerous tissue was significantly higher than that in para-cancer noncancerous tissue. In 110 cancerous tissues, 51 (46.4%) had low expression of Rab5A and 59 (53.6%) had high expression of Rab5A. Protein expression of Rab5A was significantly correlated with tumor size, serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level and TNM stage (P=0.008;P=0.002;P=0.010). 3-year survival rate of patients with high Rab5A expression was significantly lower than that of patients with low Rab5A expression (52.1%vs.77.5%,P<0.05). Rab5A protein expression, serum CEA level and TNM stage were correlated with the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (P=0.009;P=0.006;P=0.017) and were independent factors for prognosis (P=0.026;P=0.032;P=0.014). Conclusions: Expression of Rab5A correlates with the malignant behavior of colorectal cancer and its high expression indicates a poor prognosis. Rab5A might be used as a predictor for prognosis of colorectal cancer.