亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        Discussion of the relationship between the constructionist and news media

        2016-09-26 00:37:43朱思思
        卷宗 2016年7期
        關(guān)鍵詞:思思

        朱思思

        Human being is living in a modern society that is closed-connection by the media. Specifically, people access to information from the traditional media and new media in order to know the outline of the community. Meanwhile, they took advantage of interaction of new media to feedback positively. Thus, it is effective to form a healthy and circular information environment. It is hard to imagine the society without media. On the other hand, how should people treat media reports and the news media? Moreover, how do these events become social problems and how were they been represented? This essay will present different statements of frames and describe a framework of the constructionist perspective, then attempt to analyses what is the nature of news media, and the process of news reporting in the constructionist perspective. Finally, by examining those of media reports, this essay will evaluate the social roles of them.

        It is worthy to mention that there are two major studies to defined social problems. One is named objectivist definitions and another is the constructionist perspective. As Best (1995) claimed that there are not two sides of a coin between objectivism and constructionism, it is a complete two thinking of social problems. For example, objectivist sociologists consider social problems are conditions which affect amount people harmfully; in contrast, constructionists argued that recognizing a social condition whether is a problem or not need some subjective judgment, and they define a social problem as a claims making activity. In fact, sociologists would not like to use the objectivist definitions identifying social problems because that there are little in common among those conditions of specific subjects. As a result, a more advance theory came out that is the constructionist perspective.

        By analyzing the reporting of social problems, there is a key word, framework, has to be mention. It is better to state that framing is a worthy study than a pattern of news reporting (DAngelo, 2002; cited in Reese, 2007). Reese (2007) supported DAngelos statement by pointing out that framing is a “provocative model”, as a bridge, to connect interdisciplinary parts. Furthermore, he said that the diversity of theory has benefited from the process of an integrated understanding. DAngelo (2002) also supplied that framing program is to follow the combinative perspective which constituted by cognition, constructivism, and critique.

        It is remarkable that framing is popular in academic researches and public arena (Reese, 2007). Reese (2007) claimed that framing is associated with framers and has a clear political tendency; however, people link it with media agenda setting quite often. Generally speaking, media agenda setting just focus on the selective content of reporting. Here is a statement can support that the media agenda setting is a fair function of communication. An early researcher, Bernard Cohen stated that it is more likely to achieve success “in telling people what to think about than what to think” (Cohen, 1963; cited in Hansen, 2010: p.19).

        Comparing with media agenda setting, framing focus more on the organized of issues, form of talk, and meanings evolved (Gamson, 1989, 1992; cited in Reese et al. 2001). In order words, framing is not just telling people what to think about, it also by selecting and silencing reports to emphasize the issues. Hence, framing is playing a crucial actor in shaping the selective reality. In some extent, the audience members might feel less resistance because they find less bias in the news reporting. Moreover, faming is an especially way in getting know about the role of media in communication and news reporting (Reese, 2001).

        After understanding the frame is a tool to structure a series idea and concepts (Hertog and McLeod, 2001; cited in Reese et al. 2001) and to organize principles which are shared by the society (Reese, 2007), then, the constructionist perspective claims that some problems become defined as social problems only when somebody claims in the public arena, such as the media hub, but not because of the objective conditions (Hansen, 2010; Best, 1995). In this respect, the constructionist perspective presents a good frame for a theory of social problems whilst objectivism should present a case study to define a social problem (Best, 1995). Moreover, Spector and Kitsuse (1977; cited in Best, 1995) said that social problems reported by media is a process of an activity and with no relationship with the existence of conditions. Therefore, Best (1995) also claimed that the constructionism provided a general frame for sociologies to analyze social problems. Additionally, Hansen (2010) stated that the constructionist perspective provides a useful framework to analyze the process of news reporting and the construction of social problem, and we should focus on the claims making and the claims makers rather than focus on social conditions. Specifically, what is the purpose of these claims making, how do these claims work, and whom are these claims makers making for.

        Different from traditional recognition that the nature of news reporting is objective and accuracy, the constructionists bypass the discussion of news objectivity and accuracy. It is not difficult to imagine that, as Hansen (2010) stated, no one can report the news objective because everyone has own stance. He suggested that if the argument of constructionist perspective is accepted, there is obviously to know that “media, communication and discourse have a central role and should be a central focus for study” (Hansen, 2010: p.18).

        Obviously, people acquire most information is not direct (Adoni and Mane, 1984; Surette, 2007; cited in Hansen, 2010). For instance, people get most information from books, televisions, Internet, and so on. In other words, the reality we know is represented by media. Media as a particular significant hub and public arena for claims making is playing a crucial role (Hansen, 2010). However, the media it might be controlled by other power, such as economic, political and news worthiness, and so on. In other words, the media have own stances. Furthermore, the media are both primary claims makers and secondary claims maker who translating claims made by social activists and experts (Best, 1995). Generally, there are usually three claims-makers, social activists, scientists, and the media, in social problems reporting. Scientists usually make claims to achieve audiences supporting their opinion easier than others because of Academic authority. The media and social activists also need scientists explain some statements which are good for their expectations to reach their goals. Specifically, social activists sometimes need scientists view to interpret their stances, because the opinion of scientists is usually convinced. The media, as claims-makers, often transmit and rebuild the opinion of scientists and social activists in a selective way to present their own willing.

        The frequency of media reporting is another importing way for the media to make claims. Political scientists Roger Cobb and Charles Elder (1971, cited in Hansen, 2010) pointed out two or more than two controversial groups who can grasp more chances to claim their own position, who will take control of the situation. The constructionist perspective offers an influential framework for the public to know efforts of media reporting in social problems is also an important reason by attracting the public attention to the issues. For instance, coverage of climate-change and the public attention on climate change have a reasonable relationship (Trumbo, 1996; cited in Hansen, 2010).

        Ibarra and Kitsuse (1993, cited in Hansen, 2010) reiterated that Spector and Kitsuses opinion about social problems as process of claims-making, that language is an important part of reporting. For instance, in the same objective conditions, by using the different discourse and timing to construct social problems, however, there will be a completely different reporting.

        This paragraph response to the question that how do claims-makes make claims. As Loseke (2003) stated that there are usually three claims making strategies of news reporting to make audience members to “evaluate a condition as a social problem. The first one is that telling typical stories is a fundamental part of social problems construction (Best, 1995). For instance, claims-makers give a direction to a problem, and then let the audience members imagine the following blanks. Claims makers do not need to lie, however, the audience members will go straightly to the destination which is settled by claims-makers. The second one is that leading to outstanding consequences, which strategy is better than using typifying stories (Loseke, 2003). Claims-makers attempt to persuade the audience members by constructing “conditions as containing only horrifying consequences” (Loseke, 2003: p.57). The third one is making claims at the right time to gain the public and political attentions. It is no one is interested in which claims have been reported for nearly several weeks (Loseke, 2003).

        Finally, according to the framework that is provided by the constructionists, it is easy to see that the social roles of news media are both gate-keepers and claims-makers, and the news reporting are dynamic processes of claims-makings. The constructionist perspective framework offers a dimensional view, which is in claims-makers and claims respect, in dynamic claims-making process, in the way of constructing solutions, for studying the essence, procedures and social status of news media and news communication, Either news media or news reporting is an important element the process of communication. The constructionist perspective framework is really helpful in analyzing dynamics of reporting. Nevertheless, this essay lack of analyses about audience members, which can draw attention on cultural images, myths, metaphors, rhetorical devices.

        Reference

        [1]Hansen, A. (2010). Environment, Media and Communication. London: Routledge.

        [2]Loseke, D. R. (2003). Thinking about social problems: An introduction to constructionist perspectives. (2nd ed.). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

        [3]Best, J. (Ed.). (1995). Images of issues: typifying contemporary social problems (2nd ed.). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

        [4]Reese, S. D. (2007). The framing project: A bridging model for media research revisited. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 148-154.

        猜你喜歡
        思思
        李思思漆畫作品
        收藏與投資(2022年7期)2022-08-02 08:27:52
        小魚捉迷藏
        陸思思作品
        藝術(shù)家(2020年9期)2020-11-03 11:34:06
        夏思思
        田思思作品
        English
        作文周刊·小學(xué)三年級版(2016年46期)2017-06-03 00:28:07
        長不大的調(diào)皮蛋
        The Exploration of Group Work in College English Teaching
        東方教育(2016年4期)2016-12-14 21:22:52
        數(shù)學(xué)王國里的爭論
        久久国产精品美女厕所尿尿av| 曰本极品少妇videossexhd| 无限看片在线版免费视频大全| 无码国内精品久久人妻| 欧美极品少妇无套实战| 国产一区二区精品尤物| 人妻少妇av中文字幕乱码免费| 中文字幕成人精品久久不卡91| 91色综合久久熟女系列| 级毛片内射视频| 最新亚洲人成网站在线观看 | 在线无码精品秘 在线观看| 亚洲国产都市一区二区| 激情文学婷婷六月开心久久| 亚洲人成欧美中文字幕| 99久久久无码国产精品试看| 亚洲色图视频在线观看网站| av天堂一区二区三区| 日本系列中文字幕99| 射精专区一区二区朝鲜| 日日躁夜夜躁狠狠躁超碰97| 超级碰碰人妻中文字幕| 日韩一区二区中文天堂| 老鲁夜夜老鲁| 熟女精品视频一区二区三区| 久久久久亚洲AV无码专区喷| 久久99精品免费国产| 视频一区二区三区黄色| 无码人妻丰满熟妇啪啪网站| 男人和女人高潮免费网站| 国产91AV免费播放| 少妇人妻无一区二区三区| 色婷婷一区二区三区四区成人网| 极品粉嫩小泬无遮挡20p| 国产精品自产拍在线观看中文| 国产一区二区三区乱码在线| 久久精品亚洲熟女av蜜謦| 一本一道久久综合久久| 亚洲春色AV无码专区在线播放| 午夜日本理论片最新片| 日韩中文字幕在线观看一区 |