王深深,賈連順,陳雄生,周盛源,王英杰
(第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)征醫(yī)院脊柱外科,上?!?00003)
?
240 例腰椎手術(shù)失敗綜合征的回顧性分析
王深深,賈連順*,陳雄生,周盛源,王英杰
(第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)征醫(yī)院脊柱外科,上海200003)
目的對(duì)腰椎手術(shù)失敗綜合征(failed back surgery syndrome,F(xiàn)BSS)的原因、之前的手術(shù)方式進(jìn)行分析。方法回顧性分析2003年1月至2013年12月我院骨科收治的240 例腰椎手術(shù)失敗綜合征患者的臨床資料,依據(jù)診斷的不同分為三組,組1為182 例腰椎間盤突出癥術(shù)后;組2為31 例腰椎管狹窄癥術(shù)后;組3為27 例腰椎滑脫癥術(shù)后。收集的臨床資料包括性別、年齡、術(shù)后癥狀復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間、之前的手術(shù)方式和手術(shù)節(jié)段、入院診斷??偨Y(jié)分析FBSS的原因及其和之前的手術(shù)方式的關(guān)系。結(jié)果患者共240 例,男136 例,女104 例。三組原因比例最高的分別是:腰椎間盤突出復(fù)發(fā)、腰椎管狹窄、內(nèi)固定失敗。三組之前的手術(shù)中比例最高的術(shù)式分別是:?jiǎn)渭兯韬苏g(shù)、椎板切除減壓術(shù)、腰椎后路側(cè)方植骨融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)。結(jié)論腰椎手術(shù)失敗綜合征的原因復(fù)雜,包括腰椎間盤突出復(fù)發(fā)、腰椎管狹窄、手術(shù)并發(fā)癥、相鄰節(jié)段退變性疾病、內(nèi)固定失敗等,而合理運(yùn)用手術(shù)方式或可減少腰椎手術(shù)失敗綜合征的發(fā)生。
腰椎手術(shù)失敗綜合征;原因;手術(shù)方式
腰椎手術(shù)失敗綜合征(failed back surgery syndrome,F(xiàn)BSS)是指在一次或多次腰椎手術(shù)后,因手術(shù)過程中對(duì)骨、軟組織正常解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞、神經(jīng)組織的損傷等多種原因,患者術(shù)后仍存在或復(fù)發(fā)腰痛,伴或不伴坐骨神經(jīng)痛、下肢感覺運(yùn)動(dòng)和大小便功能障礙的一類癥候群,即手術(shù)結(jié)果未達(dá)到術(shù)前患者和術(shù)者的期望值[1-2]。國外文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道腰椎手術(shù)失敗綜合征的發(fā)生率為5%~74.6%,再手術(shù)率為13.4%~35%[2-5]。本研究對(duì)本院240 例腰椎手術(shù)失敗綜合征的原因和之前的手術(shù)方式進(jìn)行了回顧性分析,為臨床上減少FBSS的發(fā)生提供有效的預(yù)防措施。
1.1一般資料回顧分析2003年1月至2013年12月本院收治的240 例FBSS患者,其中男136 例,女104 例,年齡17~81 歲。依據(jù)診斷的不同分為三組:腰椎間盤突出癥術(shù)后組(組1)、腰椎管狹窄癥術(shù)后組(組2)、腰椎滑脫癥術(shù)后組(組3)。通過查閱所有患者的臨床資料,統(tǒng)計(jì)三組患者的一般資料:性別、年齡、術(shù)后癥狀復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間、之前的手術(shù)方式和手術(shù)節(jié)段、入院診斷。
本研究240 例患者中,之前的手術(shù)中比例最高的術(shù)式是單純髓核摘除術(shù)。之前的手術(shù)節(jié)段中,單節(jié)段占77.8%,2節(jié)段及其以上占22.2%,其中單節(jié)段中以L4~5最多,占44%??偨Y(jié)分析入院診斷,發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致FBSS發(fā)生最多的是腰椎間盤突出復(fù)發(fā),占36.25%,其次為腰椎管狹窄,占23.75%。依據(jù)不同的分組,結(jié)果分為三部分具體詳述?;颊呦嚓P(guān)資料見表1~3。
表1 患者之前手術(shù)方式的資料(例/%)
表2 患者之前的手術(shù)節(jié)段資料(例/%)
2.1腰椎間盤突出癥術(shù)后發(fā)生FBSS組1共納入患者182 例,其中男107 例,女75 例;年齡為22~79 歲,平均(52.3±11.39) 歲。之前的手術(shù)節(jié)段中,單節(jié)段占85.4%,2節(jié)段及其以上占14.6%,其中單節(jié)段中L4~5最多,占50.3%。之前的手術(shù)方式中比例最高的術(shù)式為單純髓核摘除術(shù)?;颊咝g(shù)后癥狀復(fù)發(fā)的中位數(shù)時(shí)間為48個(gè)月。
表3 三組患者FBSS原因比較(例/%)
2.2腰椎管狹窄癥術(shù)后發(fā)生FBSS組2共納入患者31 例,男18 例,女13 例;年齡為39~81 歲,平均(60.2±9.68) 歲。之前的手術(shù)節(jié)段中,單節(jié)段占37.5%,2節(jié)段占37.5%,3節(jié)段及其以上占25%,其中單節(jié)段中L4~5最多,占29.1%。之前的手術(shù)方式中比例最高的術(shù)式:全椎板/半椎板切除減壓術(shù)?;颊咝g(shù)后癥狀復(fù)發(fā)的中位數(shù)時(shí)間為18個(gè)月。
2.3腰椎滑脫癥術(shù)后發(fā)生FBSS組3共納入患者27 例,男11 例,女16 例;年齡為17~69 歲,平均(51.3±12.64) 歲。之前的手術(shù)節(jié)段中,單節(jié)段占69.6%,2節(jié)段及其以上占30.4%,其中單節(jié)段中L5S1最多,占52.2%。原因?yàn)閮?nèi)固定失敗或腰椎滑脫加重的16 例患者,之前的手術(shù)中后路單純植骨融合2 例,椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù)或腰椎后路側(cè)方植骨融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)12 例,腰椎后路椎間植骨融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)2 例。之前的手術(shù)方式中比例最高的術(shù)式:腰椎后路側(cè)方植骨融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)。患者術(shù)后癥狀復(fù)發(fā)的中位數(shù)時(shí)間為18個(gè)月。
典型病例:a)42 歲女性患者,3年前因L4~5椎間盤突出行單純髓核摘除,半年前出現(xiàn)左下肢酸痛、麻木。在我院采用椎間植骨融合加椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù)治療,手術(shù)前后影像學(xué)資料見圖1~2。b)63 歲女性患者,19年前外傷后出現(xiàn)腰部酸痛,伴雙下肢酸麻,以左下肢為重。于當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院行腰椎滑脫手術(shù)治療(具體不詳),術(shù)后患者腰痛緩解,但反復(fù)發(fā)作。4個(gè)月前加重,于當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院行腰椎后路內(nèi)固定術(shù),術(shù)后腰痛緩解,但左下肢仍感酸麻,出現(xiàn)間歇性跛行。在我院行腰椎后路左側(cè)內(nèi)固定取出加椎板間植骨融合術(shù),手術(shù)前后影像學(xué)資料見圖3~4。
腰椎手術(shù)技術(shù)近數(shù)十年發(fā)展迅速,從單純髓核摘除到椎板切除減壓、椎間融合器植入、椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù),手術(shù)方式越來越成熟。并且近年來在全國各地新開展了腰椎微創(chuàng)技術(shù),如射頻消融術(shù)、經(jīng)皮穿刺髓核溶解術(shù)、內(nèi)鏡下椎間盤切除術(shù)、通道下髓核摘除經(jīng)皮螺釘內(nèi)固定等。雖然腰椎手術(shù)技術(shù)有顯著提高,但腰椎術(shù)后仍有一些患者癥狀沒有緩解或復(fù)發(fā)。
腰椎間盤突出癥術(shù)后發(fā)生FBSS的首要原因是腰椎間盤突出復(fù)發(fā)[6,7]。據(jù)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,腰椎間盤突出癥術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率從1%~21%不等[8-10]。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,重體力勞動(dòng)和吸煙是導(dǎo)致腰椎間盤突出復(fù)發(fā)的兩個(gè)主要危險(xiǎn)因素[11]。組1有85 例腰椎間盤突出復(fù)發(fā),占總數(shù)的46.7%,是單純髓核摘除術(shù)后發(fā)生FBSS的主要原因。
腰椎間盤突出癥術(shù)后發(fā)生FBSS的第二大原因是相鄰節(jié)段退變性疾病(adjacent segment disease,ASD)。ASD是腰椎融合術(shù)后常見的并發(fā)癥,其發(fā)生率為1.8%[12]。其發(fā)生與相鄰節(jié)段本身存在退變、之前的手術(shù)對(duì)相鄰節(jié)段的破壞和術(shù)后該節(jié)段活動(dòng)度的增大有關(guān)。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為開放性手術(shù)相比經(jīng)皮術(shù)式更容易發(fā)生相鄰節(jié)段退變性疾病,因?yàn)殚_放性手術(shù)對(duì)椎旁肌肉和韌帶的損傷更大[8-9,13-14]。最新的Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn)[12],多節(jié)段的腰椎融合是發(fā)生ASD的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,因此建議在腰椎長(zhǎng)節(jié)段的手術(shù)中應(yīng)減少融合節(jié)段,并盡量減小對(duì)相鄰節(jié)段小關(guān)節(jié)和后方韌帶復(fù)合體的破壞,重建棘上韌帶以增加腰椎的穩(wěn)定性,還可以使用各種非融合技術(shù),比如經(jīng)腰椎后路的動(dòng)態(tài)固定技術(shù)等,通過保留手術(shù)節(jié)段的活動(dòng)度,減小術(shù)后ASD的發(fā)生率[15]。
圖1 再次術(shù)前影像學(xué)資料示L4~5椎間盤偏左側(cè)突出,明顯壓迫硬膜囊及神經(jīng)根
圖2 再次術(shù)后3個(gè)月復(fù)查腰椎X線片示內(nèi)固定穩(wěn)定,融合器位置佳
腰椎管狹窄癥術(shù)后發(fā)生FBSS的首要原因是腰椎管狹窄復(fù)發(fā)。手術(shù)減壓不徹底、術(shù)后硬膜外瘢痕形成是腰椎管狹窄術(shù)后癥狀難以緩解或復(fù)發(fā)的重要原因。術(shù)中應(yīng)常規(guī)探查側(cè)隱窩是否存在狹窄,若有狹窄則應(yīng)行側(cè)隱窩擴(kuò)大減壓。組2病例中合并椎管狹窄或狹窄加重的病例16 例,占51.6%。
圖3 再次術(shù)前影像學(xué)資料示L4椎體向前Ⅱ度滑脫,L4左側(cè)螺釘穿破椎弓根內(nèi)壁,L5左側(cè)椎弓根位于椎弓根內(nèi)下緣,S1左側(cè)椎弓根向上穿過L5S1椎間隙
圖4 術(shù)后再次腰椎X線片示內(nèi)固定位置良好
腰椎滑脫術(shù)后發(fā)生FBSS的首要原因是內(nèi)固定失敗。內(nèi)固定術(shù)后螺釘松動(dòng)、斷釘、斷棒等,除了與患者下地活動(dòng)過早有關(guān)外,也與術(shù)中植骨部位及植骨床的準(zhǔn)備有關(guān)。治療腰椎滑脫是采用椎間融合還是后外側(cè)融合還存在爭(zhēng)議[16-18],最新的Meta分析[19]認(rèn)為兩者的臨床療效沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。組3內(nèi)固定失敗或腰椎滑脫加重的16 例患者中:腰椎后路單純植骨融合2 例,椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù)或腰椎后路側(cè)方植骨融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)12 例,腰椎后路椎間植骨融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)2 例。根據(jù)本次研究結(jié)果,我們建議腰椎滑脫的手術(shù)應(yīng)行腰椎后路椎間植骨融合內(nèi)固定術(shù),以減少術(shù)后內(nèi)固定失敗的發(fā)生。
本研究為回顧性研究,在病例選擇上缺乏嚴(yán)格的隨機(jī)化對(duì)照,而且由于研究過程中臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)的有限及選擇性的偏差,可能對(duì)結(jié)果產(chǎn)生一定影響。分析得出的原因是臨床上常見的原因,但還有很多潛在的原因有待發(fā)現(xiàn),比如膈肌功能障礙等[20]。隨著我國腰椎手術(shù)量的逐年遞增,腰椎手術(shù)失敗綜合征也隨之增加,導(dǎo)致了許多個(gè)人和家庭、工作、社會(huì)的問題,無疑給臨床醫(yī)師和患者都帶來巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。因此臨床醫(yī)師需要對(duì)其有一個(gè)整體全面的認(rèn)識(shí),包括原因、診斷、治療等,來應(yīng)對(duì)這些挑戰(zhàn)。
[1]Avellanal M,Diaz-Reganon G,Orts A,etal.One-year results of an algorithmic approach to managing failed back surgery syndrome[J].Pain Res Manag,2014,19(6):313-316.
[2]Hussain A,Erdek M.Interventional pain management for failed back surgery syndrome[J].Pain Pract,2014,14(1):64-78.
[3]Choi HS,Chi EH,Kim MR,etal.Demographic characteristics and medical service use of failed back surgery syndrome patients at an integrated treatment hospital focusing on complementary and alternative medicine:a retrospective review of electronic medical records[J].Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2014(2014):714389.
[4]Bodiu A.Diagnosis and operatory treatment of the patients with failed back surgery caused by herniated disk relapse[J].J Med Life,2014,7(4):533-537.
[5]Shapiro C.The failed back surgery syndrome:pitfalls surrounding evaluation and treatment[J].Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am,2014,25(2):319-340.
[6]Blamoutier A.Surgical discectomy for lumbar disc herniation:Surgical techniques[J].Orthop Traumatol Surg Res,2013,99(99 Suppl):187-196.
[7]Kim CH,Chung CK,Jahng TA,etal.Surgical outcome of percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar lumbar diskectomy for recurrent disk herniation after open diskectomy[J].J Spinal Disord Tech,2012,25(5):125-133.
[8]Regev GJ,Lee YP,Taylor WR,etal.Nerve injury to the posterior rami medial branch during the insertion of pedicle screws:comparison of mini-open versus percutaneous pedicle screw insertion techniques[J].Spine(Phila Pa 1976),2009,34(11):1239-1242.
[9]Kim DY,Lee SH,Chung SK,etal.Comparison of mul-tifidus muscle atrophy and trunk extension muscle strength:percutaneous versus open pedicle screw fixation[J].Spine(Phila Pa 1976),2005,30(1):123-129.
[10]Albayrak S,Ozturk S,Durdag E,etal.Surgical management of recurrent disc herniations with microdiscectomy and long-term results on life quality:Detailed analysis of 70 cases[J].J Neurosci Rural Pract,2016,7(1):87-90.
[11]Mroz TE,Lubelski D,Williams SK,etal.Differences in the surgical treatment of recurrent lumbar disc herniation among spine surgeons in the United States[J].Spine J,2014,14(10):2334-2343.
[12]Zhang C,Berven SH,F(xiàn)ortin M,etal.Adjacent segment degeneration versus disease after lumbar spine fusion for degenerative pathology:A systematic review with meta-analysis of the literature[J].Clin Spine Surg,2016,29(1):21-29.
[13]Bresnahan L,Ogden AT,Natarajan RN,etal.A biomechanical evaluation of graded posterior element removal for treatment of lumbar stenosis:comparison of a minimally invasive approach with two standard laminectomy techniques[J].Spine(Phila Pa 1976),2009,34(1):17-23.
[14]Battie MC,Videman T,Kaprio J,etal.The twin spine study:contributions to a changing view of disc degeneration[J].Spine J,2009,9(1):47-59.
[15]Chen XL,Guan L,Liu YZ,etal.Interspinous dynamic stabilization adjacent to fusion versus double-segment fusion for treatment of lumbardegenerative disease with a minimum follow-up of three years[J].Int Orthop,2016,40(6):1275-1283.
[16]Fleischer GD,Hart D,F(xiàn)errara LA,etal.Biomechanical effect of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and axial interbody threaded rod on range of motion and S1screw loading in a destabilized L5S1spondylolisthesis model[J].Spine(Phila Pa 1976),2014,39(2):82-88.
[17]Bydon M,Macki M,Abt NB,etal.The cost-effectiveness of interbody fusions versus posterolateral fusions in 137 patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis[J].Spine J,2015,15(3):492-498.
[18]Liu J,Deng H,Long X,etal.A comparative study of perioperative complications between transforaminal versus posterior lumbar interbody fusion in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis[J].Eur Spine J,2016,25(5):1575-1580.
[19]McAnany SJ,Baird EO,Qureshi SA,etal.Posterolateral fusion versus interbody fusion for degenerative spondylolisthesis:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Spine(Phila Pa 1976),2016(4):[Epub ahead of print].
[20]Bordoni B,Marelli F.Failed back surgery syndrome:review and new hypotheses[J].J Pain Res,2016(9):17-22.
Retrospectively Analysis of 240 Cases of Failed Back Surgery Syndrome
Wang Shenshen,Jia Lianshun,Chen Xiongsheng,etal
(Department of Spinal Surgery,Changzheng Hospital,Secondary Military Medical University,Shanghai200003,China)
ObjectiveTo analyze the cause and the method of primary operation of failed back surgery syndrome(FBSS).MethodsPatients with failed back surgery syndrome during January 2003 to December 2013 in the Department of orthopedic surgery of my Hospital were retrospectively enrolled.According to the different primary diagnosis before the primary operation,patients were divided into three groups.Group one received 182 patients whose primary diagnosis are lumbar disc herniation.Group two received 31 patients whose primary diagnosis are lumbar spinal stenosis.Group three received 27 patients whose primary diagnosis are lumbar spondylolisthesis.We reviewed all patients′ medical records,including sex,age,course of the recurrent symptom,the method of primary operation,the location of the first surgical segment and diagnosis.We analyzed the causes of FBSS and the relationship with method of primary operation.Results240 were enrolled in this study including 136 males and 104 females.The the most frequent causes of three groups were recurrent lumbar disc herniation,lumbar spinal stenosis and instrumentation failure,respectively.The most failed methods of primary operation of three groups were fenestration laminectomy and discectomy,laminectomy,internal fixation and posteriolateral fusion,respectively.ConclusionThe causes of FBSS are complex,including recurrent lumbar disc herniation accounting,lumbar spinal stenosis,complications,adjacent segment disease,the failure of instrumentation.Using right surgical method may can reduce the incidence of FBSS.
failed back surgery syndrome;causes;the methods of operation
1008-5572(2016)10-0870-04
R681.5+5
B
2016-05-04
王深深(1989- ),男,醫(yī)師,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)征醫(yī)院脊柱外科,200003。
*本文通訊作者:賈連順