亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        Rad51C在DNA損傷修復(fù)中的研究進(jìn)展*

        2016-11-14 03:29:49丁新敏陳秀麗綜述王平審校
        中國(guó)腫瘤臨床 2016年18期
        關(guān)鍵詞:同源復(fù)合物基因組

        丁新敏陳秀麗綜述 王平審校

        ·綜述·

        Rad51C在DNA損傷修復(fù)中的研究進(jìn)展*

        丁新敏①陳秀麗②綜述 王平②審校

        細(xì)胞毒性物質(zhì)及電離輻射等易致細(xì)胞DNA損傷,真核生物中DNA雙鏈斷裂(double strand breaks,DSBs)修復(fù)的主要通路是同源重組(homologous recombination,HR)。Rad51C蛋白作為HR通路的關(guān)鍵因子,其表達(dá)異??芍翫NA損傷修復(fù)的失調(diào),引起基因組的不穩(wěn)定,最終導(dǎo)致腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展。近年來(lái)隨著對(duì)Rad51C基因的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)Rad51C可能會(huì)成為惡性腫瘤治療的潛在靶點(diǎn)。本文就Rad51C在DNA損傷修復(fù)及放療中作用的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

        腫瘤 基因 DNA損傷 重組/同源重組 Rad51C

        DNA雙鏈斷裂(double strand breaks,DSBs)是DNA損傷的主要形式,主要包括同源重組修復(fù)(homologous recombination,HR)和非同源末端鏈接(nonhomologous end joining,NHEJ)兩種修復(fù)方式,兩者可相互協(xié)調(diào)共同完成DSBs修復(fù)[1]。真核生物中DSBs修復(fù)的主要通路是HR,參與HR途徑的主要分子有MER11-Rad51-NSB1復(fù)合物、Rad51蛋白和Rad51蛋白類(lèi)似體[2]。Rad51蛋白是HR的核心蛋白之一,除直接參與前兩種復(fù)合物外,還在Rad51蛋白類(lèi)似體中發(fā)揮重要作用,包括XRCC3-Rad51C異二聚復(fù)合蛋白體(CX3)和Rad51B-Rad51C-Rad51D-XRCC2異四聚復(fù)合蛋白體(BCDX2)[3],這兩種復(fù)合物成員在HR的早期和晚期反應(yīng)中起著關(guān)鍵作用并參與HR修復(fù)通路的整個(gè)進(jìn)程[4]。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Rad51C蛋白表達(dá)異常與多種惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展相關(guān)[5-9]。本文就Rad51C蛋白在DNA損傷修復(fù)中的作用,并進(jìn)一步闡述Rad51C與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展、放療抵抗等的關(guān)系并介紹其臨床應(yīng)用潛力。

        1 Rad51家族與Rad51C

        Rad51定位于15號(hào)染色體q15.1,含339個(gè)氨基酸,包括XRCC2(BCDX2)、XRCC3(CX3)、Rad51B、Rad51C及Rad51D共5種同系物。Rad51同系物間可結(jié)合成Rad51B/Rad51C/Rad51D/XRCC2和Rad51C/ XRCC3等聚合物[3]。Rad51C為Rad51家族的旁系同源基因,位于染色體17q23,含376個(gè)氨基酸,在人類(lèi)的睪丸、心肌、脾臟及前列腺等正常組織處表達(dá),與Rad51家族其他成員相同氨基酸比例占到10%~26%[10]。在DNA損傷修復(fù)過(guò)程中,Rad51C可促進(jìn)Rad51蛋白聚集,但Rad51C是直接與Rad51作用還是與其他蛋白協(xié)同,發(fā)揮間接作用,目前仍尚不明確。已有研究證實(shí)Rad51B與Rad51C復(fù)合物也可促進(jìn)Rad51蛋白參與DNA鏈的交換[11],另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Rad51C/XRCC3復(fù)合物可參與DNA交叉鏈的切割反應(yīng)[12],也有研究檢測(cè)到Rad51與Rad51C之間存在著直接的相互作用[13],因此Rad51C與Rad51在HR修復(fù)過(guò)程中均起到重要作用。

        2 Rad51C與DNA損傷修復(fù)

        DNA損傷修復(fù)是腫瘤學(xué)的研究熱點(diǎn),已有研究顯示放化療誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞死亡的主要機(jī)制是DNA DSB,而DSB的修復(fù)方式主要有兩種,HR和NHE)。HR可修復(fù)由DNA損傷劑誘導(dǎo)或在DNA復(fù)制過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的雙鏈斷裂DNA,是維持基因組穩(wěn)定性及產(chǎn)生遺傳多樣性的一個(gè)重要的進(jìn)化性保守機(jī)制。雙鏈斷裂(DSBs)修復(fù)離不開(kāi)HR機(jī)制,而HR相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)上調(diào)可能會(huì)增加基因組的不穩(wěn)定性及基因的自發(fā)性重組,促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)生[14-15]。Rad51C作為Rad51旁系同源基因中的一種,在DNA損傷修復(fù)過(guò)程中發(fā)揮的作用與Rad51同等重要;Rad51C的表達(dá)下降可影響DNA雙鏈損傷后Rad51焦點(diǎn)的形成,進(jìn)而抑制DNA損傷修復(fù)[13]。此外,有研究報(bào)道Rad51C可識(shí)別并檢測(cè)DNA損傷信號(hào)進(jìn)而將信號(hào)傳遞至下游通路,Rad51C在DNA損傷包括DSBs等修復(fù)過(guò)程中的具體作用途徑如下圖1[4]。

        圖1 Rad51C基因在DNA損傷修復(fù)中的作用途徑Figure 1Role of Rad51C gene in DNA damage repair pathways

        參與HR修復(fù)途徑的相關(guān)因子主要包括MRN同源重組修復(fù)復(fù)合物(MRE11-RAD50-NBS1復(fù)合體)、Rad51、Rad51同系物Rad52、Rad54及Rad51B、C、D等[2,16]。HR修復(fù)DNA損傷[7]可分為聯(lián)會(huì)前期、聯(lián)會(huì)期及聯(lián)會(huì)后期3個(gè)階段[18-20],當(dāng)DSBs時(shí),首先是Rad52蛋白與斷端結(jié)合,后促使Rad51聚集,形成Rad51-DNA單鏈復(fù)合物,Rad54再特異性結(jié)合到Rad51蛋白上,這就保證了HR活動(dòng)啟動(dòng)[21]。

        Badie等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HR反應(yīng)的早期,Rad51C在ATM、NBS1及RPA共同作用下,在DNA損傷發(fā)生的即刻便聚集到了損傷處,與XRCC3共同作用磷酸化激活CHK2蛋白,啟動(dòng)細(xì)胞周期檢測(cè)[23]。Rad51C也可作用于G1期CHK2的激活,并在HR的后期繼續(xù)作用[4],Rad51C在Holiday交叉(holiday junction,HJ)過(guò)程中發(fā)揮作用,并保證了HR的完成[12]。Kuznetsov等[24]進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了Rad51C基因表達(dá)減少能明顯抑制HJ的遷移及拆分。此外,Rad51C也可通過(guò)DNA鏈間交聯(lián)(interatrand crosslinks,ICL)修復(fù)而募集HR相關(guān)修復(fù)因子而啟動(dòng)HR過(guò)程,且參與了范科尼貧血(Fanconi anemia,F(xiàn)A)的發(fā)生[4]。

        3 Rad51C與腫瘤

        HR相關(guān)基因突變可造成基因組或染色體的不穩(wěn)定性,增加腫瘤的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[25-26],HR修復(fù)相關(guān)因子BRCA1、BRCA2與乳腺癌、卵巢癌的發(fā)病相關(guān)[27],Rad51與乳腺癌的發(fā)病相關(guān)[28],Rad52突變后的蛋白高表達(dá)與多種惡性腫瘤發(fā)病相關(guān)[29]。Meindl等[30]研究提示Rad51C基因存在14個(gè)突變位點(diǎn),其中G125V和L138F突變點(diǎn)可引起HR功能的缺陷,而D159N、G264S、R366Q等突變點(diǎn)可減弱Rad51C蛋白的活性,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Rad51C高表達(dá)與頭頸惡性腫瘤及結(jié)直腸癌存在相關(guān)性[7,9],但Min等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn)胃癌腫瘤組織中Rad51C的表達(dá)卻顯著低于癌旁組織。因此,Rad51C作為HR通路的關(guān)鍵蛋白之一,在腫瘤發(fā)生中的作用,仍尚不明確,深入研究Rad51C與腫瘤發(fā)生的相關(guān)分子機(jī)制有助于研究腫瘤對(duì)放、化療的抗拒和新治療靶點(diǎn)的開(kāi)發(fā)。

        4 Rad51C與放療

        DNA是射線照射的主要靶點(diǎn),射線照射導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞DSB,進(jìn)而發(fā)生致死性細(xì)胞損傷[32]。HR主要作用就是參與DSBs修復(fù),但在腫瘤細(xì)胞中,HR通路的諸多基因可通過(guò)多種機(jī)制發(fā)生突變,導(dǎo)致激活或失活,進(jìn)而使HR通路在腫瘤中的作用更加復(fù)雜化[33]。在對(duì)RAD51C的突變研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)[34],中國(guó)倉(cāng)鼠突變細(xì)胞CL-V4B存在RAD51C缺陷,有132個(gè)bp出現(xiàn)缺失,導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)生可變剪接轉(zhuǎn)錄物與缺乏外顯子5的CL-V4B,具有此種剪接體的突變細(xì)胞對(duì)DNA交聯(lián)劑如絲裂霉素C(MMC)、順鉑、烷化劑甲基甲磺酸酯和拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶I抑制劑campthotecin等均具有高敏性,并表現(xiàn)出DNA損傷后Rad51克隆形成能力受損。RAD51C缺陷還導(dǎo)致MMC誘導(dǎo)染色體畸變的自發(fā)性增加以及姐妹染色單體交換減少,但中心體的形成并沒(méi)有受到影響,是否在射線照射中也存在類(lèi)似現(xiàn)象,仍需要進(jìn)一步研究。

        另有研究顯示RAD51C的功能在Rad51蛋白旁系中的獨(dú)特性[35]。與RAD51C-/-的雞DT40細(xì)胞相比,CL-V4B倉(cāng)鼠細(xì)胞對(duì)交聯(lián)劑更敏感。相較于雞的Rad51旁系敲除細(xì)胞、XRCC2-和XRCC3缺陷的嚙齒動(dòng)物細(xì)胞,CL-V4B倉(cāng)鼠細(xì)胞對(duì)X射線照射更加敏感,約增加了2倍[35-36],這顯示在不同的細(xì)胞類(lèi)型或不同物種之間,RAD51C依賴(lài)性的DNA修復(fù)途徑可能對(duì)化療藥物及X射線誘導(dǎo)的DNA損傷修復(fù)起更重要的作用。通過(guò)抑制HR修復(fù)關(guān)鍵因子Rad51C的表達(dá)而減弱腫瘤細(xì)胞的損傷修復(fù),有望逆轉(zhuǎn)放化療的抵抗而改善患者的整體預(yù)后。

        5 小結(jié)

        Rad51C是HR通路的關(guān)鍵蛋白之一,其過(guò)表達(dá)或突變可導(dǎo)致HR修復(fù)能力改變并引起基因組的不穩(wěn)定性,與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展及對(duì)放化療等治療手段的耐受等相關(guān)。因此,檢測(cè)Rad51C的突變和表達(dá)可為臨床治療策略提供依據(jù)并可評(píng)估治療預(yù)后等,具有重要的臨床應(yīng)用前景。

        [1]Ciccia A,Elledge SJ.The DNA damage response:making it safe to play with knives[J].Mol Cell,2010,40(2):179-204.

        [2]Carvalho JF,Kanaar R.Targeting homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair in cancer[J].Expert Opin Ther Targets,2014,18(4): 427-458.

        [3]Compton SA,Ozgur S,Griffith JD.Ring-shaped Rad51 paralog protein complexes bind Holliday junctions and replication forks as visualized by electron microscopy[J].J Biol Chem,2010,285(18):13349-13356.

        [4]Somyajit K,Subramanya S,Nagaraju G.RAD51C:a novel cancer susceptibility gene is linked to Fanconi anemia and breast cancer[J]. Carcinogenesis,2010,31(12):2031-2038.

        [5]Li J,Meeks H,F(xiàn)eng BJ,et al.Targeted massively parallel sequencing of a panel of putative breast cancer susceptibility genes in a large cohort of multiple-case breast and ovarian cancer families[J].J Med Genet,2016,53(1):34-42.

        [6]Song H,Dicks E,Ramus SJ,et al.Contribution of Germline Mutations in the RAD51B,RAD51C,and RAD51D Genes to Ovarian Cancer in the Population[J].J Clin Oncol,2015,33(26):2901-2907.

        [7]Kalvala A,Gao L,Aguila B,et al.Overexpression of Rad51C splice variants in colorectal tumors[J].Oncotarget,2015,6(11):8777-8787.

        [8]Couch FJ,Hart SN,Sharma P,et al.Inherited mutations in 17 breast cancer susceptibility genes among a large triple-negative breast cancer cohort unselected for family history of breast cancer[J].JClin Oncol,2015,33(4):304-311.

        [9]Gresner P,Gromadzinska J,Twardowska E,et al.Rad51C:a novel suppressor gene modulates the risk of head and neck cancer[J]. Mutat Res,2014,762,47-54.

        [10]Dosanjh MK,Collins DW,F(xiàn)an W,et al.Isolation and characterization of RAD51C,a new human member of the RAD51 family of related genes[J].Nucleic Acids Res,1998,26(5):1179-1184.

        [11]Lio YC,Mazin AV,Kowalczykowski SC,et al.Complex formation by the human Rad51B and Rad51C DNA repair proteins and their activities in vitro[J].J Biol Chem,2003,278(4):2469-2478.

        [12]Liu Y,Masson JY,Shah R,et al.RAD51C is required for Holliday junction processing in mammalian cells[J].Science,2004,303(5655): 243-246.

        [13]Rodrigue A,Lafrance M,Gauthier MC,et al.Interplay between human DNA repair proteins at a unique double-strand break in vivo[J].EMBO J,2006,25(1):2222-2231.

        [14]Dion V,Gasser SM.Chromatin movement in the maintenance of genome stability[J].Cell,2013,152(6):1355-1364.

        [15]Helleday T.Homologous recombination in cancer development,treatment and development of drug resistance[J].Carcinogenesis,2010,31(6):955-960.

        [16]Fiume L.Comment on:targeting homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair in cancer[J].Expert Opin Ther Targets,2014,18(7): 833.

        [17]Renkawitz J,Lademann CA,Jentsch S.Mechanisms and principles of homology search during recombination[J].Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol,2014,15(6):369-383.

        [18]Cerbinskaite A,Mukhopadhyay A,Plummer ER,et al.Defective homologous recombination in human cancers[J].Cancer Treat Rev,2012,38(2):89-100.

        [19]Hunt CR,Ramnarain D,Horikoshi N,et al.Histone modifications and DNA double-strand break repair after exposure to ionizing radiations[J].Radiat Res,2013,179(4):383-392.

        [20]Makharashvili N,Tubbs AT,Yang SH,et al.Catalytic and noncatalytic roles of the CtIP endonuclease in double-strand break end resection[J].Mol Cell,2014,54(6):1022-1033.

        [21]Sugiyama T,Kowalczykowski SC.Rad52 protein associates with replication protein A(RPA)-single-stranded DNA to accelerate Rad51-mediated displacement of RPA and presynaptic complex formation[J].J Biol Chem,2002,277(35):31663-31672.

        [22]Badie S,Liao C,Thanasoula M,et al.RAD51C facilitates checkpoint signaling by promoting CHK2 phosphorylation[J].J Cell Biol,2009,185(4):587-600.

        [23]Somyajit K,Basavaraju S,Scully R,et al.ATM-and ATR-mediated phosphorylation of XRCC3 regulates DNA double-strand break-induced checkpoint activation and repair[J].Mol Cell Biol,2013,33(9):1830-1844.

        [24]Kuznetsov S,Pellegrini M,Shuda K,et al.RAD51C deficiency in mice results in early prophase I arrest in males and sister chromatid separation at metaphase II in females[J].J Cell Biol,2007,176(5):581-592.

        [25]Tariq K,Ghias K.Colorectal cancer carcinogenesis:a review of mechanisms[J].Cancer Biol Med,2016,13(1):120-135.

        [26]Ceccaldi R,Liu JC,Amunugama R,et al.Homologous-recombinationdeficient tumours are dependent on Poltheta-mediated repair[J]. Nature,2015,518(7538):258-262.

        [27]Narod SA,F(xiàn)oulkes WD.BRCA1 and BRCA2:1994 and beyond[J].Nat Rev Cancer,2004,4(9):665-676.

        [28]Wang Z,Dong H,F(xiàn)u Y,et al.RAD51 135G>C polymorphism contributes to breast cancer susceptibility:a meta-analysis involving 26,444 subjects[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat,2010,124(3):765-769.

        [29]Lieberman R,Xiong D,James M,et al.Functional characterization of RAD52 as a lung cancer susceptibility gene in the 12p13.33 locus[J].Mol Carcinog,2016,55(5):953-963.

        [30]Meindl A,Hellebrand H,Wiek C,et al.Germline mutations in breast and ovarian cancer pedigrees establish RAD51C as a human cancer susceptibility gene[J].Nat Genet,2010,42(5):410-414.

        [31]Min A,Im SA,Yoon YK,et al.RAD51C-deficient cancer cells are highly sensitive to the PARP inhibitor olaparib[J].Mol Cancer Ther,2013,12(6):865-877.

        [32]Qian D,Zhang B,Zeng XL,et al.Inhibition of human positive cofactor 4 radiosensitizes human esophageal squmaous cell carcinoma cells by suppressing XLF-mediated nonhomologous end joining[J]. Cell Death Dis,2014,5(10):1461.

        [33]Birkelbach M,F(xiàn)erraiolo N,Gheorghiu L,et al.Detection of impaired homologous recombination repair in NSCLC cells and tissues[J].J Thorac Oncol,2013,8(3):279-286.

        [34]Godthelp BC,Wiegant WW,van Duijn-Goedhart A,et al.Mammalian Rad51C contributes to DNA cross-link resistance,sister chromatid cohesion and genomic stability[J].Nucleic Acids Res,2002,30(10):2172-2182.

        [35]Takata M,Sasaki MS,Tachiiri S,et al.Chromosome instability and defective recombinational repair in knockout mutants of the five Rad51 paralogs[J].Mol Cell Biol,2001,21(8):2858-2866.

        [36]Takata M,Sasaki MS,Sonoda E,et al.The Rad51 paralog Rad51B promotes homologous recombinational repair[J].Mol Cell Biol,2000,20(17):6476-6482.

        (2016-04-29收稿)

        (2016-07-27修回)

        (編輯:楊紅欣校對(duì):武斌)

        丁新敏專(zhuān)業(yè)方向?yàn)閻盒阅[瘤的診斷、分期及多學(xué)科綜合治療。

        E-mail:15822188031@163.com

        Research progress on Rad51C in DNA damage repair

        Xinmin DING1,Xiuli CHEN2,Ping WANG2
        Correspondence to:Ping WANG;E-mail:tjdoctorwang@163.com

        1Department of Oncology,The People's Hospital of Tianjin Seaside,Tianjin 300280,China;2Department of Radiotherapy Oncology,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin 300060,China

        This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81372518)

        Cytotoxic substances and ionizing radiation can easily induce DNA damage,and double strand breaks(DSBs)are the main form of DNA damage.DNA damage can activate intracellular DNA damage responses and further induce related biological effects,such as DNA damage repair and cell cycle arrest.Homologous recombination(HR)is the primary DSB repair mechanism in eukaryotes. Abnormal expression of Rad51C,which is a key factor in the HR pathway,may result in DNA repair disorder,genomic instability,and eventually lead to tumor formation.In recent studies,researchers considered Rad51C as a potential target for cancer treatment.We reviewed the research progress on Rad51C in DNA damage repair and radiotherapy.

        neoplasm,gene,DNA damage,recombination/homologous recombination,Rad51C

        10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2016.18.502

        ①天津海濱人民醫(yī)院腫瘤科(天津市300280);②天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院放療科,國(guó)家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市腫瘤防治重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室

        *本文課題受?chē)?guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(編號(hào):81372518)資助

        王平tjdoctorwang@163.com

        猜你喜歡
        同源復(fù)合物基因組
        藥食同源
        ——紫 蘇
        兩岸年味連根同源
        以同源詞看《詩(shī)經(jīng)》的訓(xùn)釋三則
        牛參考基因組中發(fā)現(xiàn)被忽視基因
        BeXY、MgXY(X、Y=F、Cl、Br)與ClF3和ClOF3形成復(fù)合物的理論研究
        柚皮素磷脂復(fù)合物的制備和表征
        中成藥(2018年7期)2018-08-04 06:04:18
        黃芩苷-小檗堿復(fù)合物的形成規(guī)律
        中成藥(2018年3期)2018-05-07 13:34:18
        虔誠(chéng)書(shū)畫(huà)乃同源
        基因組DNA甲基化及組蛋白甲基化
        遺傳(2014年3期)2014-02-28 20:58:49
        有趣的植物基因組
        日本真人做人试看60分钟| 日韩人妻无码一区二区三区久久99| 丰满人妻妇伦又伦精品国产| 久久天天躁狠狠躁夜夜中文字幕| 玩弄极品少妇被弄到高潮| 国产亚洲一二三区精品| 亚洲av福利院在线观看 | 亚洲图片日本视频免费| 亚洲av伊人久久综合密臀性色| 亚洲中文久久久久无码| 亚洲一区二区三区天堂av| 偷拍视频网址一区二区| 精品一区中文字幕在线观看| 色婷婷综合久久久中文字幕| 国产农村乱子伦精品视频| 四虎精品国产一区二区三区| 久久精品中文字幕免费| 国产精品精品国产色婷婷| 玩弄白嫩少妇xxxxx性| 精品久久久噜噜噜久久久| 欧美性xxx久久| 亚洲精品女人天堂av麻| 青青草 视频在线观看| 丰满熟妇乱又伦精品| 欧美亚洲国产一区二区三区| 欧美老熟妇欲乱高清视频| 999久久久免费精品国产牛牛| 亚洲av熟女天堂久久天堂| 中出人妻希奇杰卡西av| 天天做天天爱天天综合网2021| 久久精品日韩av无码| 亚洲天堂av社区久久| 自拍成人免费在线视频| 欧美激情一区二区三区| 亚洲经典三级| www.尤物视频.com| 国产精品一区二区三区av在线| 成视频年人黄网站免费视频| 手机在线看永久av片免费| JIZZJIZZ国产| 熟妇人妻丰满少妇一区|