徐略勤,喬萬芝,何路平,向中富,劉津成
(重慶交通大學(xué) 土木工程學(xué)院;山區(qū)橋梁與隧道工程國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室培育基地,重慶 400074)
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徐略勤,喬萬芝,何路平,向中富,劉津成
(重慶交通大學(xué) 土木工程學(xué)院;山區(qū)橋梁與隧道工程國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室培育基地,重慶 400074)
圖1 橋臺(tái)背填土相互作用分析模型Fig.1 Analytical models of abutment-
2cHabutKcp
(1)
(2)
圖2 彈簧模型的力學(xué)關(guān)系Fig.
(3)
式中:λ為臺(tái)后路基的坡度;Esoil為背土的彈性模量;Lww表示橋臺(tái)翼墻的有效長度。
2.1 橋梁概況
某高墩連續(xù)剛構(gòu)橋跨徑組合為(85+148+85)m,如圖3。上部結(jié)構(gòu)為C55預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土變截面箱梁,箱頂寬12.0 m,底寬6.0 m,梁高3.3~9.2 m。1#和2#主墩均為高98 m的雙肢薄壁柔性墩,每肢截面為2.0 m×8.0 m,雙肢中心距6.0 m;兩肢墩每隔25 m設(shè)置一道斷面為8.0 m×1.0 m的橫系梁,橋墩與系梁均采用C50混凝土。主墩承臺(tái)平面尺寸為12.0 m×14.0 m,厚4.0 m,設(shè)置9根φ2.0 m鉆孔灌注樁,承臺(tái)與樁基為C30混凝土。0#和3#橋臺(tái)為采用明挖擴(kuò)大基礎(chǔ)的重力式U型臺(tái),0#臺(tái)位處陡崖上部平緩地帶,3#臺(tái)位處斜坡頂部平臺(tái),地基均由粘土和灰?guī)r組成。兩側(cè)橋臺(tái)分別采用GPZ(II)7DX和GPZ(II)7SX支座,最大容許位移為250 mm。橋址為II類場(chǎng)地,設(shè)計(jì)基本地震動(dòng)峰值加速度為0.15g。
圖3 連續(xù)剛構(gòu)橋布置圖Fig.
2.2 分析模型
采用OpenSEES建立全橋有限元模型,主梁采用線彈性梁單元模擬;雙薄壁高墩采用三維彈塑性纖維單元模擬。主墩樁基礎(chǔ)采用6×6集中土彈簧模擬。盆式支座采用解耦彈簧單元分別模擬其縱、橫、豎三向的剛度。豎向?yàn)榫€性彈簧;水平固定方向考慮支座的屈服,活動(dòng)方向考慮摩擦效應(yīng),分別采用簡化雙線性滯回彈簧進(jìn)行模擬。支座的力學(xué)模型如圖4所示,其計(jì)算式為
(4)
圖4 盆式支座解耦彈簧模型Fig.
2.3 分析工況
表1 橋臺(tái)分析模型及參數(shù)取值
Table 1 Abutment models and parametrical values
分析模型kla/(105kN·m-1)Pla/105kNkta/(105kN·m-1)Pta/105kNkva/(106kN·m-1)參與質(zhì)量/t滾軸模型支座模型彈簧模型17.861.994.721.193.81彈簧模型23.931.992.361.193.81彈簧模型313.61.998.161.193.81精細(xì)模型17.861.994.721.193.810精細(xì)模型27.861.994.721.193.812353精細(xì)模型37.861.994.721.193.813667精細(xì)模型47.861.994.721.193.815203
2.4 地震動(dòng)輸入
橋址場(chǎng)地類型為II類,設(shè)計(jì)基本地震動(dòng)峰值加速度PGA為0.15g。按照細(xì)則[1],罕遇地震E2的設(shè)計(jì)加速度峰值為0.15g×1.7=0.255g。根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)反應(yīng)譜特征,從PEER Ground Motion Database中選取了7條基本匹配的實(shí)際地震動(dòng)記錄,如表2所示。將7條波的水平分量調(diào)整至0.255g,豎向分量相應(yīng)調(diào)整,圖5為調(diào)整后時(shí)程波與反應(yīng)譜的匹配情況。地震輸入方式包括縱橋向+豎向、橫橋向+豎向2種,以7條波的平均值進(jìn)行討論。
表2 地震動(dòng)時(shí)程波
Table 2 Ground motion records
序號(hào)地震事件記錄站PGA/g(PGA/PGV)/s-1卓越周期/s水平分量豎向分量調(diào)幅系數(shù)No.1SanFernandoHollywoodStorLot0.21010.870.24090UP1.214No.2ImperialValleyCalexicoFire0.27512.660.36225UP0.927No.3ImperialValleyCalipatriaFire0.1288.200.28225UP1.992No.4SuperstitionHillsWildlifeLiquefactionArray0.13210.200.14090UP1.932No.5ErzikanErzikanEast?WestComp0.4967.580.30EWUP0.514No.6LandersDesertHotSprings0.1718.330.36000UP1.491No.7DuzceBolu0.72812.660.32000UP0.350
圖5 實(shí)際加速度與設(shè)計(jì)反應(yīng)譜的匹配Fig.5 Compatibility of recorded accelerations and design spectrum
3.1 橋梁動(dòng)力特性對(duì)比
由表3可見,由不同橋臺(tái)模型計(jì)算得到的第1階模態(tài)周期和振型很接近。原因在于,第1階模態(tài)為兩墩同步縱振,彈簧模型和精細(xì)模型均考慮了梁端與背墻的間隙,該間隙屬于非線性單元,在彈性模態(tài)分析中不被激活。因此,彈簧模型的第1階周期與滾軸模型完全一致。支座模型和精細(xì)模型都考慮了支座的摩擦剛度,他們的第1階周期略低。在高階模態(tài)中,不同建模方法影響很大,如滾軸模型和支座模型第3階模態(tài)均為兩墩同步2階縱振,而彈簧模型與精細(xì)模型為兩墩反向1階橫振。此外,在前3階模態(tài)中,橋臺(tái)的有效參與質(zhì)量影響很小。
表3 前3階彈性模態(tài)
Table 3 The first three elastic modes of the bridge
模型類別第1階模態(tài)周期/s振型第2階模態(tài)周期/s振型第3階模態(tài)周期/s振型滾軸模型9.128支座模型9.077彈簧模型19.128彈簧模型29.128彈簧模型39.128精細(xì)模型19.078精細(xì)模型29.078精細(xì)模型39.078精細(xì)模型49.078兩墩同步1階縱振2.5712.6253.9273.9483.9193.8523.8523.8523.853兩墩同步1階橫振1.553兩墩同步2階縱振1.554兩墩同步2階縱振1.859兩墩反向1階橫振1.887兩墩反向1階橫振1.847兩墩反向1階橫振1.855兩墩反向1階橫振1.856兩墩反向1階橫振1.858兩墩反向1階橫振1.859兩墩反向1階橫振
3.2 高墩地震響應(yīng)對(duì)比分析
由于結(jié)構(gòu)的對(duì)稱性,1#和2#墩的地震響應(yīng)基本一致,為便于闡述,下文以1#墩為例進(jìn)行分析。
如圖6所示,在縱橋向,精細(xì)模型的剪力最大,彈簧模型介于精細(xì)模型與滾軸模型之間。若以精細(xì)模型為基準(zhǔn),滾軸模型、支座模型和彈簧模型外肢剪力的最大誤差都出現(xiàn)在墩頂,分別為28.76%、30.87%、17.12%;內(nèi)肢剪力最大誤差出現(xiàn)在墩底附近(滾軸模型、支座模型)和墩頂(彈簧模型),分別為29.94%、33.40%、25.02%。在橫橋向,精細(xì)模型的剪力最小,支座模型介于滾軸模型和彈簧模型之間。其原因可能在于滾軸模型橫向固結(jié),剛度最大;而精細(xì)模型則是多彈簧串聯(lián),剛度相對(duì)最小。以精細(xì)模型為基準(zhǔn),滾軸模型、支座模型和彈簧模型外肢剪力的最大誤差分別為47.73%、29.56%、39.39%,其中墩底誤差分別為33.06%、16.15%、31.15%;內(nèi)肢剪力最大誤差分別為61.27%、25.70%、62.01%,其中墩底誤差分別為40.81%、16.32%、35.64%。
圖6 1#墩剪力響應(yīng)對(duì)比Fig.6 Comparison of shear responses of 1#
如圖7所示,在縱橋向,除局部范圍外,精細(xì)模型和彈簧模型的彎矩比滾軸模型和支座模型大,彈簧模型與精細(xì)模型的相對(duì)大小沿墩高交替變化。以精細(xì)模型為基準(zhǔn),滾軸模型、支座模型和彈簧模型外肢彎矩最大誤差分別為20.69%、23.74%、56.47%,其中墩底誤差分別為12.15%、17.00%、1.49%;內(nèi)肢彎矩最大誤差分別為23.89%、28.17%、39.30%,其中墩底誤差分別為19.29%、22.97%、9.22%,彈簧模型在關(guān)鍵的墩底和墩頂內(nèi)力方面誤差最小。在橫橋向,支座模型與精細(xì)模型的彎矩較接近,兩者都小于滾軸模型和彈簧模型。以精細(xì)模型為基準(zhǔn),滾軸模型、支座模型和彈簧模型外肢墩底彎矩誤差分別為24.84%、8.61%、28.72%;內(nèi)肢墩底彎矩誤差分別為32.49%、6.70%、38.91%。
圖7 1#墩彎矩響應(yīng)對(duì)比Fig.7 Comparison of moment responses of 1#
如圖8所示,在縱橋向,滾軸模型由于沒有縱向約束,高墩位移最大。以精細(xì)模型為基準(zhǔn),彈簧模型內(nèi)外肢墩頂位移誤差均超過60%,滾軸模型則超過200%。在橫橋向,支座模型的位移最小,彈簧模型最大。以精細(xì)模型為基準(zhǔn),滾軸模型、支座模型和彈簧模型外肢墩頂位移誤差分別為4.98%、28.11%、47.53%;內(nèi)肢墩頂位移誤差分別為3.85%、27.81%、56.40%。
圖8 1#墩位移響應(yīng)對(duì)比Fig.8 Comparison of displacement responses of 1#
總體來看,在縱橋向,彈簧模型在剪力和彎矩方面最接近精細(xì)模型,位移誤差僅比支座模型略大;在橫橋向,支座模型在剪力和彎矩方面最接近精細(xì)模型,位移誤差也僅比滾軸模型略大,而彈簧模型在橫橋向的位移值偏大,在抗震設(shè)計(jì)中屬于偏保守的計(jì)算結(jié)果。
如表1所示,彈簧模型1~3在縱、橫向彈簧的剛度取值上有差別,其余均一致;精細(xì)模型1~4僅橋臺(tái)有效參與質(zhì)量有差別。由圖9可知,彈簧剛度對(duì)橋墩最大剪力和彎矩的影響非常小。當(dāng)橋臺(tái)縱向剛度從3.93×105kN/m變化到1.36×106kN/m(橫向剛度也相應(yīng)變化)時(shí),內(nèi)外兩肢墩底縱、橫向剪力的變化幅度在4.20%以內(nèi);彎矩變化幅度在6.00%以內(nèi)。橋臺(tái)有效參與質(zhì)量的影響稍大,當(dāng)參與質(zhì)量從0變化到5 203 t時(shí),內(nèi)外兩肢墩底縱、橫向剪力的最大變化幅度為12.50%;彎矩最大變化幅度為13.64%,該結(jié)論與文獻(xiàn)[11]的研究結(jié)果一致。出于為背景工程提供抗震設(shè)計(jì)參考的需要,沒有將參數(shù)的取值范圍進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。因此,上述的結(jié)論能否在更大的參數(shù)取值范圍內(nèi)成立,有待于進(jìn)一步研究。
圖9 模型參數(shù)對(duì)1#墩地震響應(yīng)的影響Fig.9 Effect of model parameters on seismic responses of 1# pier
由此可見,采用彈簧模型可以有效反映橋梁真實(shí)的模態(tài)特征和自振周期;可以較精確地求得高墩縱向地震剪力和彎矩響應(yīng),對(duì)橫向地震剪力和彎矩的求解精度略低,但結(jié)果偏保守;對(duì)墩頂位移(與支座的變形需求密切相關(guān))的預(yù)測(cè)誤差較大,尤其在縱橋向,但也偏保守。鑒于精細(xì)模型較復(fù)雜,在非線性時(shí)程分析上計(jì)算成本較高,彈簧模型在初步抗震設(shè)計(jì)中是更好的選擇。
1)各簡化模型都能較準(zhǔn)確地求得橋梁的第1階彈性模態(tài),但滾軸模型和支座模型求解第2階及以上彈性模態(tài)的誤差較大,彈簧模型可以得到與精細(xì)模型基本一致的高階彈性模態(tài)。
2)在縱橋向,以精細(xì)模型為參照,滾軸模型和支座模型的內(nèi)力偏小,最大誤差接近35%。彈簧模型的精度最高,尤其在關(guān)鍵的墩底和墩頂內(nèi)力方面,最大誤差不超過20%。
3)在橫橋向,支座模型的內(nèi)力最接近精細(xì)模型,位移計(jì)算誤差比滾軸模型略大。彈簧模型和滾軸模型的內(nèi)力均比精細(xì)模型大,在關(guān)鍵墩底和墩頂內(nèi)力方面,彈簧模型最大誤差接近40%。
4)橋臺(tái)剛度對(duì)高墩關(guān)鍵地震響應(yīng)的影響很小,影響幅度低于10%;有效參與質(zhì)量的影響略大,但影響幅度也不超過15%。
5)綜合考慮分析精度、設(shè)計(jì)的保守性和計(jì)算成本,彈簧模型在抗震設(shè)計(jì)中更值得推薦。
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(編輯 胡英奎)
Comparison of analytical methods for the abutment-backfill interaction of a rigid frame bridge with high piers under seismic loading
XuLueqin,QiaoWanzhi,HeLuping,XiangZhongfu,LiuJincheng
(School of Civil Engineering; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, P. R. China)
Four analytical models are proposed for examining the effect of gravity abutment-backfill interaction based on current seismic design codes from home and abroad. The mechanical constitutive relationships as well as computing formulas are presented. Nonlinear time history method is applied to comparatively study the effect of abutment-backfill interaction on a rigid frame continuous bridge with double thin-walled piers, which is currently under construction. The results showed that only the spring model can obtain the closest higher-order elastic modes to those of the refined model. In the longitudinal direction, the results from the roller model and the bearing model are both much smaller than that of the refined model. The error of the spring model, compared with the refined model, is the smallest with the critical internal force errors not exceeding 20%. In the transverse direction, the bearing model is the closest to the refined model in calculating the internal forces, and both the spring model and the roller model predict conservative results with respect to that of the refined model. The influences of the abutment stiffness and effective participating mass on the critical seismic internal forces are smaller than 10% and 15%, respectively. Hence by comprehensively taking the prediction accuracy and computational cost into consideration, the spring model is the most suitable choice in seismic design of bridges.
bridge engineering; abutment-backfill interaction; continuous rigid frame bridge; seismic response; participating abutment mass
2016-05-10
交通運(yùn)輸部應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究計(jì)劃(2014319814210);重慶市基礎(chǔ)與前沿研究計(jì)劃(cstc2015jcyjA30014);山區(qū)橋梁與隧道工程國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室培育基地開放基金(CQSLBF-Y14-2);國家自然科學(xué)基金(51408089)
徐略勤(1983-),男,副教授,博士,主要從事橋梁抗震研究,(E-mail) xulueqin@163.com。
Foundation item:Project of Applied Basic Research Plan of Ministry of Transport of China(No.2014319814210);Project of Basic and Frontier Research Plan of Chongqing(No.cstc2015jcyjA30014);Open Fund Project of State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering(No.CQSLBF-Y14-2); National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51408089)
10.11835/j.issn.1674-4764.2016.06.014
U442.5
A
1674-4764(2016)06-0105-08
Received:2016-05-10
Author brief:Xu Lueqin (1983- ), PhD, associate professor, main research interests: seismic analysis and design of bridges,(E-mail) xulueqin@163.com.