張晨夏

(上海交通大學(xué) 外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院，上海 200240)

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《生活大爆炸》第七季中的言語(yǔ)幽默分類研究

張晨夏

(上海交通大學(xué) 外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院，上海 200240)

選擇《生活大爆炸》第七季作為研究言語(yǔ)幽默的語(yǔ)料，從合作原則、關(guān)聯(lián)原則、禮貌原則和預(yù)設(shè)原則4種主要的言語(yǔ)幽默原則，多角度、多層次地分析《生活大爆炸》第七季包含的1350個(gè)言語(yǔ)幽默片段，并將1350個(gè)言語(yǔ)幽默片段分成8類：違反量的準(zhǔn)則、違反質(zhì)的準(zhǔn)則、違反關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則、違反方式準(zhǔn)則、違反策略和寬容準(zhǔn)則、違反贊揚(yáng)和謙虛準(zhǔn)則、違反贊同和同情準(zhǔn)則以及違反預(yù)設(shè)。進(jìn)一步描述了《生活大爆炸》第七季中言語(yǔ)幽默片段的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果，發(fā)現(xiàn)違反預(yù)設(shè)的言語(yǔ)幽默在《生活大爆炸》第七季中出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)最多，位居第二的是違反策略和寬容準(zhǔn)則，并分析了形成這個(gè)結(jié)果的可能誘因。

言語(yǔ)幽默；分類；《生活大爆炸》第七季；語(yǔ)用學(xué)

眾所周知，幽默不僅能夠促進(jìn)人際交往，為人們的生活增添色彩，還能起到緩和交流氣氛的作用。隨著社會(huì)的進(jìn)步，幽默已經(jīng)逐漸成了人們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪蟹潘尚那榈囊环N主要方式。盡管由于文化不同，來(lái)自不同文化地區(qū)的人們不能相互理解對(duì)方的文化習(xí)俗，但所有人都知道笑聲意味著歡樂(lè)，而幽默正是帶來(lái)笑聲的主要途徑。因此，幽默也是促進(jìn)不同文化地區(qū)的人們互相交流的重要方式，也引起了相關(guān)學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注。許多學(xué)者對(duì)幽默的慣用詞、委婉語(yǔ)及社會(huì)習(xí)俗等方面進(jìn)行了研究，有力促進(jìn)了關(guān)于言語(yǔ)幽默的研究。現(xiàn)如今，幽默可以通過(guò)手勢(shì)、眼神、面部表情、語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)等多種方式實(shí)現(xiàn)，而言語(yǔ)幽默是許多電視劇中表達(dá)幽默的最重要方式，所以研究言語(yǔ)幽默將會(huì)有力加強(qiáng)對(duì)幽默的研究。

由于言語(yǔ)幽默給人們的生活帶來(lái)了無(wú)窮的樂(lè)趣，在人們的日常生活中起到越來(lái)越重要的作用，因此，隨著美劇的引入及美式幽默的大量傳播，研究言語(yǔ)幽默能夠很好地幫助中國(guó)觀眾理解美式幽默，理解美國(guó)文化。本文將研究焦點(diǎn)放在熱播美劇《生活大爆炸》第七季中的言語(yǔ)幽默片段上。這部美劇在2007年上映，有6位個(gè)性鮮明的主人公，從該劇引入中國(guó)開(kāi)始，便在國(guó)內(nèi)擁有了大量忠實(shí)粉絲。這部劇能夠如此成功的主要原因就是其中令人捧腹的對(duì)話。筆者將《生活大爆炸》第七季中包含的1350個(gè)言語(yǔ)幽默片段分成8類，以期研究結(jié)果有利于人們加深對(duì)情景喜劇中言語(yǔ)幽默的理解，同時(shí)希望為情景喜劇中言語(yǔ)幽默的創(chuàng)作以及學(xué)習(xí)提供有意義的借鑒, 并幫助人們更好地在社會(huì)交際中使用言語(yǔ)幽默。

1 言語(yǔ)幽默形成的四種主要原則

1.1 違反合作原則

合作原則(Cooperative Principle)是由格萊斯(H P Grice)于1975年在他的著作《邏輯與對(duì)話》(LogicandConversation)中首次提出[2]。他認(rèn)為，人們?yōu)榱吮ＷC對(duì)話的順利進(jìn)行，交際雙方需要遵守一些共同的基本原則，他把這些基本原則總結(jié)為四個(gè)準(zhǔn)則：量的準(zhǔn)則(Maxim of quantity),盡量提供對(duì)方所需信息，不提供冗余信息；質(zhì)的準(zhǔn)則(Maxim of quality)，講有把握的真話，不說(shuō)自己知道是虛假的話；關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則(Maxim of relation),講有聯(lián)系的話；方式準(zhǔn)則(Maxim of manner),講話不應(yīng)含糊，有歧義，應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)潔，有邏輯[10]。

在對(duì)話中，如果人們嚴(yán)格遵守了這些準(zhǔn)則，那么所產(chǎn)生的對(duì)話就是正常的對(duì)話。然而，由于日常生活中種種客觀或主觀原因，比如面子問(wèn)題[8]和誤解對(duì)方說(shuō)話人意思等情況，說(shuō)話人有可能主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)選擇違反這些原則，這時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生會(huì)話含義，而言語(yǔ)幽默正是蘊(yùn)含在這些弦外之音當(dāng)中。所以，違反合作原則能夠形成言語(yǔ)幽默。

1.2 違反關(guān)聯(lián)原則

在合作原則的基礎(chǔ)上，1985年Sperber和Wilson在CommunicationandCognition中提出了關(guān)聯(lián)原則(Relevance Theory)。[4]關(guān)聯(lián)原則認(rèn)為，交流雙方在理解話語(yǔ)時(shí)，說(shuō)話人期待的話語(yǔ)和對(duì)其所做的假設(shè)存在一種相互作用，而這種相互作用能夠產(chǎn)生一種特殊的語(yǔ)境效果，如果一種信息在一種語(yǔ)境下能產(chǎn)生語(yǔ)境效果，那么它就是關(guān)聯(lián)的。若參與交流的雙方希望正確理解話語(yǔ)含義，他們會(huì)希望用最小的努力獲得最大的語(yǔ)境效果，即最佳關(guān)聯(lián)(optimal relevance)。

而有些時(shí)候，說(shuō)話人會(huì)十分間接地表達(dá)意思，這種情況下話語(yǔ)的關(guān)聯(lián)性就很弱，對(duì)方需要花費(fèi)許多努力才能理解其含義，而這些努力必須以語(yǔ)境效果的形式得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。當(dāng)這種努力的語(yǔ)境效果表現(xiàn)為笑聲時(shí)，言語(yǔ)幽默得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。[9]所以，違反關(guān)聯(lián)原則，即話語(yǔ)關(guān)聯(lián)性弱，也是產(chǎn)生言語(yǔ)幽默的誘因之一。

1.3 違反禮貌原則

作為合作原則的補(bǔ)充，禮貌原則(Politeness Theory)進(jìn)一步揭示了人們?cè)诓糠智闆r下違反合作原則的原因。禮貌原則由著名語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Geoffrey Leech在1983年的著作PrinciplesofPragmatics中提出。[3]禮貌原則又可分為6項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)則，分別為：策略準(zhǔn)則、寬容準(zhǔn)則、贊揚(yáng)準(zhǔn)則、謙虛準(zhǔn)則、贊同準(zhǔn)則和同情準(zhǔn)則。禮貌原則的核心是使自身受惠最小，使他人受惠最大；使自身受損最大，使他人受損最小[7]。

由于禮貌是社交的基本準(zhǔn)則，在日常交際中對(duì)話雙方常常都首要遵守禮貌原則，從而不得不舍棄對(duì)合作原則的遵守，以至產(chǎn)生誤會(huì)，一部分言語(yǔ)幽默就此產(chǎn)生；同時(shí)，在有些時(shí)候，對(duì)某人而言禮貌的說(shuō)法對(duì)于來(lái)自不同文化背景的對(duì)方而言是不禮貌的，導(dǎo)致了言語(yǔ)幽默的產(chǎn)生。因此，違反禮貌原則也能產(chǎn)生言語(yǔ)幽默。

1.4 違反預(yù)設(shè)原則

預(yù)設(shè)(Presupposition)的概念由德國(guó)哲學(xué)家和數(shù)學(xué)家G.Frege首次提出[1]。在語(yǔ)用概念中，預(yù)設(shè)指的是說(shuō)話人沒(méi)有明說(shuō)，但在話語(yǔ)中已經(jīng)包含的前提。[6]具體而言，就是說(shuō)話人刻意營(yíng)造一種特殊語(yǔ)境使聽(tīng)話人對(duì)語(yǔ)境有所預(yù)測(cè)，對(duì)說(shuō)話人的回答有所期望。[5]在這種情況下，當(dāng)說(shuō)話人的回答與聽(tīng)話人所期望的回答不一致時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生言語(yǔ)幽默的效果。預(yù)設(shè)是多變的，違反預(yù)設(shè)是一種產(chǎn)生言語(yǔ)幽默的有效策略。在言語(yǔ)幽默中，預(yù)設(shè)并不在話語(yǔ)中明示，而是隱含在話語(yǔ)的背后含義中。

2 《生活大爆炸》第七季中言語(yǔ)幽默的種類

在仔細(xì)觀看第七季《生活大爆炸》之后，以背景中產(chǎn)生觀眾笑聲為判定依據(jù)，筆者在其中共發(fā)現(xiàn)了1350個(gè)言語(yǔ)幽默片段。根據(jù)言語(yǔ)幽默產(chǎn)生的4種主要原則，筆者將這1350個(gè)言語(yǔ)幽默片段分成8種，分別為：違反量的準(zhǔn)則，違反質(zhì)的準(zhǔn)則，違反關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則，違反方式準(zhǔn)則，違反策略和寬容準(zhǔn)則，違反贊揚(yáng)和謙虛準(zhǔn)則，違反贊同和同情準(zhǔn)則，違反預(yù)設(shè)。

2.1 違反量的準(zhǔn)則

違反量的準(zhǔn)則,即對(duì)話雙方中有人提供了冗余信息或信息量不足而引發(fā)言語(yǔ)幽默。

(Sheldon was angry with Leonard for his cheating him)

L: So am I driving you to work or are you still mad at me?

S: I’d like a ride. Assuming you actually take me to work.

L: Where do you think I would take you?

S: Who knows? Uh, you said you’d be home yesterday, but you came home three days ago. You say you’re taking me to work, but for all I know, I’ll end up in a deserted amusement park. Or a cornfield maze. Or a back alley dog fight. You tell me.

在這段對(duì)話中，由于Sheldon正在和Leonard置氣，所以，當(dāng)Leonard問(wèn)他問(wèn)題時(shí)，他的回答并不是為了真的回答Leonard的問(wèn)題，而是為了表達(dá)他生氣的感受，因此他給出了許多無(wú)關(guān)緊要的冗余信息，從而產(chǎn)生了言語(yǔ)幽默。

(Amy told Sheldon that she would go to his school to do some research which meant that they could have more time staying together, but Sheldon did not realize what Amy meant.)

A: Sheldon, I have some exciting news to tell you. I’ve been invited to consult on an experiment at your university for a few months. Isn’t that great? We could have lunch together. We could carpool.

S: You know, riding with Leonard has gotten a little tedious lately. The only car game he has ever wanted to play is the Quiet Game. And he is terrible at that. I always win.

當(dāng)Amy告訴Sheldon他們有機(jī)會(huì)在一起工作并感到開(kāi)心時(shí)，Sheldon并沒(méi)有直接回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題，而是說(shuō)了很多多余信息來(lái)暗示與Amy一起工作并不是一個(gè)好的選擇，從而產(chǎn)生了言語(yǔ)幽默。

2.2 違反質(zhì)的原則

違反質(zhì)的原則即對(duì)話雙方給出的質(zhì)量很低的回答，從而使對(duì)話沒(méi)有達(dá)到預(yù)期效果而產(chǎn)生的言語(yǔ)幽默。

(Leonard did not want to go to watch the football match with Penny because he had no interest in that. But Penny thought that it was she who read Leonard’s mother’s book that made him angry.)

P: I never should have read that book. You know what? You want to just get dinner and watch the game here?

L: That sounds nice.

P: Okay.

L: Or, you know, we could get take-out and watch the Blu-ray extended version of the movieTheHobbitwith commentary track. On account of how sad I am about my mom.

在這段對(duì)話中，Leonard故意欺騙了Penny，因?yàn)樗幌肴タ辞蛸惖恼嬲蚴撬桓信d趣，而不是Penny讀了他媽媽的書(shū)。他的欺騙性質(zhì)的回答,使得這段對(duì)話沒(méi)有達(dá)到應(yīng)有的效果，從而也產(chǎn)生了幽默。

(Raj liked playing different games with women so much,which the other three men did not like.)

R: Okay, let me have it. Let’s hear all the ‘Raj is a girl’ jokes.

H: Nope, Bernadette told me it isn’t nice and I’m not allowed.

R: Thank you.

H: So I won’t be making fun of you, or the things you like. Or the fact that you just want to have fun.

Howard說(shuō)他不會(huì)嘲笑Raj，但事實(shí)上他卻嘲笑了Raj。所以在這里Howard的回答是低質(zhì)量的，并沒(méi)有說(shuō)實(shí)話，從而導(dǎo)致了言語(yǔ)幽默。

2.3 違反關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則

違反關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則即對(duì)話雙方所說(shuō)的話語(yǔ)互相并無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)，而是自說(shuō)自話，從而產(chǎn)生的幽默效果。

(Howard wanted to give a surprise to his wife on their first date anniversary and he asked others to help him.)

H: Look, she’s gonna be back any second, so here’s the deal: I’m writing a song, and I was hoping we could all play it for her together.

L&P&A&R： Oh, I love that. That’s so beautiful.

H: Sheldon?

S: When did we get to the Cheesecake Factory?

在這段對(duì)話中，Sheldon沉浸于自己的世界中并沒(méi)有聽(tīng)Howard的計(jì)劃和其他人的討論。在整個(gè)對(duì)話中，Sheldon和Howard各自在說(shuō)不同的內(nèi)容，從而產(chǎn)生了言語(yǔ)幽默。

(As Amy pointed out some plot holes in Sheldon’s favorite movie, Sheldon tried his best to find some plot holes among things that Amy liked as a revenge. And Leonard was anxious about the football game that he had to go with Penny, which he had no interests in.)

S: You know, why couldn’t she just like Ziggy? That thing’s riddled with plot holes.

L: Sorry, buddy.

S: I think she’s a fan of Garfield as well. Oh, darn it, now so am I.

L: I’ll see you later. I gotta go watch a stupid football game with Penny.

S: Wait—hang on. You’ve spent time with Amy. Can you think of anything she’s fond of that has a bunch of flaws she hasn’t noticed?

L: I gotta go.

在這段對(duì)話中，Sheldon和Leonard都心不在焉。Leonard心想著一會(huì)兒和Penny去看球賽,而Sheldon想要報(bào)復(fù)Amy,他們兩個(gè)人都沒(méi)對(duì)這段對(duì)話在意，從而相互回答的毫無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)，產(chǎn)生了言語(yǔ)幽默。

2.4 違反行為準(zhǔn)則

違反行為準(zhǔn)則即對(duì)話雙方的話語(yǔ)不符合清晰和簡(jiǎn)潔明了要求，從而產(chǎn)生言語(yǔ)幽默。

(One night, Sheldon had a nightmare in which Leonard had been eaten by a kraken, and he was too afraid to sleep alone, which led him into knocking Penny’s door)

S: Penny, Penny, Penny!

P: What’s the matter?

S: Um….I was worried that you might be missing Leonard and that might be causing you to have bad dreams, like the king you’d get if you watched Clash of the Titans right before you went to bed.

P: Sweetie, did you have a bad dream?

S:To be honest, I did. Back to the Future II was put in the Back to the Future III case. Leonard did it.

Sheldon為了掩飾他做噩夢(mèng)的事實(shí)，說(shuō)了許多無(wú)關(guān)緊要的內(nèi)容而不是簡(jiǎn)潔明了地回答問(wèn)題，他的這種不夠簡(jiǎn)潔明了的回答,產(chǎn)生了言語(yǔ)幽默的效果。

(Leonard found that Sheldon had created a new way to synthesize a new element.)

L: Holy crap, Sheldon, did you just figure out a method for synthesizing a new stable super-heavy element?

S: Did I? Well, that can’t be right. No one’s ever done that before. Except me, because I just did it! Sheldon and his brain—yeah!

盡管Sheldon知道他找到了一種合成新元素的方法，他卻僅僅回答說(shuō)自己為自己而驕傲，并不直接回答Howard的問(wèn)題，這種含糊其辭的回答產(chǎn)生了言語(yǔ)幽默。

2.5 違反策略和寬容準(zhǔn)則

違反策略和寬容準(zhǔn)則即對(duì)話雙方?jīng)]有遵守禮貌待人的原則，從而產(chǎn)生幽默效果。

(Amy and Bernadette were discussing the subject of a lecture in the meeting they attended in a bar)

B:I am going to the lecture on posterior cingulated cortex lesions in the formation of autobiographical memory

A:Oh, brain lesions are fascinating. Unless they’re yours, they’re a drag

B:To the advancement of science.

A: And to the sick and dying who make it possible.

根據(jù)禮貌原則，Amy應(yīng)該表?yè)P(yáng)Bernadette提出的建議，而Amy卻直接以粗魯?shù)姆绞秸f(shuō)了Bernadette很愚蠢，從而營(yíng)造出了言語(yǔ)幽默的效果。

(Sheldon and Penny were going upstairs together with heavy things in their hands)

S: And there’s another interesting weather fact.

P: Another? Great!

S: Changes in jet streams can affect the speed at which the Earth rotates on its axis, so bad weather can actually make the day longer.

P: Well, there must be a hell of a storm somewhere.

Sheldon正在說(shuō)的關(guān)于天氣的理論是Amy完全不感興趣的，因此Amy并沒(méi)有禮貌地聽(tīng)下去而是直接不禮貌地嘲笑了他，從而導(dǎo)致了言語(yǔ)幽默的產(chǎn)生。

2.6 違反贊揚(yáng)和謙虛準(zhǔn)則

違反贊揚(yáng)和謙虛準(zhǔn)則即對(duì)話雙方太過(guò)驕傲，而不去欣賞和夸贊他人的成就。

(Raj decided to organize a scavenger hunt, and he was introducing this game to others.)

R: I am going to make you guys a scavenger hunt like they have at M.I.T.

H: I loved those. I did them every year there.

L: We did them at Princeton, too.

H: Oh, that’s cute. Like it’s a real college.

S: That’s amusing—I was going to say that about M.I.T.but it works for Princeton, too.

眾所周知，麻省理工和普林斯頓都是世界著名的大學(xué)。但是Sheldon認(rèn)為世界上不會(huì)有人比他更聰明，因此他看不起世界上其他任何人的大學(xué)，這種態(tài)度在對(duì)話中產(chǎn)生了言語(yǔ)幽默的效果。

(Sheldon was immersed in his own world to solve a serious problem, which made him keep silent for hours.)

L: Please say something.

S: Leonard, prepare to be humbled and weep at the glory of my genius.

L: Nope, it was better before.

Sheldon自認(rèn)是自己是世界上最聰明的人，所以他堅(jiān)信自己會(huì)成為一個(gè)偉人，這違反了謙虛準(zhǔn)則;同時(shí)，Leonard對(duì)Sheldon表示了輕蔑而不是欣賞，這兩種態(tài)度都導(dǎo)致了言語(yǔ)幽默的產(chǎn)生。

2.7 違反贊同和同情準(zhǔn)則

違反贊同和同情準(zhǔn)則即說(shuō)話人中一人對(duì)另一人表示不屑和輕視，對(duì)話中其他人沒(méi)有對(duì)被輕視者表示同情而是同樣表示不屑和輕視。

(Leonard wanted to live with Penny secretly, so he did not tell Sheldon that he came back from his experimental station, which annoyed Sheldon.)

S: Oh, no, I should apologize. Uh, I never realized to what extent our friendship was a burden to you.

L: That is not fair. I complain about what a burden it is at least once a month.

S: Oh, no, no, let’s not sugarcoat this. You find me finicky, pedantic and annoying.

P: No, he doesn’t.

L: I actually have used those exact words before. In that order.

當(dāng)Sheldon抱怨Leonard把他們兩人的友誼當(dāng)成一種負(fù)擔(dān)時(shí)，Leonard并沒(méi)有安慰他而是繼續(xù)打擊他，這種不同情的話語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生了幽默效果。

(Raj always organized some boring games, and none of others wanted to join in.)

R: None of you RSVP’d to my murder mystery dinner party.

L: Oh, yeah. We were meaning to do that.

R: No, you weren’t, because it was a week ago and nobody came! So, if you want to solve the mystery of who stabbed Koothrappali in the back with the weapon of indifference, it was all of you.

S: I don’t think that qualifies as a mystery. We all knew what we were doing.

A: We are sorry, Raj.

B: May be we can have it next week.

H: Whoa, whoa, we’re not that sorry.

當(dāng)Raj抱怨沒(méi)有一個(gè)人去他辦的派對(duì)讓他非常傷心時(shí)，其他人繼續(xù)對(duì)他冷嘲熱諷而沒(méi)有安慰他受傷的心，這些話產(chǎn)生了言語(yǔ)幽默的效果。

2.8 違反預(yù)設(shè)

違反預(yù)設(shè),即說(shuō)話人中一方所說(shuō)的話語(yǔ)和另一方根據(jù)語(yǔ)境預(yù)測(cè)的話語(yǔ)不一致產(chǎn)生的言語(yǔ)幽默。

(Leonard was tidying up his old things in a box, and suddenly he found a red sweater which was sent by his aunt as a gift when he was in university.)

L: Oh, I forgot about this. My aunt made it for me when I started college.

P: Aw, did she hate you?

在這種情況下，觀眾的預(yù)期是Penny將會(huì)夸獎(jiǎng)Leonard的姨媽和他的毛衣，而不是說(shuō)Leonard的姨媽恨他。而Penny的回答與觀眾按照語(yǔ)境預(yù)期出的回答不符，而產(chǎn)生了一種幽默效果。

(Leonard and Howard paid a lot of money to get a ticket of the comic book convention, and Penny, Any and Bernadette was discussing about it)

B: Oh, while they’re acting like teenagers, we could do something grown-up.

A: Oh. You mean like a museum?

P: Yes, like a museum, but anything else.

當(dāng)Penny回答出Yes時(shí)，Amy所預(yù)想的是Penny會(huì)支持自己的建議。然而，她用了一些話語(yǔ)機(jī)智地反對(duì)了Amy去博物館的建議，因?yàn)樗龑?duì)這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)毫無(wú)興趣，這種機(jī)智的回答營(yíng)造了喜劇氛圍。

3 《生活大爆炸》第七季中言語(yǔ)幽默的分類

筆者將這部美劇第七季中出現(xiàn)的1350個(gè)言語(yǔ)幽默片段分別歸類,結(jié)果見(jiàn)表1。

表1 《生活大爆炸》第七季的言語(yǔ)幽默分類

從表1可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，在1350個(gè)言語(yǔ)幽默片段中，占比最少的是違反贊揚(yáng)和謙虛準(zhǔn)則式幽默，只有98個(gè)；而占比最多的是違反預(yù)設(shè)式幽默，幾乎是違反贊揚(yáng)和謙虛準(zhǔn)則幽默數(shù)量的3倍，有353個(gè)；違反策略和寬容原則式幽默的數(shù)量在8種言語(yǔ)幽默中位居第二，共232個(gè)。而其余的5種言語(yǔ)幽默的數(shù)量基本相當(dāng)，在140個(gè)左右。可以清晰看出，違反預(yù)設(shè)的言語(yǔ)幽默的數(shù)量幾乎占所有1350個(gè)言語(yǔ)幽默片段總量的四分之一，違反策略和寬容準(zhǔn)則的數(shù)量占了近五分之一。

然而，只有7%的言語(yǔ)幽默屬于違反贊揚(yáng)和謙遜準(zhǔn)則，8%屬于違反贊同和同情準(zhǔn)則。其余4種言語(yǔ)幽默在總量中所占比例幾乎相同。

違反預(yù)設(shè)指的是，說(shuō)話人的回答與在當(dāng)時(shí)建立起的語(yǔ)境下聽(tīng)話人所預(yù)想的回答不同時(shí)，所產(chǎn)生的言語(yǔ)幽默。當(dāng)說(shuō)話人的回答與聽(tīng)話人的預(yù)想相同時(shí)，就不會(huì)產(chǎn)生違反預(yù)設(shè)式言語(yǔ)幽默，而是正常的對(duì)話。在《生活大爆炸》第七季中,違反預(yù)設(shè)的言語(yǔ)幽默出現(xiàn)的數(shù)量最多，這個(gè)現(xiàn)象反映的言語(yǔ)幽默方法可能被廣泛運(yùn)用到整個(gè)《生活大爆炸》美劇中，因?yàn)檫`反預(yù)設(shè)式言語(yǔ)幽默涉及的文化背景很少，無(wú)論人們來(lái)自哪個(gè)國(guó)家，大多數(shù)人能理解處在兩種不同語(yǔ)境中的對(duì)話者發(fā)出的毫無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)的對(duì)話所帶來(lái)的幽默效果。正因?yàn)槿绱?，違反預(yù)設(shè)的言語(yǔ)幽默在《生活大爆炸》第七季中出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)最多。

在《生活大爆炸》第七季的言語(yǔ)幽默中,出現(xiàn)次數(shù)位居第二的是違反策略和寬容準(zhǔn)則，指的是說(shuō)話人在對(duì)話中不夠禮貌的情況。禮貌是日常交流中的最基本原則。在正常的對(duì)話中，說(shuō)話人一般選擇使用委婉語(yǔ)等其他方法禮貌地表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。當(dāng)說(shuō)話人不加任何修飾而違反了禮貌原則進(jìn)行對(duì)話時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生一定的幽默效果。在美劇中，盡管有些說(shuō)法違反了策略和寬容準(zhǔn)則，在對(duì)話中顯得不夠禮貌，但確實(shí)能營(yíng)造出令觀眾發(fā)笑的喜劇效果;同時(shí)，美國(guó)對(duì)于不禮貌的接受程度比世界上大部分國(guó)家要高得多，所以美劇中便產(chǎn)生了大量違反策略和寬容準(zhǔn)則的言語(yǔ)幽默。

研究結(jié)果表明，在《生活大爆炸》第七季的言語(yǔ)幽默中只有百分之七屬于違反贊揚(yáng)和謙虛準(zhǔn)則。贊揚(yáng)和謙虛準(zhǔn)則指的是當(dāng)對(duì)話中一方對(duì)自己已完成的某項(xiàng)成就表示驕傲?xí)r，對(duì)話中另一方對(duì)此表示贊同。當(dāng)對(duì)話人中的另一方對(duì)前一方觀點(diǎn)表示不贊同時(shí)，違反贊揚(yáng)和謙虛準(zhǔn)則的言語(yǔ)幽默便有產(chǎn)生的可能。這種言語(yǔ)幽默的數(shù)量比其他幾種幽默的數(shù)量少的原因是它較不常見(jiàn)，因?yàn)檫@類言語(yǔ)幽默包含一定的文化導(dǎo)向性。眾所周知，美國(guó)文化十分強(qiáng)調(diào)自信，而中國(guó)文化中強(qiáng)調(diào)的謙遜，因此，相較于違反預(yù)設(shè)、違反策略和寬容等沒(méi)有文化導(dǎo)向的言語(yǔ)幽默在任何文化中都很流行，違反贊揚(yáng)和謙遜準(zhǔn)則這種言語(yǔ)幽默只會(huì)在美國(guó)更流行。同理，違反贊揚(yáng)和謙虛準(zhǔn)則的言語(yǔ)幽默的流行度也低于其他言語(yǔ)幽默。

4 結(jié)語(yǔ)

筆者將《生活大爆炸》第七季中的1350個(gè)言語(yǔ)幽默片段分成8種：違反量的準(zhǔn)則，違反質(zhì)的準(zhǔn)則，違反關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則，違反方式準(zhǔn)則，違反策略和寬容準(zhǔn)則，違反贊揚(yáng)和謙虛準(zhǔn)則，違反贊同和同情準(zhǔn)則，違反預(yù)設(shè)。并發(fā)現(xiàn)其中出現(xiàn)頻率最高的是沒(méi)有文化導(dǎo)向性的違反預(yù)設(shè)和違反策略和寬容準(zhǔn)則的言語(yǔ)幽默，而受文化導(dǎo)向性影響最大的違反贊揚(yáng)和謙虛準(zhǔn)則的言語(yǔ)幽默出現(xiàn)的頻率最低。筆者還期望此研究結(jié)果能夠有利于編劇更好地創(chuàng)造言語(yǔ)幽默，并幫助人們更好地在社會(huì)交際中使用言語(yǔ)幽默。

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A STUDY OF CLASSIFICATIONS OF VERBAL HUMOR IN THE SEVENTH SEASON OF THE BIG BANG THEORY

ZHANG Chenxia

(SchoolofForeignLanguages,ShanghaiJiaotongUniversity,Shanghai200240,China)

The paper uses the seventh season ofTheBigBangTheoryas a corpus of studying verbal humor and conducts a multi-angled and leveled analysis of the 1350 verbal humor episodes in it from such 4 main verbal humor theories as the principles of cooperation,relevance,politeness and presupposition.The 1350 verbal humor episodes are classified into 8 categories based on the following theories:violating the maxim of quantity,violating the maxim of quality,violating the maxim of relation,violating the maxim of manner,violating the maxim of tact and generosity,violating the maxim of approbation and modesty,violating the maxim of agreement and sympathy,and violating the maxim of presupposition.Then the article further describes the statistical results of the verbal humor episodes in the seventh season ofTheBigBangTheory.The results show that violating the maxim of presupposition is used most frequently and violating the maxim of tact and generosity is in the second place.The paper analyzes the possible potential factors behind the results.

verbal humor;classification;the seventh season ofTheBigBangTheory;pragmatics

2016-04-22

張晨夏(1993-)，女，河南鄭州人，碩士研究生，主要研究方向：應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)

1673-1751(2016)02-0110-07

H03, H087

A