黃蔥蔥 連春微 狄美琴 馬劍鋒 李 挺 李 軍
溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院麻醉科,浙江溫州325027
右美托咪定聯(lián)合羅哌卡因在小兒臂叢神經(jīng)鞘內(nèi)的應(yīng)用
黃蔥蔥連春微狄美琴馬劍鋒李挺李軍▲
溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院麻醉科,浙江溫州325027
目的觀察右美托咪定聯(lián)合羅哌卡因在小兒肌間溝臂叢鞘內(nèi)注射對(duì)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)及運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯的影響。方法選擇2014年7月~2015年3月間在我院擇期行上肢橈側(cè)切復(fù)內(nèi)固定手術(shù)的60例患兒(6~12歲),隨機(jī)分為右美托咪定組(Dex組,n=30)和對(duì)照組(C組,n=30)。Dex組采用0.25%羅哌卡因(0.3 mL/kg)聯(lián)合1 μg/kg右美托咪定在超聲引導(dǎo)下行肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯;C組采用0.25%羅哌卡因(0.3 mL/kg)。記錄術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)CHIPPS評(píng)分(判斷疼痛程度)和改良Bromage分級(jí)(判斷運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯程度);觀察臂叢神經(jīng)感覺(jué)阻滯和運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯的持續(xù)時(shí)間,并記錄不良反應(yīng)。結(jié)果與C組比較,Dex組患兒術(shù)后8 h、12 h的CHIPPS評(píng)分及改良Bromage評(píng)分均降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);Dex組感覺(jué)神經(jīng)阻滯時(shí)間[(750.2±206.0)min]較C組[(591.6±182.1)min]顯著延長(zhǎng)(P= 0.0060);兩組運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯時(shí)間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[(594.1±180.6)min vs(524.3±171.9)min,P=0.1766)]。結(jié)論右美托咪定1 μg/kg聯(lián)合0.25%羅哌卡因用于小兒肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯時(shí)可以增強(qiáng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)及運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)的阻滯效果并延長(zhǎng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)阻滯時(shí)間,改善術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果,且無(wú)明顯不良反應(yīng)。
右美托咪定;小兒;臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯;鎮(zhèn)痛;感覺(jué)阻滯;運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯
[Abstract]Objective To observe the effect of intrathecal injection of dexmedetomidine combined with ropivacaine into children's interscalene brachial plexus neurolemma on sensory and motor block.Methods 60 children(6-12 y)with selective radial open reduction and internal fixation in our hospital from July 2014 to March 2015 were selected and randomly divided into dexmedetomidine group(Dex group,n=30)and control group(C group,n=30).Patients in the Dex group were given nerve block of interscalene brachial plexus by 0.25%ropivacaine(0.3 mL/kg)combined with 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine under ultrasound,and patients in the C group were only given 0.25%ropivacaine(0.3 mL/kg).Results Compared with the results in the C group,the CHIPPS scores and the modified Bromage scores at 8 h and 12 h after operation were significantly lower in the Dex group(P<0.05).The time of sensory block in the Dex group was significantly longer than that in the C group[(750.2±206.0)min vs(591.6±182.1)min,P=0.0060].There was no significant difference in the time of motor block between two groups[(594.1±180.6)min vs(524.3±171.9)min,P=0.1766].Conclusion 1 μg/kg of dexmedetomidine combined with 0.25%ropivacaine used in nerve block of interscalene brachial plexus in children can enhance the effect of sensory and motor block and prolong the time of sensory block,with improvement of postoperative analgesic effect and few obvious adverse reaction.
[Key words]Dexmedetomidine;Children;Brachial plexus block;Analgesia;Sensory block;Motor block
隨著近年來(lái)超聲技術(shù)的發(fā)展,神經(jīng)阻滯的成功率顯著提高,全身麻醉聯(lián)合超聲引導(dǎo)下臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯成為小兒上肢手術(shù)的常用麻醉方式。右美托咪定是一種新型高選擇性α2受體激動(dòng)劑,已有多項(xiàng)研究顯示不同入路的臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯采用局麻藥聯(lián)合右美托咪定可以加快阻滯起效的時(shí)間,延長(zhǎng)阻滯作用時(shí)間,明顯改善術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛[1-3],但此類(lèi)研究?jī)H限于成年患者,右美托咪定在小兒臂叢神經(jīng)鞘內(nèi)的應(yīng)用鮮有報(bào)道。本實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)了以0.25%羅哌卡因(0.3 mL/kg)聯(lián)合1 μg/kg右美托咪定行超聲引導(dǎo)下肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯,觀察感覺(jué)神經(jīng)及運(yùn)動(dòng)神阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間,及采用不同評(píng)分觀察感覺(jué)及運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯的效果?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1一般資料
選擇2014年7月~2015年3月間在我院行擇期前臂橈側(cè)切開(kāi)復(fù)位內(nèi)固定手術(shù)的60例患兒(6~12歲),ASA分級(jí)Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí)。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表將患兒分為右美托咪定組(Dex組)及對(duì)照組(C組),每組30例。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):排除臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯禁忌者(穿刺部位感染、出凝血功能障礙)、對(duì)酰胺類(lèi)局麻藥過(guò)敏者、有外周神經(jīng)病變史者,局麻藥需求量超過(guò)20 mL者及對(duì)疼痛描述或交流有障礙者。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),術(shù)前監(jiān)護(hù)人或家長(zhǎng)簽署麻醉知情同意書(shū)。試驗(yàn)中D組阻滯失敗1例,C組阻滯失敗2例,此3例均被淘汰出組不納入統(tǒng)計(jì)。兩組患兒年齡、性別、體重、手術(shù)時(shí)間差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見(jiàn)表1。
表1 兩組患兒一般資料比較
1.2麻醉方法
所有患兒術(shù)前禁食6~8 h,禁清飲2 h,無(wú)術(shù)前用藥。患兒與父母分離后由同一位麻醉醫(yī)師在言語(yǔ)安慰下進(jìn)入手術(shù)室,全憑吸入麻醉誘導(dǎo)給予濃度為7%七氟烷(批號(hào):0422,日本丸石制藥株式會(huì)社)+50%笑氣/純氧(5 L/min),待睫毛反射消失后改5%七氟烷+ 100%O2(2L/min),開(kāi)放外周靜脈通路,并完善心電圖(ECG)、血氧飽和度(SpO2)、無(wú)創(chuàng)血壓(BP)監(jiān)測(cè);瞳孔固定時(shí)保留自主呼吸下置入喉罩,予1MAC七氟烷(60%氧氣+40%空氣,2L/min)維持麻醉,并實(shí)施超聲(SonoSite,Inc.Bothell,WA98021,USA,頻率6~13 MHz)引導(dǎo)肌間溝徑路臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯,采用多點(diǎn)法注射直至臂叢三干被藥物完全包繞。Dex組給予0.25%鹽酸羅哌卡因(Astra Zeneca,批號(hào):LADR)0.3 mL/kg+鹽酸右美托咪定(江蘇恒瑞醫(yī)藥股份有限公司,批號(hào):12122434)1 μg/kg;C組給予0.25%鹽酸羅哌卡因0.3 mL/kg。藥物均由一位知曉實(shí)驗(yàn)分組而又不參與神經(jīng)阻滯操作及結(jié)果記錄與分析的工作人員配制。所有操作均由另一麻醉醫(yī)生單獨(dú)實(shí)施。神經(jīng)阻滯實(shí)施后,15 min開(kāi)始切皮。
1.3評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)
比較患兒性別、年齡、身高、體重、手術(shù)時(shí)間等一般信息。手術(shù)時(shí)間定義為切皮開(kāi)始至縫合完畢。采用兒童和嬰兒術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分(Children and Infants Postoperative Pain Scale,CHIPPS)[4]法對(duì)患兒進(jìn)行疼痛評(píng)估;記錄術(shù)后1 h、4 h、8 h、12 h、16 h、24 h的CHIPPS評(píng)分。24 h內(nèi)當(dāng)CHIPPS評(píng)分≥4分時(shí)靜脈注射曲馬多1 mg/kg。記錄臂叢阻滯感覺(jué)和運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間。自臂叢注藥到CHIPPS評(píng)分≤4分為感覺(jué)神經(jīng)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間[6]。上肢運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯采用改良Bromage scale評(píng)分法[5](0級(jí):運(yùn)動(dòng)功能正常,充分屈伸手肘、手腕、手指;1級(jí):運(yùn)動(dòng)功能部分阻滯,僅能活動(dòng)手指;2級(jí):運(yùn)動(dòng)功能完全阻滯,無(wú)法移動(dòng)手指)。自臂叢注藥到改良Bromage scale評(píng)分達(dá)到0級(jí)時(shí)為運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間。觀察并記錄不良反應(yīng)(喉痙攣、血腫、聲音嘶啞、局麻藥中毒、氣胸、膈神經(jīng)阻滯、Horner綜合征)。神經(jīng)阻滯失敗或不完善的病例退出試驗(yàn),不納入統(tǒng)計(jì)。神經(jīng)阻滯失敗定義為切皮時(shí)出現(xiàn)體動(dòng),或手術(shù)過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)心率、血壓升高超過(guò)切皮前20%;或患兒在PACU完全清醒時(shí)CHIPPS評(píng)分≥7分。神經(jīng)阻滯不完善定義為患兒在PACU完全清醒時(shí)CHIPPS評(píng)分≥4分[6]。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件包對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,兩獨(dú)立樣本行t檢驗(yàn);非正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以中位數(shù)(四分位距)表示,行非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)的兩獨(dú)立樣本的秩和檢驗(yàn)(Mann-Whitney U);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn);等級(jí)資料采用秩和檢驗(yàn)。重復(fù)測(cè)量資料滿(mǎn)足球形檢驗(yàn)時(shí)采用重復(fù)測(cè)量多因素方差分析。不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的兩組比較采用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)的兩配對(duì)樣本W(wǎng)ilcoxon符號(hào)秩和檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1兩組患兒術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的CHIPPS評(píng)分及改良Bromage分級(jí)比較
術(shù)后8 h、12 h、16 h Dex組的CHIPPS評(píng)分及改良Bromage分級(jí)均低于C組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2、3。
2.2兩組患兒感覺(jué)神經(jīng)阻滯及運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間比較
Dex組感覺(jué)神經(jīng)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間較C組明顯延長(zhǎng),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。但兩組運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表4。
表2 兩組患兒術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的CHIPPS評(píng)分比較[中位數(shù)(四分位距)]
表3 兩組患兒術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的改良Bromage分級(jí)比較b[n(%)]
表4 兩組患兒感覺(jué)神經(jīng)阻滯及運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間比較(±s,min)
表4 兩組患兒感覺(jué)神經(jīng)阻滯及運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間比較(±s,min)
組別n感覺(jué)神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)C組Dex組28 29 t值P值591.6±182.1 750.2±206.0 2.874 0.0060 524.3±171.9 594.1±180.6 1.371 0.1766
2.3兩組患兒不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較
術(shù)中Dex組患兒有3例(3/28,10.7%)出現(xiàn)竇性心動(dòng)過(guò)緩(心率<60次/min),C組有1例(1/29,3.4%)出現(xiàn)竇性心動(dòng)過(guò)緩,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=1.199,P=0.352)。圍術(shù)期兩組均未出現(xiàn)高血壓、低血壓、竇性心動(dòng)過(guò)速、呼吸抑制、術(shù)后惡心嘔吐及術(shù)后神經(jīng)損傷等不良反應(yīng)。兩組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
多項(xiàng)研究提示在局麻藥中加入阿片類(lèi)或α2受體激動(dòng)劑可以提高中樞神經(jīng)及周?chē)窠?jīng)阻滯的效果及延長(zhǎng)阻滯時(shí)間[1,7-10]。
α2受體激動(dòng)劑對(duì)周?chē)窠?jīng)的作用機(jī)制不詳,可能通過(guò)作用血管收縮、中樞鎮(zhèn)痛、抗炎癥反應(yīng)等[1,7-12]。右美托咪定是一種新型高選擇性α2受體激動(dòng)劑,已有許多研究評(píng)估右美托咪定作為局麻藥的輔助用藥可以安全有效的應(yīng)用于中樞神經(jīng)及周?chē)窠?jīng)[13-15],但在小兒神臂叢經(jīng)阻滯中的應(yīng)用鮮見(jiàn)報(bào)道。
Esmaoglu[1]對(duì)接受前臂手術(shù)的成年患者采用0.5%左旋布比卡因聯(lián)合100 μg的右美托咪定行臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯,結(jié)果顯示感覺(jué)神經(jīng)及運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯起效加快,作用時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),從而效改善術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛。Marhofer等[16]對(duì)志愿者的研究證實(shí)右美托咪定能增強(qiáng)羅哌卡因?qū)Τ呱窠?jīng)的阻滯作用。目前已有許多通過(guò)建立動(dòng)物模型研究右美托咪定具有鎮(zhèn)痛作用。Brummett[17]和其同事在研究大鼠模型時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)右美托咪定聯(lián)合羅哌卡因能延長(zhǎng)大鼠坐骨神經(jīng)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間,較右美托咪定靜脈應(yīng)用而言可提供更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的鎮(zhèn)痛作用。單純右美托咪定的局部注射可提供短時(shí)間的鎮(zhèn)痛作用,提示右美托咪定外周介導(dǎo)的鎮(zhèn)痛作用機(jī)制。Yoshitomi[18]在豚鼠模型中發(fā)現(xiàn)在利多卡因中添加可樂(lè)定或右美托咪定可增強(qiáng)局部鎮(zhèn)痛,并假設(shè)可樂(lè)定與右美托咪啶的外周鎮(zhèn)痛作用是通過(guò)α2A受體介導(dǎo)的。Brummett等[17]通過(guò)研究組織病理學(xué)來(lái)評(píng)估右美托咪定聯(lián)合布比卡因的臨床療效和安全性,發(fā)現(xiàn)大鼠坐骨神經(jīng)阻滯中右美托咪定聯(lián)合布比卡因可延長(zhǎng)鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間,而單獨(dú)使用右美托咪定并沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出任何明顯的感覺(jué)或運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯的證據(jù);對(duì)大鼠坐骨神經(jīng)行組織病理學(xué)檢查顯示其軸突和髓鞘結(jié)構(gòu)正常[19]。Brummett等[20]同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)右美托咪定聯(lián)合羅哌卡因在大鼠坐骨神經(jīng)周?chē)铚@得的鎮(zhèn)痛阻滯延長(zhǎng)作用呈劑量依賴(lài)性。我們使用0.25%羅哌卡因聯(lián)合右美托咪定1 μg/kg用于超聲引導(dǎo)下小兒肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯,可延長(zhǎng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)阻滯的時(shí)間,但并不延長(zhǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯時(shí)間。
右美托咪定激動(dòng)突觸前α2受體,減少去甲腎上腺素的釋放,降低交感系統(tǒng)活性導(dǎo)致血壓下降和心率減慢[21]。神經(jīng)阻滯時(shí)右美托咪定的心動(dòng)過(guò)緩可能與其注入血管周?chē)?、緩慢吸收入血有關(guān)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下右美托咪定聯(lián)合羅哌卡因行臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯可帶來(lái)鎮(zhèn)靜作用,減輕患兒全麻術(shù)后躁動(dòng),一方面是由于局麻藥在組織中吸收入血后作用于大腦和外周組織的α2受體有關(guān),另一方面根據(jù)因減少肌肉張力感受器和肌梭的傳入沖動(dòng),而降低大腦興奮性和意識(shí)的覺(jué)醒水平。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下可得出小兒患者臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯下,1 μg/kg右美托咪聯(lián)合0.25%羅哌卡因中可延長(zhǎng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)及運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯時(shí)間,降低術(shù)后8 h及12 h的CHIPPS評(píng)分,雖術(shù)中可見(jiàn)一過(guò)性的心動(dòng)過(guò)緩,其機(jī)制與右美托咪定降低交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)活性有關(guān)[21]但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。因此,1 ug/kg右美托咪在小兒臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯中,的應(yīng)用安全有效。
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Application of dexmedetomidine combined with ropivacaine in children's brachial plexus neurolemma
HUANG CongcongLIAN ChunweiDI MeiqinMA JianfengLI TingLI Jun
Department of Anesthesiology,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University,Wenzhou325027,China
R614
B
1673-9701(2016)22-0111-04
2016-04-26)
浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生一般研究計(jì)劃(2016KYA142);浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生平臺(tái)骨干人才計(jì)劃(2012ZDA036)