戴麗文,丁敬美,付菊芳,劉冰,孫惠英,史皆然
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某三甲醫(yī)院心血管外科連續(xù)5年醫(yī)院感染病例分析
戴麗文1,丁敬美2,付菊芳1,劉冰1,孫惠英1,史皆然1
目的了解某醫(yī)院心血管外科連續(xù)5年醫(yī)院感染的現(xiàn)狀,分析感染相關(guān)因素,以便采取有效措施降低醫(yī)院感染發(fā)生率。方法方便抽樣某醫(yī)院2010年1月~2014年12月出院患者中的19 025例,其中確診醫(yī)院感染553例。采用回顧性分析方法,收集553例感染患者的一般資料和相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),具體包括性別、年齡、住院期間情況、手術(shù)情況、入住ICU的時(shí)間等。結(jié)果5年間共有553例感染患者,其中男性343例(62%),女性210例(38%),年齡1~52歲,其中60歲以上77例(13.9%)。住院期間發(fā)生搶救119例(21.5%)、手術(shù)467例(84.4%)、輸血447例(80.8%)、透析57例(10.3%)。入住ICU的時(shí)間為4.0(2.0~9.0)d,其中≥5 d的患者276例(49.9%)。住院期間平均最高體溫(38.85±0.68)℃,其中最高體溫≥39.0 ℃患者248例(44.8%)。術(shù)前應(yīng)用第三代頭孢菌素309例(55.9%),術(shù)后應(yīng)用抗生素種類為2.0(1.0~3.0)種。術(shù)后靜脈導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間為7.0(5.0~8.5)d,其中≥7 d患者284例(51.4%);白蛋白<40 g/L患者314例(56.8%);紅細(xì)胞比容<0.40患者272例(49.2%)。最常見的醫(yī)院感染類型依次是肺部感染(43.6%)、上呼吸道感染(30.0%)和血流感染(25.7%)。二元Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)女性、術(shù)前應(yīng)用第三代頭孢菌素為血流感染的保護(hù)因素,年齡≥60歲、入住ICU時(shí)間≥5 d、住院期間最高體溫≥39.0 ℃、白蛋白<40 g/L、紅細(xì)胞比容<0.40、術(shù)后靜脈導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間≥7 d為危險(xiǎn)因素。先天性心臟病、住院期間輸血為肺部感染的保護(hù)因素,入住ICU時(shí)間≥5 d、住院期間透析、住院期間手術(shù)、術(shù)后靜脈導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間≥7 d、術(shù)后使用抗生素?cái)?shù)目≥3種為危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)論心血管外科住院患者發(fā)生醫(yī)院感染的相關(guān)因素眾多,醫(yī)務(wù)工作者可以采取加強(qiáng)患者住院期間生理功能的改善、減少入住ICU時(shí)間、減少靜脈導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間和合理使用抗生素等針對性的措施來減少醫(yī)院感染的發(fā)生。
醫(yī)院感染;感染部位;危險(xiǎn)因素;心血管外科
心外科是醫(yī)院重要的手術(shù)科室之一,醫(yī)院感染發(fā)生率呈升高趨勢,甚至危及生命,給患者帶來痛苦和經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[1]。國內(nèi)研究報(bào)道,每例醫(yī)院感染增加的費(fèi)用為1052~51447.38元人民幣[2],發(fā)達(dá)國家增加的額外費(fèi)用為1000~4500美元(平均1800美元)[3]。有效的感染監(jiān)測是醫(yī)院感染控制的基礎(chǔ)。本研究對2010年1月~2014年12月出院者中感染患者進(jìn)行回顧分析,探討心外科醫(yī)院感染的現(xiàn)狀和危險(xiǎn)因素。
1.1資料來源抽樣某醫(yī)院2010年1月~2014年12月出院患者中19 025例,其中確診醫(yī)院感染553例。
1.2調(diào)查方法采用回顧性分析方法,收集553例感染患者的一般資料和相關(guān)可疑危險(xiǎn)因素,包括性別、年齡、住院時(shí)間、手術(shù)情況、入住ICU的時(shí)間等。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法應(yīng)用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析,以性別、年齡、住院時(shí)間、入住ICU的時(shí)間、疾病種類、是否手術(shù)、住院期間是否發(fā)生搶救/透析/輸血等為自變量,以“是否血流感染”和“是否肺部感染”為因變量分別進(jìn)行單因素分析,然后將有意義的單因素引入二元Logistics回歸,進(jìn)一步分析感染的危險(xiǎn)因素。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1感染患者基本情況5年共553例感染患者,其中男性343例(62%),女性210例(38%),年齡1~52歲,其中60歲以上患者77例(13.9%)。住院天數(shù)為22.0(16.0~30.0)d,入院時(shí)伴心率失常者138例(25.0%)。美國紐約心臟病協(xié)會心功能分級,Ⅰ級2例(0.4%),Ⅱ級259例(46.8%),Ⅲ級272例(49.2%),Ⅳ級20例(3.6%)。553例感染患者住院期間發(fā)生搶救119例(21.5%)、手術(shù)467例(84.4%)、輸血447例(80.8%)、透析57例(10.3%)。入住ICU的時(shí)間為4.0(2.0~9.0)d,其中≥5 d者276例(49.9%)。住院期間平均最高體溫(38.85 ±0.68)℃,其中最高體溫≥39.0℃者248例(44.8%)。術(shù)前應(yīng)用第三代頭孢菌素309例(55.9%),術(shù)后應(yīng)用抗生素為2(1.0~3.0)種。術(shù)后靜脈導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間為7(5.0~8.5)d,其中≥7 d者284例(51.4%);白蛋白<40 g/L314例(56.8%);紅細(xì)胞比容<0.40 272例(49.2%)(表1)。
2.2感染部位分布隨機(jī)抽樣的19 025例患者中確診醫(yī)院感染553例,醫(yī)院感染率為2.91%。其中1例患者檢出三個部位的感染,63例患者檢出兩個部位的感染,489例患者檢出一個部位的感染。最常見的醫(yī)院感染類型依次是肺部感染(43.6%)、上呼吸道感染(30.0%)和血流感染(25.7%)(表2)。
2.3血流感染的危險(xiǎn)因素分析553例醫(yī)院感染患者中確診血流感染142例,無血流感染411例,組間單因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn)多個因素可能導(dǎo)致血流感染,然后將多個單因素引入二元Logistic回歸,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)女性、術(shù)前應(yīng)用第三代頭孢菌素為血流感染的保護(hù)因素,年齡≥60歲、入住ICU時(shí)間≥5 d、住院期間最高體溫≥39.0℃、白蛋白<40 g/L、紅細(xì)胞比容<0.40、術(shù)后靜脈導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間≥7 d為危險(xiǎn)因素(表3)。
表1 患者一般資料
表2 心血管外科醫(yī)院感染的感染部位分布
2.4肺部感染的危險(xiǎn)因素分析553例醫(yī)院感染患者中確診肺部感染241例,無肺部感染312例,組間單因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn)多個因素可引起肺部感染,行二元Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)先天性心臟病、住院期間輸血為肺部感染的保護(hù)因素,入住ICU時(shí)間≥5 d、住院期間透析、住院期間手術(shù)、術(shù)后靜脈導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間≥7 d、術(shù)后使用抗生素?cái)?shù)目≥3種為危險(xiǎn)因素(表4)。
表3 血流感染的危險(xiǎn)因素分析
表4 肺部感染的危險(xiǎn)因素分析
隨著免疫抑制劑及抗生素濫用的發(fā)生[4],醫(yī)院感染發(fā)生率呈增長趨勢。根據(jù)病區(qū)感染現(xiàn)狀制定相應(yīng)干預(yù)措施,對降低感染發(fā)生率意義重大。
本研究調(diào)查顯示某院心外科五年的平均感染率是2.91%,與其他文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[5,6]相比較低,感染部位主要為肺部感染(43.6%)、呼吸道感染(30.0%)和血流感染(25.7%),與其他文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[6-8]的心胸外科醫(yī)院感染主要為呼吸道感染,其次是切口感染基本一致。在本研究中,除2013年醫(yī)院感染發(fā)生率略升高外,基本呈逐年下降趨勢,與醫(yī)護(hù)人員重視程度有關(guān)。
血流感染多發(fā)生于病情嚴(yán)重者,并以病情發(fā)展迅速和病死率高而受到重視[9]。本研究顯示血流感染的危險(xiǎn)因素包括:男性、年齡≥60歲、入住ICU時(shí)間≥5 d、住院期間最高體溫≥39.0℃、白蛋白<40 g/L、紅細(xì)胞比容<0.40、術(shù)后靜脈導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間≥7 d等。男性更易感染,可能與吸煙和飲酒有關(guān),同時(shí)需合理應(yīng)用抗生素。
本次調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,患者肺部感染的危險(xiǎn)因素包括入住ICU時(shí)間≥5 d、住院期間透析、住院期間手術(shù)、術(shù)后靜脈導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間≥7 d、術(shù)后抗生素≥3種等,先天性心臟病和血管疾病與瓣膜疾病相比,不易肺部感染的原因可能是患者相對年輕、身體機(jī)能較好;而瓣膜病和血管疾病的患者多為中老年?;颊咦≡浩陂g透析是肺部感染的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,肺部感染是血液透析常見并發(fā)癥,嚴(yán)重影響患者生活質(zhì)量,甚至死亡,透析患者肺炎病死率是普通人群的14~16倍。住院期間應(yīng)積極改進(jìn)患者救護(hù)措施,減少術(shù)后靜脈導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間和抗生素使用等。
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本文編輯:姚雪莉
Analysis on cases of nosocomial infection in the department of cardiovascular surgery of a grade III-Ahospital in five consecutive years
DAI Li-wen*, DING Jing-mei, FU Ju-fang, LIU Bing, SUN Hui-ying, SHI Jie-ran.*Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
SHI Jie-ran, E-mail: Sjr1966@fmmu.edu.cn
ObjectiveTo survey the status of nosocomial infection in the department of cardiovascular surgery of a grade III-A hospital in five consecutive years and analyze relevant factors for taking effective measures to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infection.MethodsThe discharged patients (n=19 025) were chosen from the department of cardiovascular surgery of a grade III-A hospital from Jan. 2010 to Dec. 2014, and among them 553 were diagnosed as nosocomial infection cases.The general materials and relevant data were collected from 553 patients including sex, age, hospitalization status, surgery status and duration of staying in intensive care unit(ICU) by applying retrospective analysis method.ResultsIn five consecutive years, there were totally 553 patients with nosocomial infection, among them 343 (62%) were the male, 210 (38%) were the female, their age was from 1.0 to 52, and there were 77 (13.9%) patients aged over 60.There were 119 (21.5%) patients undergone rescue,467 (84.4%) accepted surgery, 447 (80.8%) with blood transfusion, and 57 (10.3%) with dialysis.The duration of staying in ICU was 4.0 (2.0-9.0) d, and there were 276 (49.9%) patients with duration of staying in ICU≥5 d.The average highest body temperature was (38.85±0.68) ℃ in patients during staying in hospital, and among them there were 248 (44.8%) cases with the highest body temperature≥39.0℃.There were 309 (55.9%) patients treated with the third generation cephalosporin before the surgery, and there were 2.0 (1.0-3.0) kinds of antibiotics used after the surgery.The indwelling duration of venous catheter was 7.0 (5.0-8.5) d and there were 284 (51.4%)patients with indwelling duration≥7 d.There 314 (56.8%) patients with albumin<40 g/L and 272 (49.2%) patient with hematocrit (Hct)<0.40。The most common nosocomial infection types were pulmonary infection (43.6%),upper respiratory tract infection (30.0%) and bloodstream infection (25.7%).The results of binary Logistic regression analysis showed that female and the third generation cephalosporin before the surgery were protective factors of bloodstream infection, and age≥60, duration of staying in ICU≥5 d, the highest body temperature≥39.0 ℃, albumin<40 g/L, hematocrit (Hct)<0.40 and indwelling duration of venous catheter≥7 d were risk factors.Congenital heart disease and blood transfusion were protective factors of pulmonary infection, and duration of staying in ICU≥5 d, dialysis, surgery, indwelling duration of venous catheter≥7 d, and kinds of antibiotics≥3 were risk factors.ConclusionThere were a lot of factors related to nosocomial infection, and the measures of improving physical functions, decreasing duration of staying in ICU, reducing of indwelling duration of venous catheter and reasonably administrating of antibiotics should be taken for reducing the incidence of nosocomial infection.
Nosocomial infection; Infection site; Risk factors, Department of cardiovascular surgery
R194
A
1674-4055(2016)08-0952-03
1 710032西安,第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)西京醫(yī)院疾病預(yù)防控
制科;2 710032 西安,第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)軍事預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)系衛(wèi)生勤務(wù)教研室
史皆然,E-mail:Sjr1966@fmmu.edu.cn
10.3969/j.issn.1674-4055.2016.08.18