楊 峻 林 勇.浙江省寧波市李惠利醫(yī)院口腔科,浙江寧波 3504;2.河南省濮陽(yáng)市油田總醫(yī)院口腔科,河南濮陽(yáng) 45700
不同種植方案下軟、硬組織穩(wěn)定性的遠(yuǎn)期比較
楊峻1林勇2▲
1.浙江省寧波市李惠利醫(yī)院口腔科,浙江寧波315041;2.河南省濮陽(yáng)市油田總醫(yī)院口腔科,河南濮陽(yáng)457001
目的 探討前牙區(qū)不同種植方案修復(fù)后軟、硬組織穩(wěn)定性的差異。方法 選取2012年1月~2013年1月于寧波市李惠利醫(yī)院就診并行牙齒種植的患者80例,種植體92顆,分為即刻種植組(30例,種植體36顆)和常規(guī)種植組(50例,種植體56顆)。修復(fù)后隨訪(fǎng)24個(gè)月,檢查并比較兩組種植體穩(wěn)定性、種植體周?chē)浗M織情況和骨水平等。結(jié)果 術(shù)后4個(gè)月和永久修復(fù)體戴入前,兩組種植體穩(wěn)定性系數(shù)值比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P>0.05)。修復(fù)2年后,兩組近中齦乳頭平均增高、遠(yuǎn)中齦乳頭平均增高、唇側(cè)齦緣水平平均喪失情況比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。修復(fù)2年后,兩組近中側(cè)和遠(yuǎn)中側(cè)骨吸收比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論前牙區(qū)即刻種植與常規(guī)種植均可獲得良好的軟、硬組織穩(wěn)定性,但即刻修復(fù)具有療程上的優(yōu)勢(shì),對(duì)于適應(yīng)人群應(yīng)優(yōu)先考慮。
即刻種植;常規(guī)種植;穩(wěn)定性
常規(guī)的牙種植患者從牙缺失到戴牙需經(jīng)歷共1年的時(shí)間,患者的無(wú)牙期較長(zhǎng)[1-2]。隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,患者對(duì)牙齒種植的治療時(shí)間和種植區(qū)美學(xué)療效有了更高的要求,促使醫(yī)生更多地選擇即刻種植。即刻種植是在拔牙后即刻植入人工種植體,具有手術(shù)次數(shù)少、創(chuàng)傷小、痛苦小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[3-4]。但也存在不足之處,如較高的適應(yīng)證,另外,其是否增加拔除患牙后的炎癥發(fā)生率等尚存在爭(zhēng)議[5]。本研究對(duì)2012年1月~2013年1月于寧波市李惠利醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“我院”)就診,并行牙齒種植的患者80例為研究對(duì)象,探討前牙區(qū)即刻種植和常規(guī)種植在修復(fù)2年后其軟、硬組織穩(wěn)定性的差異,旨在為前牙區(qū)種植方案的選擇提供依據(jù)。
1.1一般資料
選取于我院就診并行牙齒種植的患者80例,種植體92顆。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):鄰牙及對(duì)側(cè)同名牙無(wú)嚴(yán)重的牙體或牙周疾患;牙齦外形豐滿(mǎn)與周?chē)B續(xù)和諧;知情同意。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):根尖感染的患牙;鄰牙有明顯的牙周疾患;存在種植手術(shù)的絕對(duì)禁忌證;牙齦指數(shù)>3。對(duì)于拔除患牙后滿(mǎn)足即刻植適應(yīng)證的患者進(jìn)行即刻種植,作為即刻種植組(30例,種植體36顆);對(duì)于不能滿(mǎn)足即刻種植適應(yīng)證的患者,在處理后的牙槽窩內(nèi)植入骨膠原,行拔牙窩位點(diǎn)保存,待拔牙窩愈合3~6個(gè)月后再行種植體植入,作為常規(guī)種植組(50例,種植體56顆)。即刻種植組中男18例,女12例;年齡34~68歲,平均(43.4±8.6)歲。常規(guī)種植組中男32例,女18例;年齡36~72歲,平均(44.5±7.8)歲。兩組一般情況比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2方法
1.2.1術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備所有患者術(shù)前進(jìn)行口腔衛(wèi)生指導(dǎo),行常規(guī)牙周治療,拍攝根尖片、全口曲面體層片或錐束計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描。
1.2.2種植體植入手術(shù)過(guò)程由同一醫(yī)生完成。微創(chuàng)拔牙并清除炎癥肉芽組織,生理鹽水沖洗創(chuàng)口。常規(guī)種植組:采用翻瓣技術(shù)植入種植體(XIVE種植體,F(xiàn)riadent,Mmannhein,Germany)。種植體肩臺(tái)位于骨平面下<1.0mm的位置,穿出點(diǎn)位于未來(lái)修復(fù)體的舌隆突處。采用Bio-Oss人工骨粉(瑞士蓋氏公司)充填少量骨缺損位置,并用Bio-gide生物膜(瑞士蓋氏公司)覆蓋缺損表面。即刻種植組:為保護(hù)牙齦乳頭,對(duì)于確認(rèn)骨量足夠的患者,采用不翻瓣技術(shù);對(duì)于骨量不足的患者做向近遠(yuǎn)中延伸的溝內(nèi)切口,將唇側(cè)黏膜瓣翻開(kāi)2~3 mm探查唇側(cè)骨板的完整性;對(duì)于有缺陷的病例,向遠(yuǎn)中做松弛切口。種植體與對(duì)照組相同。
1.2.3種植體穩(wěn)定性測(cè)量術(shù)后4個(gè)月,使用Osstell共振頻率分析儀測(cè)量種植體穩(wěn)定性系數(shù)值(implant stability quality,ISQ),ISQ>60的種植體開(kāi)始戴用種植體支持的臨時(shí)冠。
1.2.4永久修復(fù)采用個(gè)性化印模法制取印模進(jìn)行永久修復(fù)。醫(yī)生根據(jù)牙齦袖口外形進(jìn)行永久修復(fù),采用縱向螺絲固位或黏接固位的貴金屬烤瓷冠或全瓷冠修復(fù)。
1.3觀(guān)察指標(biāo)
于術(shù)后4個(gè)月和永久修復(fù)體戴入前進(jìn)行種植體穩(wěn)定性測(cè)量。在種植上部修復(fù)體戴入即刻及戴用2年后,測(cè)量牙齦乳頭高度和唇側(cè)齦緣水平高度,選取近中牙齦乳頭、遠(yuǎn)中牙齦乳頭、唇側(cè)齦緣水平高度對(duì)牙齦形態(tài)的穩(wěn)定性進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。在種植上部修復(fù)體戴入即刻及戴用2年后,采用平行投射技術(shù)拍攝口內(nèi)的X線(xiàn)片,測(cè)量種植體邊緣骨水平,參照吳敏節(jié)等[6]方法。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,兩組組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1修復(fù)體完好性
隨訪(fǎng)2年,所有修復(fù)體均完好。
2.2種植體穩(wěn)定性
術(shù)后4個(gè)月和永久修復(fù)體戴入前,兩組ISQ比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
表1 兩組在術(shù)后4個(gè)月和永久修復(fù)體戴入前ISQ比較(±s)
表1 兩組在術(shù)后4個(gè)月和永久修復(fù)體戴入前ISQ比較(±s)
注:ISO:種植體穩(wěn)定性系數(shù)
組別 種植體數(shù) 術(shù)后4個(gè)月 永久修復(fù)體戴入前即刻種植組常規(guī)種植組36 56 t值 P值72.36±4.22 71.59±3.89 0.985 >0.05 72.56±4.35 71.98±3.89 1.205 >0.05
2.3牙齦形態(tài)變化情況
修復(fù)2年后,兩組近中齦乳頭平均增高、遠(yuǎn)中齦乳頭平均增高、唇側(cè)齦緣水平平均喪失比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
表2 兩組修復(fù)2年后牙齦形態(tài)變化情況比較(mm,±s)
表2 兩組修復(fù)2年后牙齦形態(tài)變化情況比較(mm,±s)
組別 種植體數(shù) 近中齦乳頭平均增高遠(yuǎn)中齦乳頭平均增高唇側(cè)齦緣水平平均喪失即刻種植組常規(guī)種植組36 56 t值 P值0.16±0.31 0.12±0.28 0.886 >0.05 0.07±0.43 0.05±0.39 0.739 >0.05 0.14±0.29 0.15±0.33 0.912 >0.05
2.4邊緣骨水平變化情況
修復(fù)2年后,兩組近中側(cè)和遠(yuǎn)中側(cè)骨吸收比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
表3 兩組修復(fù)2年后邊緣骨水平變化情況比較(mm,±s)
表3 兩組修復(fù)2年后邊緣骨水平變化情況比較(mm,±s)
組別 種植體數(shù) 近中側(cè) 遠(yuǎn)中側(cè)即刻種植組常規(guī)種植組36 56 t值 P值0.70±0.36 0.68±0.32 0.905 >0.05 0.75±0.33 0.76±0.40 0.512 >0.05
臨床常用的種植系統(tǒng)通常由種植體、基臺(tái)、上部結(jié)構(gòu)3部分組成。種植體是植入骨內(nèi)的部分,采用生物相容性?xún)?yōu)異的材料如鈦、生物陶瓷等制作。基臺(tái)是種植體穿過(guò)軟組織的部分,通常用螺絲將它固定在種植體上。上部結(jié)構(gòu)指修復(fù)體通常所具有的冠、橋、支架、附著體等結(jié)構(gòu)。與常規(guī)義齒相比,種植義齒可通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)預(yù)制的構(gòu)件更方便、更精確地通過(guò)基臺(tái)將修復(fù)體與種植體相連接。種植義齒已成為一項(xiàng)成熟的口腔修復(fù)治療手段。
延期種植是指患者在拔牙后經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間(3~4個(gè)月),待拔牙創(chuàng)傷已完全愈合,牙槽骨恢復(fù)一定的高度和寬度以后,再施行正常的種植體植入手術(shù),此方法耗時(shí)長(zhǎng)。即刻種植是拔牙后同期植入種植體,可有效避免愈合過(guò)程中牙槽骨的吸收過(guò)程,縮短了療程,降低了患者的痛苦[7-8]。既往大量動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床研究表明,只要適應(yīng)證合適,即刻種植可以取得與常規(guī)種植方法相當(dāng)?shù)墓墙Y(jié)合[9-11]。即刻種植的咀嚼功能大大優(yōu)于其他假牙,修復(fù)時(shí)間短,具有很強(qiáng)的固位和穩(wěn)定性,如真牙一樣在患者的口腔里,可少磨或不磨真牙,對(duì)牙齒損傷小,不需要活動(dòng)牙必備的基托和卡環(huán),沒(méi)有大面積的基托導(dǎo)致的味覺(jué)遲鈍與不舒適感,體積小不外露金屬,美觀(guān),更有利于保持口腔清潔衛(wèi)生。
為了探討前牙區(qū)即刻種植和常規(guī)種植遠(yuǎn)期對(duì)軟、硬組織穩(wěn)定性的影響,本文進(jìn)行了為期2年的隨訪(fǎng)。結(jié)果顯示,80例患者均完成了最終修復(fù),修復(fù)2年后復(fù)查時(shí)均未見(jiàn)明顯異常,種植體存留率為100%,表明即刻種植和常規(guī)種植遠(yuǎn)期療效相近。對(duì)兩組術(shù)后4個(gè)月和永久修復(fù)體戴入前的種植體穩(wěn)定性采用Osstell共振頻率分析儀進(jìn)行分析,顯示兩組ISQ差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),表明即刻種植和常規(guī)種植種植體均完成了骨結(jié)合,獲得了良好的穩(wěn)定性,在永久修復(fù)時(shí)均獲得了良好的骨結(jié)合。既往多采用臨床醫(yī)師主觀(guān)判斷種植體的穩(wěn)定性,存在較大的誤差。Osstell共振頻率分析儀提供了一種無(wú)創(chuàng)的種植體穩(wěn)定性評(píng)價(jià)的客觀(guān)方法,得到了廣泛認(rèn)可,且公認(rèn)為ISQ值≥60是種植體獲得初期穩(wěn)定性的最小值[12-13]。良好的初期穩(wěn)定性被視為未來(lái)骨結(jié)合形成的基礎(chǔ)[14],如果種植體穩(wěn)定性差將導(dǎo)致軟組織長(zhǎng)入其中。
修復(fù)2年后,兩組近中齦乳頭平均增高、遠(yuǎn)中齦乳頭平均增高、唇側(cè)齦緣水平平均喪失變化都不足1mm,組間比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),表明即刻種植和常規(guī)種植種植體周?chē)能浗M織均相當(dāng)穩(wěn)定,美學(xué)修復(fù)效果良好。齦乳頭的形態(tài)維護(hù)被認(rèn)為是即刻種植手術(shù)維護(hù)最重要的方面[15-16]。骨的吸收情況是反映種植是否成功的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一[17-18]。本研究結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)顯示,修復(fù)2年后,兩組近中側(cè)和遠(yuǎn)中側(cè)骨吸收比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),表明即刻種植和延期種植修復(fù)后遠(yuǎn)期骨水平均很穩(wěn)定。大量文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道稱(chēng),短期內(nèi)即刻種植和延期種植其牙周袋探診深度和影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)無(wú)明顯差異[19-25],與本文結(jié)果一致。
綜上所述,前牙區(qū)即刻種植與常規(guī)種植均可獲得良好的軟、硬組織穩(wěn)定性,但即刻修復(fù)在療程上具有優(yōu)勢(shì),對(duì)于適應(yīng)人群應(yīng)優(yōu)先考慮。但由于本研究只進(jìn)行了2年的隨訪(fǎng),觀(guān)察時(shí)間有限,尚有待遠(yuǎn)期的隨訪(fǎng)觀(guān)察。
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Long-term comparison of stability of soft-tissue and hard tissue under different implant schemes
YANG Jun1LIN Yong2▲
1.Department of Stomatology,Ningbo Lihuili Hospital,Zhejiang Province,Ningbo315041,China;2.Department of Stomatology,Puyang Oilfield General Hospital,He'nan Province,Puyang457001,China
Objective To investigate the stability of soft-tissue and hard-tissue after different implant schemes in front teeth area.Methods 80 cases of patients(implant of 92 teeth)underwent dental implant in Ningbo Lihuili Hospital from January 2012 to January 2013 were selected and divided into immediate implant group(30 cases,36 teeth)and conventional implant group(50 cases,56 teeth),follow-up for 24 months.The implant stability,peri-implant soft tissue,bone level were detected and compared between the two groups.Results After 4months surgery and before permanent prosthesis implant,there was no significant difference in implant stability coefficient between the two groups(P>0.05).After repair of 2 years,there were no significant differences in the average increase of proximal mesial gingiva papilla,the average increase of distal mesial gingiva papilla,the average loss of lip side gingival margin level between the two groups(P>0.05).After repair of 2 years,there were no significant differences in bone resorption of proximal gingiva mesial and distal gingiva mesial between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion Immediate implant and conventional implant in front teeth area can both get good stability of soft-tissue and hard tissue,but immediate implant has course advantage,should give priority to intended population.
Immediate implant;Conventional implant;Stability
R782.1
A
1673-7210(2016)01(c)-0126-04
2015-09-28本文編輯:程銘)
中國(guó)醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào)2016年3期