邢方凱,丁紅濤,趙宏兵
(1.解放軍第71571部隊(duì)衛(wèi)生隊(duì),山東煙臺(tái) 265500;2.解放軍第456醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,濟(jì)南 250000)
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·循證醫(yī)學(xué)·
地高辛用于心房顫動(dòng)患者相關(guān)死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的Meta分析*
邢方凱1,丁紅濤1,趙宏兵2△
(1.解放軍第71571部隊(duì)衛(wèi)生隊(duì),山東煙臺(tái) 265500;2.解放軍第456醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,濟(jì)南 250000)
目的 探究服用地高辛與心房顫動(dòng)患者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系。方法 檢索PubMed、EMbase文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中地高辛用于心房顫動(dòng)治療的相關(guān)性研究,應(yīng)用STATA12.0進(jìn)行敏感性分析及發(fā)表偏倚分析,并進(jìn)行綜述。結(jié)果 共納入文獻(xiàn)15篇、323 096例心房顫動(dòng)患者,Meta分析顯示地高辛的應(yīng)用將使心房顫動(dòng)患者增加20%的總體死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[HR(95%CI)= 1.20(1.14,1.27),P<0.05],敏感性分析顯示結(jié)果穩(wěn)?。黄渲惺购喜⑿牧λソ呋颊叩乃劳鲲L(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加17%[HR(95%CI)= 1.17(1.09,1.25),P<0.05],不伴心力衰竭患者增加34%[HR(95%CI)=1.34(1.14,1.57),P<0.05]。結(jié)論 無(wú)論是否伴有心力衰竭,服用地高辛均可能增加心房顫動(dòng)患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
地高辛;病死率;心房顫動(dòng);心力衰竭;Meta分析
心房顫動(dòng)是臨床最常見(jiàn)的房性心律失常,其在總體人群中的患病率為0.4~1.0%[1],其發(fā)病率也在逐年升高[2];心室率紊亂、心功能受損和心房附壁血栓形成是心房顫動(dòng)患者的主要病理生理學(xué)特點(diǎn)。作為一種鈉/鉀-腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸酶(Na+/K+-ATPase)抑制劑,洋地黃類(lèi)藥物用于治療心房顫動(dòng)已經(jīng)有很長(zhǎng)的歷史,至今地高辛仍被作為控制心房顫動(dòng)患者心室率的常用藥物廣泛使用[3]。然而,地高辛的應(yīng)用對(duì)心房顫動(dòng)患者預(yù)后的影響一直存在爭(zhēng)議,特別是近年來(lái)多項(xiàng)研究顯示,地高辛可能增加心房顫動(dòng)患者的病死率[4-5]。單一病例研究存在許多不可控的偏倚,本文檢索已發(fā)表的地高辛用于心房顫動(dòng)治療的相關(guān)研究,根據(jù)流行病學(xué)觀察性研究的Meta分析規(guī)范報(bào)告(MOOSE聲明)[6],做一Meta分析,進(jìn)一步探究服用地高辛對(duì)心房顫動(dòng)患者病死率的影響。
1.1 資料檢索 檢索PubMed、EMBASE及The Cochrane Library等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。檢索采用關(guān)鍵詞與自由詞相結(jié)合的方式,即:(“Digitalis” 或 “digoxin”)和 “atrial fibrillation” 和 (“mortality” 或 “death”),并對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)的參考文獻(xiàn)再次檢索。
1.2 納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)公開(kāi)發(fā)表的前瞻性或回顧性隊(duì)列研究,發(fā)表日期截止于2015年4月28日;(2)研究必須包含心房顫動(dòng)患者服用地高辛或?qū)φ盏目傮w病死率;(3)研究對(duì)象隨訪時(shí)間大于或等于6個(gè)月;(4)明確描述研究的可信區(qū)間及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤或可以通過(guò)計(jì)算獲得;(5)必須描述研究存在的混雜因素。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)非臨床研究;(2)病例對(duì)照、綜述性或個(gè)案報(bào)道文獻(xiàn);(3)重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn);(4)同時(shí)接受其他治療方案的研究;(5)涉及相同研究時(shí),排除較早發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)。
1.3 資料提取 研究檢索、資料提取、質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)由兩人獨(dú)立完成,若存在爭(zhēng)議則通過(guò)討論或邀請(qǐng)另一名仲裁者達(dá)成一致。質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)采用Newcastle-Ottawa量表進(jìn)行評(píng)估。資料提取的內(nèi)容包括主要作者、發(fā)表年份、國(guó)家或地區(qū)、治療方案和結(jié)局指標(biāo)等。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用STATA 12.0軟件,各效應(yīng)量以95%CI表示。采用I2檢驗(yàn)判斷研究間異質(zhì)性,P>0.1,I2<50%為同質(zhì)性好,I2>50%認(rèn)為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。研究間存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)同質(zhì)性時(shí),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行合并;若存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,進(jìn)行敏感性分析和發(fā)表偏倚分析,應(yīng)用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型合并。
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果 共檢索到文獻(xiàn)630 964篇,閱讀題目及摘要,排除會(huì)議報(bào)告、綜述、個(gè)案報(bào)告、指南、無(wú)原始數(shù)據(jù)、與研究無(wú)關(guān)、數(shù)據(jù)重復(fù)的文獻(xiàn),共有15篇文獻(xiàn)納入研究,見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 全因病死率 15項(xiàng)研究涉及地高辛用于心房顫動(dòng)患者的全因病死率,共納入服用地高辛的心房顫動(dòng)患者84 032例(其中死亡病例31 174例),對(duì)照組239 064例(其中死亡病例74 113例),Meta分析顯示納入研究間存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(I2=75.1%),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行合并分析,地高辛用于心房顫動(dòng)患者將使死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加20%[HR(95%CI)=1.20(1.14,1.27),P<0.05]。
表1 納入研究的一般特征
2.3 地高辛用于心房顫動(dòng)伴心力衰竭患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 11項(xiàng)研究涉及地高辛用于心房顫動(dòng)合并心力衰竭患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn),納入研究間存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(I2=64.9%),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行合并分析,Meta分析顯示服用地高辛可使心房顫動(dòng)合并心力衰竭患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加17%[HR(95%CI)= 1.17(1.09,1.25),P<0.05]。
圖1 地高辛用于心房顫動(dòng)患者的全因死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
圖2 地高辛用于心房顫動(dòng)伴有心力衰竭 患者的全因病死率HR
2.4 地高辛用于心房顫動(dòng)不伴有心力衰竭患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 6項(xiàng)研究涉及地高辛用于心房顫動(dòng)患者的病死率,納入研究間存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(I2=90.3%),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行合并分析,Meta分析顯示服用地高辛可使心房顫動(dòng)不伴心力衰竭患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加34% [HR(95%CI)=1.34(1.14,1.57),P<0.05]。
圖3 地高辛用于心房顫動(dòng)不伴有心力 衰竭患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
圖4 地高辛用于心房顫動(dòng)患者的全因病死率敏感性分析
2.5 敏感性分析與發(fā)表偏倚 敏感性分析顯示(圖4),前瞻性研究對(duì)異質(zhì)性的貢獻(xiàn)較大,將納入的研究按照前瞻性研究和回顧性研究進(jìn)行亞組分析,兩個(gè)亞組內(nèi)的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性顯著下降(I2=52.0%、43.4%)。對(duì)亞組再次進(jìn)行Meta分析,結(jié)果仍顯示服用地高辛顯著增加用于心房顫動(dòng)患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提示模型可靠,分析結(jié)果穩(wěn)健。對(duì)納入研究進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚分析,結(jié)果顯示(圖5),Begg′s檢驗(yàn)P=0.692,Egger′s檢驗(yàn)P=0.470,文獻(xiàn)間不存在明顯發(fā)表偏倚,分析結(jié)果穩(wěn)健。
圖5 地高辛用于心房顫動(dòng)患者的全因病死率Begg漏斗圖
地高辛在心房顫動(dòng)治療中的歷史有兩百年之久,盡管諸如β受體阻滯劑、胺碘酮等藥物越來(lái)越多地被廣泛使用,低廉的價(jià)格使地高辛在現(xiàn)有治療中仍占有一席之地??刂菩穆适堑馗咝林委熜姆款潉?dòng)的主要作用,其作用途徑主要為通過(guò)抑制迷走神經(jīng)傳入神經(jīng)纖維的Na+/K+-ATP酶,增強(qiáng)迷走神經(jīng)張力,降低竇房結(jié)的自律性,減慢房室結(jié)傳導(dǎo)速度,延長(zhǎng)有效不應(yīng)期,從而減慢心房顫動(dòng)時(shí)的心率;此外,小劑量時(shí)可以提高竇房結(jié)對(duì)迷走神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)的敏感性而增強(qiáng)減慢心率的作用。正是由于地高辛作用于迷走神經(jīng)來(lái)減慢心率,其控制安靜狀態(tài)下心率較好;但在機(jī)體運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),房室結(jié)主要接受交感神經(jīng)的控制,因此對(duì)心率的控制不佳,無(wú)法提升運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量。
上文Meta分析顯示,無(wú)論是否伴有心力衰竭,服用地高辛均可能增加心房顫動(dòng)患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。地高辛的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)復(fù)雜,治療窗口狹窄可能是增加死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的重要原因。地高辛在體內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)化代謝很少,主要以原形由腎臟排出,尿中排出量約占用量的50%~70%;心房顫動(dòng)患者一般采用多藥聯(lián)合治療,但與其他常用藥物相互作用依然存在(胺碘酮、普羅帕酮、維拉帕米等均可提高其血藥濃度)。最常見(jiàn)的不良反應(yīng)是劑量相關(guān)的室性心律失常、房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯以及竇性停搏。另外,地高辛的治療窗較窄,研究顯示,與安慰劑相比,地高辛血藥濃度大于或等于1.2 ng/mL時(shí)可增加11.8%的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[20];其中,當(dāng)血藥濃度大于或等于1.7 ng/mL時(shí),心律失常的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將增加10%,而血藥濃度大于或等于2.5 ng/mL時(shí),發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將增加50%以上[21]。因此倘若不對(duì)血藥濃度及血鉀進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè),容易發(fā)生藥物中毒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
總之,對(duì)于心房顫動(dòng)患者使用地高辛,尤其對(duì)于老年及腎功能不良患者,應(yīng)該謹(jǐn)慎使用。最近更新的AAC/AHA心房顫動(dòng)指南[1]也指出,在心率控制時(shí),Ⅰ類(lèi)推薦藥物為β受體阻滯劑和非二氫吡啶類(lèi)鈣通道阻滯劑,地高辛無(wú)推薦意見(jiàn)。盡管在觀察性研究的基礎(chǔ)上建議心房顫動(dòng)心室率控制完全拋棄地高辛還為時(shí)過(guò)早,但其地位無(wú)疑會(huì)繼續(xù)下降,其對(duì)心房顫動(dòng)患者病死率的影響還有待進(jìn)一步明確。
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Death risk of digoxin use in patients with atrial fibrillation:a Meta analysis
XingFangkai1,DingHongtao1,ZhaoHongbing2△
(1.MedicalTeam,Unit71571ofPLA,Yantai,Shandong265500,China;2.DepartmentofCardiology,456HospitalofPLA,Jinan,Shandong250000,China)
Objective To investigate the association between digoxin administration with the death risk in the patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).Methods The related studies on digoxin for treating AF were retrieved from the literature databases of PubMed and EMbase.The sensitivity analysis and publication bias analysis were performed by using the STATA 12.0 software and the review was performed.Results Fifteen literatures were included,involving 323 096 patients with AF.The meta analysis showed that digoxin use increased the total death risk by 20% in the patients with AF [HR(95%CI)= 1.20(1.14 to 1.27),P<0.05].The sensitivity analysis showed that the results were steady,in which the death risk of complicating heart failure was increased by 17%[HR(95%CI)= 1.17(1.09,1.25),P<0.05)] and the death risk of non-complicating heart failure was increased by 34%[HR(95%CI)=1.34(1.14,1.57),P<0.05].Conclusion No matter whether complicating heart failure,taking digoxin increases the death risk in the in patients with AF.
digoxin;mortality;atrial fibrillation;heart failure;Meta analysis
邢方凱(1989-),醫(yī)師,本科,主要從事心血管疾病及流行病學(xué)的研究。△
10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2016.32.020
R541.7
A
1671-8348(2016)32-4524-03
2016-04-18
2016-08-06)