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        情態(tài)動詞與虛擬語氣考點突破

        2016-12-12 03:36:28吳安運
        青蘋果·教育研究版 2016年1期

        吳安運

        考情速遞

        情態(tài)動詞的命題方向主要在情態(tài)動詞表示推測性的用法上,特別是對過去的推測,也會出現情態(tài)動詞表示可能性、必要性或請求等基本含義在語境中的靈活運用。試題的立意不會太偏,但是有效信息將會越來越隱蔽,情境會越來越生動、真實,考查角度也會越來越細微化、綜合化,而這些因素都可能增加試題的難度。

        虛擬語氣的命題方向主要圍繞在非真實條件句的基本用法上,同時,也會考查虛擬語氣在其他從句中的使用,特別是名詞性從句中“(should+)動詞原形”的用法,及其基本含義在語境中的靈活運用。

        考點突破

        【考點1】?搖表示推測的情態(tài)動詞

        情態(tài)動詞表示推測的可能性由弱到強的排列順序如下:

        might→may→could→can→should→ought to→would→will→must

        may/might常用于表示現在或將來的主觀上的推測,可能性較小。

        can/could常指情況允許的可能性,主要用于疑問句、否定句,在肯定句中can表示邏輯上的或理論上的可能性,并不涉及具體的可能性。

        ought to/should表示根據情況,按道理應該會。

        will/would表示某種必然進程的可能性,往往指由于客觀的條件必然會導致某種情況的發(fā)生。

        must指根據事實斷定所說的事是事實,或至少非常可能是事實,通常只用于肯定句。must 的否定形式為can't/cannot。

        —Someone is knocking at the door.有人在敲門。

        —It might/may be Jim.(But I'm not sure.)可能是吉姆。(但我沒有把握)

        —It could/can be Jim.(Sometimes he comes this time.)可能是吉姆。(有時他這時候來)

        —It should/ought to be Jim.(He's made a promise to come.)應該是吉姆。(他已經答應了要來)

        —It must be Jim.(I can read his step.)肯定是吉姆。(我能聽出他的腳步聲)

        【考例】選詞填空

        1.(2015年重慶卷)You______(must,can) be Carol.You haven't changed a bit after all these years.

        2.(2015年陜西卷)You ___(need,may) feel all the training a waste of time,but I'm a hundred percent sure later you'll be grateful you did it.

        3.(2014年全國卷)Although you______(can,should) find bargains in London,it's not generally a cheap place to shop.

        4.(2014年江西卷)Life is unpredictable; even the poorest______ (shall,might) become the richest.

        【考點2】表示許可的情態(tài)動詞

        (1)用于第一人稱,在肯定陳述句中,may是正式文體,might是舊體用法,can是口語體。意思是“我(們)獲準做某事”。

        I may hand in the assignment next Monday.(老師)允許我下周一交上作業(yè)。

        We might leave the school only at weekends.我們只有在周末才準許離校。

        (2)用于第二、第三人稱,表示說話人的允許或拒絕。在否定句中,正式場合用may not。 cannot 有時表示“不準”,相當于mustn't。

        Eudora may attend the make-up exam to gain credits.尤杜拉可以參加補考取得學分。

        You may not leave all the things about.你不能把所有的東西到處亂放。

        【拓展記憶】表示請求、許可時,正式文體和比較客氣的場合用May/Might I...?但現代英語中更廣泛地使用Can/Could I...?

        【考例】選詞填空

        1.(2014年北京卷) (Can,Must) I have a word with you? It won't take long.

        2.(2014年北京卷)You______(cannot,needn't) play football in the street.It's somewhat dangerous.

        【考點3】表示義務與責任的情態(tài)動詞

        must/have to/ought to/should都可表示“必須,應該”,但所表達的角度不同。

        must表示說話人的主觀意志,表示說話人有信心、認為應該如此、一定能做到,從某種角度上反映了說話人的權威。

        have to表示客觀需要,主要涉及外界義務。

        ought to/should表示說話人提醒主語注意其責任和義務或勸告主語,暗含“按道理應該如此”之意,往往表現了說話人的信心不足。

        mustn't指不允許,shouldn't 和oughtn't to表示不應該。征求意見時常用should,很少用 ought to。

        You must keep silent while the baby is sleeping.你必須保持安靜,嬰兒在睡覺。

        You have to sign before you become a member of the club.你得先注冊才能成為這個俱樂部的會員。

        Jane ought to write me.She promised it.簡該給我寫信,她答應的。

        Should I stay here until you come? 我應該待到你來嗎?

        【考例】選詞填空

        1.(2015年四川卷)You______(must,may) be careful with the camera.It costs!

        2.(2014年江蘇卷)It was sad to me that they,so poor themselves,_____(would,should) bring me food.

        3.(2014年湖南卷)— I've prepared all kinds of food for the picnic.

        —Do you mean we______(can't,needn't) bring anything with us?

        【考點4】“情態(tài)動詞+have done”結構

        “情態(tài)動詞+have done”有兩個主要的用法:一是表示對過去發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)的推測或估計,二是表示對過去發(fā)生的動作的遺憾或責備。

        1.表示推測或估計

        (1)must have done,只用于肯定句,表示對過去發(fā)生的動作的有把握推測,具有較大的可能性。它的否定形式是can't/couldn't have done。

        It must have rained last night,for the streets are wet.昨晚肯定下雨了,因為街道是濕的。

        (2)can/could have done,通常用于疑問句和否定句(could have done有時可用于肯定句),表示對過去事實的推測,可譯為“可能已經”。否定語氣較強。

        She didn't come to school yesterday.Can she have been ill? 她昨天沒來學校,難道她生病了?

        He could not have done such a thing.他不可能干出那樣的事。(語氣較cannot have done婉轉些)

        (3)may/might have done,通常用于肯定句或否定句,意為“大概已經”,表示對過去事實不太肯定的推測。

        It is 8 o'clock.They may have arrived.現在是8點鐘。他們可能已經到了。

        He looks very happy.He might not have known the result.他看上去很高興。他也許還不知道結果。

        (4)should have done,表示“應該”,可能性較小。

        They left here early and should have arrived by now.他們一早就離開了這里,現在應該已經到了。

        (5)will have done,對已發(fā)生的事情表示推測。

        The guests will have arrived by now.客人們現在大概已經到了。

        2.表示遺憾或責備

        (1)must have done,用于虛擬語氣中時,表示對過去能做到而未做的事感到惋惜。

        You must have caught the bus if you had got up earlier.

        如果你早一點兒起床的話,你準能趕上那一班公共汽車。

        (2)could have done,通常用于肯定句,表示對過去能做到而未做的事感到惋惜、遺憾。

        She could have given us a better impression,but she wore a very short mini skirt.

        她本來能給我們留下好印象,但她穿了很短的迷你裙。

        (3)might have done,通常用于肯定句,表示“本可以”,含有輕微的責備或遺憾。

        You might have helped your classmate out of his difficulty.

        你本可以幫助你的同學解決困難的。(but you didn't)

        (4)should have done,可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問句,表示該做而實際未做或不該做卻做了,含有責備的意思。

        You should have bought me a camera rather than an MP4 for my birthday.

        你本應該給我買一個相機而不是一個MP4作為生日禮物。

        (5)ought to have done,用法和含義同should have done。

        She ought not to have kept us waiting so long.

        她不應該讓我們等那么長時間。

        (6)needn't have done,只用于否定句,表示“本沒有必要做某事,可卻做了”。

        There was plenty of time left.We needn't have hurried.

        還剩下足夠多的時間,我們本沒有必要匆匆忙忙的。

        【考例】選詞填空

        1.(2015年福建卷)—Sorry,Mum! I failed the job interview again.

        —Oh,it's too bad.You______(must,should) have made full preparations.

        2.(2015年天津卷)I______(needn't,mightn't) have worried before I came to the new school,for my classmates here are very friendly to me.

        3.(2014年陜西卷)My book,The House of Hades,is missing.Who______(could,must) have taken it?

        4.(2013年浙江卷)I______(wouldn't,couldn't) have enjoyed myself more—it was a perfect day.

        5.(2013年陜西卷)The children______(must,should) have got lost in the woods; otherwise,they would have been at the lakeside camp as scheduled.

        【考點5】三種基本的虛擬條件句

        英語中使用虛擬語氣的情況比較多,而在帶有非真實條件句的復合句中則最為普遍。非真實條件句指的是與現在的事實、過去的事實或將來的事實相反的假設,其在從句和主句中的謂語動詞形式比較特殊,也比較有規(guī)律。

        If they had time,they would go hiking.如果他們有時間的話,就會去徒步旅行的。

        If John had not hurt his leg,he would have won the race.如果John的腿沒有受傷,他會贏得比賽的。

        If he had more time tomorrow,he would lend his help to the work.如果他明天有時間的話,他會來幫忙的。(可能性較?。?/p>

        If she should refuse,they could be greatly disappointed.如果她拒絕了,他們會很失望的。(可能性很小)

        If I were to do it,I would do it in a different way.要是我來做這件事,我會用不同的方式來做。(可能性最?。?/p>

        【考例】用括號中所給單詞的正確形式填空

        1.(2015年北京卷)If I______(not see) it with my own eyes,I wouldn't have believed it.

        2.(2014年北京卷)We______(be) back in the hotel now if you didn't lose the map.

        3.(2014年湖南卷)If Mr.Dewey______(be) present,he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there.

        4.(2013年天津卷)If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before,he______(be)

        able to speak it much better now.

        【考點6】賓語從句中的虛擬語氣

        (1)表示主觀判斷、推測、建議、命令和要求的動詞后的賓語從句中,常采用“should+do”型虛擬語氣形式。這類動詞包括advise(勸告)、ask(要求)、decide(決定)、insist(堅持)、order(下令)、suggest(建議)、command(命令)、demand(要求)、desire(渴望)、propose(提議)、recommend(勸告)、require(要求)等。

        He insisted that a deadline (should) be set for completing the task.他要求定出一個完成任務的期限。

        The doctor suggested that he(should) try to lose his weight.醫(yī)生建議他盡量減肥。

        I recommend that you all (should) be diligent if you want to pass the exam.如果你們想通過這次考試,我勸你們要勤奮學習。

        【疑難辨析】

        動詞insist如不表示“要求”,而表示“堅持己見”時,賓語從句用陳述語氣。同樣,當suggest所表示的意思為“表明”或 “暗示”時,也不采用“should+do”型虛擬語氣形式。

        Jane insisted that she had done nothing wrong and that she should be treated properly.簡堅持說她沒有做錯事,并認為她應該得到合理的對待。

        The surprised look on his face suggested that he did not believe the fact.

        他臉上吃驚的表情表明他不相信這個事實。

        (2)wish后的賓語從句中用“were/did”結構虛擬語氣來表示目前不可能實現的愿望,用“had+過去分詞”結構表示過去未實現的愿望,用“would+do”結構表示將來難以實現的愿望。

        I wish I were as tall as Yao Ming.我希望和姚明一樣高。(實際上不可能)

        I wish I knew as much as you do.要是我懂的像你那樣多就好了。(實際上懂的沒你多)

        I wish he had not seen us.他要是沒看見我們就好了。(實際上他已經看見了我們)

        I wish that my son would stop hanging about and do something useful.我希望我的兒子停止四處閑蕩,而做些有用的事。(事實上兒子可能會很難悔改)

        【疑難辨析】

        wish一般表示“希望、但愿”,往往指不可能實現的愿望,后接從句時要用虛擬語氣;

        hope表示“希望”,通常指可以實現的愿望,后接從句時用陳述語氣。

        I wish I had wings.要是我有翅膀就好了!

        I hope you'll be better soon.我希望你能很快好起來。

        【考例】用括號中所給單詞的正確形式填空

        1.(2015年陜西卷)Ellen is a fantastic dancer.I wish I______(dance) as well as her.

        2.(2015年天津卷)I wish I______(be) at my sister's wedding last Tuesday,but I was on a business trip in New York then.

        3.(2013年陜西卷)My mom suggests that we______(eat) out for a change this weekend.

        4.(2013年浙江卷)Eye doctors recommend that a child's first eye exam______(be) at the age of six month old.

        【考點7】as if 或as though引導的從句中的虛擬語氣

        在由as if 或as though引導的方式狀語從句和表語從句中,用“were/did”型虛擬語氣表示與現在事實不相符,用“had+過去分詞”結構表示其所陳述的內容與過去事實或情況相反,用“would+do”結構表示其所陳述的內容與將來事實或情況可能相反。

        【考例】用括號中所給單詞的正確形式填空

        1. (2014年重慶卷)It was John who broke the window.Why are you talking to me as if I______

        (do) it?

        2.(2012年北京卷)Don't handle the vase as if it______(be) made of steel.

        參考答案

        【考點1】1.must 2.may 3.can 4.might

        【考點2】1.Can 2.cannot

        【考點3】1.must 2.should 3.needn't

        【考點4】1.should 2.needn't 3.could 4.couldn't 5.must

        【考點5】1.hadn't seen 2.would be 3.had been 4.would be

        【考點6】1.danced 2.had been 3.should eat 4.be

        【考點7】1.had done 2.were

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