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        考慮碳價(jià)下限的發(fā)電商CCS投資策略與政策分析

        2016-10-13 18:03:10張新華
        管理工程學(xué)報(bào) 2016年2期

        張新華, 陳 敏,葉 澤

        ?

        考慮碳價(jià)下限的發(fā)電商CCS投資策略與政策分析

        張新華, 陳 敏,葉 澤

        (長(zhǎng)沙理工大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理學(xué)院,湖南 長(zhǎng)沙410114)

        針對(duì)發(fā)電量與碳價(jià)雙重不確定的情況,構(gòu)建考慮碳價(jià)下限的發(fā)電商CCS投資期權(quán)模型,在模型解析求解基礎(chǔ)上,通過數(shù)值仿真,考察碳價(jià)下限、政府的投資補(bǔ)貼、稅收減免等對(duì)發(fā)電商CCS期望投資時(shí)點(diǎn)的影響,研究結(jié)果表明:1)若碳價(jià)下限過低,即使政府的CCS投資補(bǔ)貼足夠高,發(fā)電商也不會(huì)進(jìn)行CCS投資;2)雖然稅收減免可激勵(lì)發(fā)電商進(jìn)行CCS投資,但“直接補(bǔ)貼且正常征稅”可節(jié)約政府的補(bǔ)貼資金。

        實(shí)物期權(quán);價(jià)格下限;碳捕獲與儲(chǔ)存;電力市場(chǎng)

        0 引言

        全球氣候變暖是當(dāng)今人類社會(huì)所面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)之一。在氣候變暖的諸多原因中,人類活動(dòng)排放的溫室氣體被認(rèn)為是主要原因,而在溫室氣體引致的氣候變暖效應(yīng)中二氧化碳的作用高達(dá)75%以上[1]。我國(guó)是目前二氧化碳排放最多的國(guó)家,作為發(fā)展中國(guó)家,雖然暫時(shí)還沒有強(qiáng)制的減排義務(wù),但《京都議定書》達(dá)成的減排協(xié)議已于2012 年到期,目前世界各國(guó)都在努力推動(dòng)達(dá)成新的減排協(xié)議,可以預(yù)計(jì)在不久的將來(lái)我國(guó)也將面臨強(qiáng)制且可量化的碳減排計(jì)劃。國(guó)際能源署(International Energy Agency)的調(diào)查報(bào)告認(rèn)為我國(guó)的二氧化碳排放主要來(lái)源于以煤炭為主的能源行業(yè)[2]。2012年全國(guó)火力發(fā)電約37866.89478億kWh(約占總發(fā)電量78%),按我國(guó)的碳排放量平均值約為0.8kg/kWh計(jì)算,共排放約30.29億噸二氧化碳。因此作為碳排放主要來(lái)源之一,分析和探討火力發(fā)電商的碳排放策略及其相關(guān)的碳排放政策,對(duì)推動(dòng)低碳電力市場(chǎng)的建立,實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家碳減排宏觀政策的實(shí)施無(wú)疑具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。

        實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)電市場(chǎng)的碳減排,無(wú)非是以下三種途徑:一是發(fā)展清潔能源,如水電、核電、太陽(yáng)能與風(fēng)電等,并強(qiáng)制現(xiàn)有的高排放火力發(fā)電機(jī)組退出市場(chǎng);二是對(duì)現(xiàn)有的高排放火力機(jī)組進(jìn)行技術(shù)改造,從而降低碳排放;三是對(duì)現(xiàn)有火力發(fā)電機(jī)組安裝脫碳裝置,也可實(shí)現(xiàn)碳減排的目標(biāo)。由于目前我國(guó)火力發(fā)電機(jī)組容量占75%以上,在保證電力有效供給前提下,上述第一種途徑顯然是不可取的,因此實(shí)現(xiàn)我國(guó)發(fā)電市場(chǎng)的碳減排,比較現(xiàn)實(shí)的做法是采用上述第二、三種方法來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。

        對(duì)火力發(fā)電企業(yè)而言,碳排放具有外部性,其本身不具有經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值,因此發(fā)電企業(yè)沒有減排的積極性,但一旦政府實(shí)施碳排放許可制度,碳排放權(quán)則表現(xiàn)為火力發(fā)電成本的增加。目前我國(guó)的火力發(fā)電企業(yè)普通效益低下,如果在發(fā)電市場(chǎng)直接推廣碳排放權(quán),無(wú)疑會(huì)增加火力發(fā)電企業(yè)的負(fù)擔(dān),使本來(lái)處于市場(chǎng)劣勢(shì)的火力發(fā)電企業(yè)處于更加不利的地位,而一旦火力發(fā)電企業(yè)長(zhǎng)期虧損,將不可避免地帶來(lái)新一輪的電力短缺。因此,在相關(guān)政策支持下,對(duì)現(xiàn)有火力發(fā)電機(jī)組安裝CCS(Carbon Capture and Storage)設(shè)施,并實(shí)施碳排放權(quán)及其對(duì)應(yīng)的交易制度,則既可給火力發(fā)電企業(yè)帶來(lái)額外的收益(在一定程度內(nèi)彌補(bǔ)火力發(fā)電企業(yè)在電能市場(chǎng)上的虧損),也可望實(shí)現(xiàn)政府的碳減排目標(biāo)。

        在CCS投資策略方面,文[3]較為經(jīng)典,該文在對(duì)西班牙電力市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行實(shí)證考察基礎(chǔ)上,假定碳排放權(quán)交易價(jià)格(即碳價(jià))服從幾何布朗運(yùn)動(dòng),而電價(jià)服從均值回歸過程,運(yùn)用實(shí)物期權(quán)方法分析了發(fā)電商的CCS投資策略,而文[4]討論了發(fā)電成本、技術(shù)與碳價(jià)等不確定條件下的CCS 投資策略,但文[3-4]均沒有考慮能源政策對(duì)CCS投資的影響。與上述研究略有不同,有部分文獻(xiàn)考察了政策對(duì)CCS投資的影響,文[5]研究了碳規(guī)制政策不確定下,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)規(guī)制型發(fā)電商的容量投資策略;文[6]研究了碳減排不確定條件下的最化投資,并考慮了政策誘導(dǎo)問題;但文[5-6]構(gòu)建的模型考慮的影響因素相對(duì)較少。文[7]考察了碳價(jià)下限對(duì)發(fā)電技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)點(diǎn)的影響;該文假定碳價(jià)、電價(jià)以及發(fā)電商的變動(dòng)成本服從幾何布朗運(yùn)動(dòng),基于動(dòng)態(tài)規(guī)劃原理,對(duì)每一條隨機(jī)樣本路徑進(jìn)行分析,并運(yùn)用LSM方法計(jì)算每一時(shí)點(diǎn)上的期望NPV,作為發(fā)電技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換決策的依據(jù)。該文建立在數(shù)值仿真基礎(chǔ)上,且假定發(fā)電商的電量是一定的,也未考慮其它政策變量對(duì)發(fā)電技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)點(diǎn)的影響。

        發(fā)電商CCS投資策略由預(yù)期的投資收益決定,而投資收益無(wú)疑與其發(fā)電量(上網(wǎng)電量)、二氧化碳的排放權(quán)交易價(jià)格以及相關(guān)的能源政策有關(guān);而在電力市場(chǎng)環(huán)境下,發(fā)電商的上網(wǎng)電量、碳價(jià)是不確定的。在上述文獻(xiàn)基礎(chǔ)上,本文針對(duì)發(fā)電商上網(wǎng)電量和碳價(jià)雙重不確定的情況,建立考慮碳價(jià)下限的發(fā)電商CCS投資期權(quán)模型,在模型解析求解基礎(chǔ)上,通過數(shù)值仿真考慮碳價(jià)下限、CCS投資補(bǔ)貼、稅收政策等政策性變量對(duì)發(fā)電商CCS期望投資時(shí)點(diǎn)的影響,研究結(jié)果表明:1)若碳價(jià)下限過低,即使政府的CCS投資補(bǔ)貼足夠高,發(fā)電商也不會(huì)進(jìn)行CCS投資;2)稅收減免可激勵(lì)發(fā)電商進(jìn)行CCS投資,但從節(jié)約政府的補(bǔ)貼資金角度來(lái)看,對(duì)發(fā)電商CCS投資進(jìn)行直接補(bǔ)貼且正常征稅(不減免)是合理的。

        1 發(fā)電商CCS投資模型

        影響發(fā)電商CCS投資的不確定性因素很多,其中碳排放權(quán)價(jià)格和發(fā)電商的發(fā)電量直接影響投資CCS的利潤(rùn)。由于碳排放權(quán)價(jià)格和發(fā)電量是隨機(jī)的,因此CCS投資利潤(rùn)也是隨機(jī)的。文[3]假定碳排放權(quán)價(jià)格服從幾何布朗運(yùn)動(dòng),即

        (2)

        由貝爾曼方程,發(fā)電商CCS投資價(jià)值函數(shù)滿足以下方程:

        求解上式,則有:

        (5)

        求解上式,則有:

        (6)

        求解上式①,則有:

        (7)

        將式(5)(7)代入上式,則有:

        求解上式,則有:

        (9)

        將式(8)代入上式,則有:

        (10)

        其中,

        2 模型分析與數(shù)值仿真

        為直觀地考察發(fā)電商CCS投資閾值條件及投資時(shí)點(diǎn),參照文[3],不妨設(shè)定下述參數(shù):,。針對(duì)一臺(tái)容量為60萬(wàn)千瓦的火力發(fā)電機(jī)組,設(shè)其CCS投資額,期間運(yùn)行費(fèi)為,則有:

        2.1 發(fā)電商CCS投資時(shí)點(diǎn)的數(shù)值仿真

        圖1 發(fā)電商CCS投資閾值對(duì)應(yīng)的碳價(jià)與上網(wǎng)電量關(guān)系

        圖2 一條碳價(jià)抽樣路徑

        圖1中可看出:1)隨碳價(jià)下限的遞增,發(fā)電商CCS投資閾值對(duì)應(yīng)的上網(wǎng)電量遞減,當(dāng)時(shí),對(duì)應(yīng)的上網(wǎng)電量達(dá)最低;2)當(dāng)碳價(jià)下限較低(如)時(shí),投資閾值對(duì)應(yīng)的上網(wǎng)電量將可能超過發(fā)電商的最大可供電量,顯然此時(shí)發(fā)電商不會(huì)進(jìn)行CCS投資。簡(jiǎn)單地,下文的數(shù)值分析中,假定碳價(jià)下限。

        圖3 基于隨機(jī)抽樣的CCS投資時(shí)點(diǎn)示意圖

        圖4 發(fā)電商業(yè)CCS投資時(shí)點(diǎn)的統(tǒng)計(jì)柱狀圖

        2.2發(fā)電商CCS投資的政策討論

        圖5 投資補(bǔ)貼對(duì)CCS期望投資時(shí)點(diǎn)的影響

        圖6 不同CCS期望投資時(shí)點(diǎn)下的政府總補(bǔ)貼曲線

        圖7情況下的曲線

        類似地,若給定發(fā)電商CCS投資期望時(shí)點(diǎn),可得到類似圖7的曲線。因此,對(duì)發(fā)電商CCS投資規(guī)制機(jī)構(gòu)而言,在期望投資時(shí)點(diǎn)和碳價(jià)下限給定的前提下,不難推導(dǎo)出其投資補(bǔ)貼比率,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)電市場(chǎng)碳減排目標(biāo)。

        顯然,發(fā)電商CCS期望投資時(shí)點(diǎn)的選擇,需要規(guī)制結(jié)構(gòu)根據(jù)全社會(huì)總體的碳減排情況來(lái)確定,但一經(jīng)確定,則可通過類似圖7的分析,得到規(guī)制機(jī)構(gòu)的組合規(guī)制政策;但最優(yōu)的碳價(jià)下限或最優(yōu)的投資補(bǔ)貼比率的確定,則須綜合考察規(guī)制機(jī)構(gòu)(如補(bǔ)貼資金的來(lái)源、減排目標(biāo))與其它碳排放單位(過高的碳價(jià)無(wú)疑增加了其生產(chǎn)或生活成本)的效用函數(shù),本文暫不做探討。

        3 結(jié)論

        隨著京都議定書的到期,可以預(yù)計(jì)不久的將來(lái)我國(guó)也將面臨強(qiáng)制且可量化的碳減排計(jì)劃,作為碳排放最重要來(lái)源的火力發(fā)電企業(yè)無(wú)疑將是碳減排的重要對(duì)象,CCS投資被認(rèn)為是火力發(fā)電企業(yè)碳減排最重要的途徑之一。影響火力發(fā)電企業(yè)進(jìn)行CCS投資的不確定性因素很多,論文針對(duì)發(fā)電量與碳價(jià)雙重不確定的情況,構(gòu)建考慮碳價(jià)下限的發(fā)電商CCS投資期權(quán)模型,在模型解析求解基礎(chǔ)上,通過數(shù)值仿真考察碳價(jià)下限、政府的投資補(bǔ)貼、稅收減免等對(duì)發(fā)電商CCS期望投資時(shí)點(diǎn)的影響,研究結(jié)果表明:1)若碳價(jià)下限過低,即使政府的CCS投資補(bǔ)貼足夠高,發(fā)電商也可能不會(huì)進(jìn)行CCS投資;該結(jié)論是比較直觀的,如2013年上半年歐洲碳價(jià)“觸底”(持續(xù)在2~5歐元/噸波動(dòng)),相關(guān)的激勵(lì)性政策對(duì)發(fā)電商的CCS投資幾乎沒有刺激作用。2)雖然執(zhí)行稅收減免政策能激勵(lì)發(fā)電商進(jìn)行CCS投資,但從節(jié)約補(bǔ)貼資金的角度來(lái)看,政府應(yīng)直接給予CCS投資補(bǔ)貼,并對(duì)其投資收益正常征稅;該結(jié)果與文[9]的研究結(jié)論是相吻合的(研究途徑和研究對(duì)象不一樣),該結(jié)論對(duì)發(fā)電商CCS投資收益“稅收減免”政策的謹(jǐn)慎性實(shí)施提供了理論支撐。

        [1] 康重慶,陳啟鑫,夏清.低碳電力技術(shù)的研究展望[J].電網(wǎng)技術(shù),2009,33(2):1-7.

        [2] Wenji Zhou,Bing Zhu,Sabine Fuss,Jana Szolgayová,Michael Obersteiner,Weiyang Fei.Uncertainty modeling of CCS investment strategy in China’s power sector[J]. Applied Energy, 2010, 87(7):2392-2400.

        [3] Luis M Abadie, José M Chamorro. European CO2prices and carbon capture investments [J].Energy Economics, 2008, 30(6):2992-3015.

        [4] Lei Zhu, Ying Fan. A real options–based CCS investment evaluation model: Case study of China’s power generation sector [J].Applied Energy, 2011, 88(12):4320-4333.

        [5] Lin Fan, Benjamin F Hobbs, Catherine S Norman. Risk aversion and CO2regulatory uncertainty in power generation investment: Policy and modeling implications [J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2010, 60(3):193-208.

        [6] Mingxi Wang, Mingrong Wang, Shouyang Wang. Optimal investment and uncertainty on China’s carbon emission abatement [J].Energy Policy, 2012, 41(2):871-877.

        [7] Alexander Brauneis, Roland Mestel, StefanPalan. Inducing low-carbon investment in the electric power industry through a price floor for emissions trading [J].Energy Policy, 2013, 53:190-204.

        [8] Bockman Thor, Stein-Erik Fleten, Erik Juliussen. Investment timing and optimal capacity choice for small hydropower projects [J].European Journal of Operational Research, 2008, 190(1):255-267.

        [9] Sudipto Sarkar. Attracting private investment: Tax reduction, investment subsidy, or both? [J]. Economic Modelling, 2012, 29(5):1780-1785.

        Investment Strategy of CCS for Power Producer and Policy Analysis with Carbon Price Floor

        ZHANG Xin-hua,CHEN Min, YE Ze

        (School of Economic and Management, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114,China)

        In the 21st century, the emissions of greenhouse gases have brought serious threats to human being’s living environment. This growing concern has made carbon emission reduction an important topic in the international community. Because power industry is the main producer of carbon dioxide, its strategy of carbon emission reduction is very important in the sustainable movement.

        Carbon capture and storage (CCS) investment is a major research field about carbon emission to power producers, which contains many uncertainties, such as power demand, carbon trade price, and investment policy uncertainties. At present, most literatures model the carbon capture investment as an irreversible investment problem based on real option theory, and for simplicity, generally consider only one kind of uncertainty. Under power demand uncertainty and carbon trade price uncertainty, this paper presents an oligopoly power producer’s carbon capture investment model. This model considers carbon price floor, and investigates the impact of carbon price floor, investment subsidy and tax policy on expected investment timing based on the analysis of a numerical simulation model.

        Empirical literatures on carbon trade price in Europe show that CO2trade price follows Geometric Brownian motion. Electricity power demand is assumed to follow the Geometric Brownian motion, which is proved in many studies. Based on the findings of these literatures, section II of this paper presents an oligopoly power producer’s CCS investment value function. This function considers carbon trade price floor, in which carbon trade price and power demand are variables. Applying Bellman equation and Ito’s Lemma to solve the value function, we analyze three cases and obtain three partial differential equations. By solving the value matching and smooth pasting conditions of the real option theory in carbon price floor, we can obtain analytical solutions of oligopoly power producer’s CCS investment value function, based on the solutions of above-mentioned differential equations. In addition, by comparing the values between investment and waiting to invest with classic real option method, we obtain the oligopoly power producer’s CCS investment threshold conditions: (1) invest when real power demand is higher than the threshold, or (2) do not invest when the power demand threshold is the function of carbon trade price and carbon price floor.

        In section III of this paper, we use Matlab 2008 to examine numerical correlation between power demand quantity and carbon price in investment threshold with different carbon price floors based on the empirical data. In addition, we explore numerical solution of CCS investment threshold with Monte Carlo sampling method. The CCS investment threshold is stochastic due to the sample paths of two stochastic processes. In order to analyze stochastic properties of investment threshold, we sample the threshold for 5000 times, and construct histograms to examine the investment threshold’s statistical attribute. In addition, in the case of same carbon price floor the effects of policy-related investment subsidy on expected investment timing and different tax policy on total subsidy are examined. In the end, from the perspective of saving total subsidy combination strategies, including carbon price floor and subsidy, are discussed if oligopoly power producers will invest immediately.

        In conclusion, power producer will not invest in CCS even if government’s subsidy is high enough when carbon price floor is too low. Tax deduction or exemption is effective to induce earlier investment. However, it is rational for government to provide power producer with investment subsidy of CCS while simultaneously taxing its future profit.

        real option; price floor; CCS; power market

        中文編輯:杜 ??;英文編輯:Charlie C. Chen

        F830.59

        A

        1004-6062(2016)02-0160-06

        10.13587/j.cnki.jieem.2016.02.019

        2013-06-30

        2014-01-03

        國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(71271033);國(guó)家社科基金重大資助項(xiàng)目(12&ZD051);教育部新世紀(jì)優(yōu)秀人才支持計(jì)劃(NCET-11-0978);湖南省高校創(chuàng)新平臺(tái)開放資助基金(13K057)

        張新華(1973—),男,湖南雙峰人。長(zhǎng)沙理工大學(xué)教授,博士(后),研究方向:能源經(jīng)濟(jì)管理。

        ① 詳細(xì)求解過程見附錄。

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