馬丙送 孫佃軍 高子波 胡金繪 花少棟 武 榮1.揚(yáng)州大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬淮安市婦幼保健院新生兒醫(yī)學(xué)中心,江蘇淮安 223002;2.江蘇省連云港市灌云縣人民醫(yī)院兒科,江蘇連云港 222200;3.北京軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院附屬八一兒童醫(yī)院新生兒重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室,北京 100700
新生兒自主呼吸時(shí)鼻前庭內(nèi)呼氣末二氧化碳分壓與動(dòng)脈血二氧化碳分壓的相關(guān)性
馬丙送1,2孫佃軍1高子波1胡金繪1花少棟3武榮1▲
1.揚(yáng)州大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬淮安市婦幼保健院新生兒醫(yī)學(xué)中心,江蘇淮安223002;2.江蘇省連云港市灌云縣人民醫(yī)院兒科,江蘇連云港222200;3.北京軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院附屬八一兒童醫(yī)院新生兒重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室,北京100700
目的 了解新生兒自主呼吸時(shí)鼻前庭內(nèi)呼氣末二氧化碳分壓(PetCO2)與動(dòng)脈血二氧化碳分壓(PaCO2)相關(guān)性。方法 選取2014年5月~2015年7月?lián)P州大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬淮安市婦幼保健院新生兒醫(yī)學(xué)中心住院的自主呼吸新生兒85例,在生后6~24 h內(nèi)測定新生兒鼻前庭內(nèi)PetCO2,同時(shí)進(jìn)行動(dòng)脈血?dú)夥治霁@取PaCO2。根據(jù)孕齡將新生兒分為早產(chǎn)兒組(39例)、足月組(46例);根據(jù)有無呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病分為呼吸疾病組(25例)和無呼吸疾病組(60例)。采用t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行比較,采用Pearson雙變量相關(guān)性分析判斷PetCO2與PaCO2的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 所有入選新生兒平均PetCO2[(37.6±6.3)mmHg](1mmHg=0.133 kPa)低于平均PaCO2[(40.2±7.4)mmHg],差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.406,P=0.017),PetCO2與PaCO2呈正相關(guān)(r=0.947,P=0.000)。早產(chǎn)兒組PetCO2低于PaCO2,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=1.314,P=0.193);足月兒組PetCO2低于PaCO2,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.032,P=0.045)。呼吸疾病組PetCO2[(40.1±6.2)mmHg]低于PaCO2[(45.0±7.6)mmHg],差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.494,P=0.016);而無呼吸疾病組PetCO2[(36.6±6.1)mmHg]低于PaCO2[(38.4±6.2)mmHg],差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=1.368,P=0.174);呼吸疾病組新生兒PetCO2與PaCO2相關(guān)性(r=0.920,P=0.000)較無呼吸疾病組新生兒低(r=0.980,P=0.000)。呼吸疾病組動(dòng)脈血-呼氣末二氧化碳分壓的差值[P(a-et)CO2,(4.9±2.1)mmHg]高于無呼吸疾病組[(1.8±0.8)mmHg],差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=9.901,P=0.000)。結(jié)論 新生兒自主呼吸時(shí)鼻前庭內(nèi)PetCO2水平可預(yù)測PaCO2水平,當(dāng)新生兒無呼吸疾病時(shí)準(zhǔn)確性更高,具有臨床實(shí)用價(jià)值。
新生兒;鼻前庭;呼氣末二氧化碳分壓;動(dòng)脈血二氧化碳分壓
維持穩(wěn)定的動(dòng)脈血二氧化碳分壓(partial pressure of carbon dioxide,PaCO2)水平對(duì)高危新生兒具有重要的臨床意義,PaCO2異常波動(dòng)可導(dǎo)致新生兒肺部及腦損傷[1-5],甚至有可能發(fā)生視網(wǎng)膜病變[6-7]。但是,檢測PaCO2屬于有創(chuàng)性操作,需進(jìn)行動(dòng)脈置管或反復(fù)進(jìn)行動(dòng)脈穿刺,增加新生兒的痛苦,哭吵也可影響PaCO2值的準(zhǔn)確性,同時(shí)還存在血液損失、敗血癥及血栓形成等缺點(diǎn)[8]。監(jiān)測呼氣末二氧化碳分壓(end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure,PetCO2)屬于無創(chuàng)性操作,對(duì)推測PaCO2水平、判斷肺通氣和血流變化均具有特殊的價(jià)值[9]。目前,有關(guān)新生兒PetCO2監(jiān)測的相關(guān)報(bào)道較少,本研究通過測定新生兒自主呼吸時(shí)鼻前庭內(nèi)PetCO2水平,了解PetCO2與PaCO2的相關(guān)性。
1.1一般資料
選取2014年5月~2015年7月在揚(yáng)州大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬淮安市婦幼保健院(以下簡稱“我院”)新生兒醫(yī)學(xué)中心住院的自主呼吸新生兒,入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①入院年齡≤6 h;②入院24 h內(nèi)需要做動(dòng)脈血?dú)鈾z查;③胎齡>32周;④體重≥2000 g。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①需要經(jīng)鼻持續(xù)正壓通氣或插管機(jī)械通氣;②出生時(shí)窒息;③存在嚴(yán)重的先天性心臟疾病或其他嚴(yán)重的先天畸形。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審查通過,所有入選新生兒家長均簽署知情同意書。共有85例新生兒入選,其中男45例,女40例;胎齡32+1~40+3周,平均(35.6±2.5)周;出生體重2.00~4.07 kg,平均(2.36±0.33)kg。其中有呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病者25例(呼吸疾病組),分別為短暫性呼吸增快6例、吸入綜合征9例和肺炎10例;無呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病者60例(無呼吸疾病組)。早產(chǎn)兒39例(早產(chǎn)兒組),足月兒46例(足月組)。早產(chǎn)兒定義為:出生胎齡28~<37周,足月兒定義為出生胎齡37~<42周[10]。
1.2檢測指標(biāo)
新生兒生后6~24 h PetCO2測量值,同步獲取PaCO2值,動(dòng)脈血-呼氣末二氧化碳分壓的差值[difference of PaCO2and PetCO2,P(a-et)CO2]。
1.3檢測方法
采用美國Nellcor Puritan Bennett公司N-85型手持式EtCO2/SpO2檢測儀 (微流量和非分光紅外技術(shù))。在自測、歸零完成后用外徑1.5mm硅膠管連接管插入鼻腔0.5 cm進(jìn)行采樣,持續(xù)監(jiān)測PetCO2和波形,觀察呼氣末二氧化碳圖形,讀取肺泡期平臺(tái)(即呼氣平臺(tái))期的數(shù)值作為PetCO2值。操作由兩人負(fù)責(zé),一人負(fù)責(zé)抽取橈動(dòng)脈血進(jìn)行血?dú)夥治霁@取PaCO2,另一人負(fù)責(zé)測定PetCO2值,操作手法一致。在PetCO2監(jiān)測過程中,進(jìn)行心率、呼吸和脈搏氧飽和度監(jiān)測。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),采用Pearson雙變量相關(guān)性分析PetCO2與PaCO2的相關(guān)性,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1各組PaCO2與PetCO2比較
所有新生兒平均 PetCO2[(37.6±6.3)mmHg](1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)低于PaCO2[(40.2±7.4)mmHg],差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.406,P=0.017)。呼吸疾病組PetCO2平均數(shù)值低于PaCO2,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t= 2.494,P=0.016);無呼吸疾病組PetCO2平均數(shù)值低于PaCO2,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=1.368,P=0.174);早產(chǎn)兒組PetCO2平均數(shù)值低于PaCO2,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=1.314,P=0.193);足月兒組PetCO2平均數(shù)值低于PaCO2,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.032,P=0.045)。見表1~2。
表1 早產(chǎn)兒組和足月兒組PaCO2和PetCO2比較(mmHg,±s)
表1 早產(chǎn)兒組和足月兒組PaCO2和PetCO2比較(mmHg,±s)
注:1 mmHg=0.133 kPa;PaCO2:動(dòng)脈血二氧化碳分壓;PetCO2:呼氣末二氧化碳分壓
組別 例數(shù) PetCO2 PaCO2 t值 P值早產(chǎn)兒組足月兒組39 46 38.3±6.3 37.0±6.3 40.3±7.0 40.1±7.8 1.314 2.032 0.193 0.045
表2 呼吸疾病組與無呼吸疾病組PaCO2和PetCO2比較(mmHg,±s)
表2 呼吸疾病組與無呼吸疾病組PaCO2和PetCO2比較(mmHg,±s)
注:1mmHg=0.133 kPa;PaCO2:動(dòng)脈血二氧化碳分壓;PetCO2:呼氣末二氧化碳分壓
組別 例數(shù) PetCO2 PaCO2 t值 P值呼吸疾病組無呼吸疾病組25 60 40.1±6.2 36.6±6.1 45.0±7.6 38.2±6.4 2.494 1.368 0.016 0.174
2.2PetCO2與PaCO2相關(guān)分析
所有新生兒PetCO2與PaCO2呈顯著正相關(guān) (r= 0.947,P=0.000)。當(dāng)按亞組分析時(shí),4個(gè)亞組PetCO2與PaCO2均呈正相關(guān):足月兒組PetCO2與PaCO2呈顯著正相關(guān)(r=0.939,P=0.000);早產(chǎn)兒組PetCO2與PaCO2呈顯著正相關(guān)(r=0.970,P=0.000);呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病組PetCO2與PaCO2呈顯著正相關(guān)(r=0.920,P=0.000);無呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病組PetCO2與PaCO2呈顯著正相關(guān)(r=0.980,P=0.000)。
2.3各組間P(a-et)CO2比較
呼吸疾病組P(a-et)CO2為-1~8.2 mmHg,平均(4.9±2.1)mmHg,高于無呼吸疾病組[-1~5 mmHg,平均(1.8±0.8)mmHg],差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=9.901,P=0.000)。足月兒組P(a-et)CO2均值[(3.1±1.3)mmHg,-1~8.2 mmHg]高于早產(chǎn)兒組[-1.6~4 mmHg,(2.8± 1.2)mmHg],差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=1.098,P=0.275)。3討論
二氧化碳由細(xì)胞代謝產(chǎn)生,并經(jīng)由靜脈系統(tǒng)運(yùn)輸至右心房,然后經(jīng)由心臟泵入肺部,在肺完成與外界氣體的交換且排出體外。故PetCO2可間接反映二氧化碳的生成量(代表代謝功能)、肺換氣功能(有呼吸和循環(huán)共同作用)和肺的通氣功能。
根據(jù)取樣方法,呼氣末二氧化碳檢測儀可分為主流型二氧化碳監(jiān)測儀和旁流型二氧化碳檢測儀。主流型二氧化碳監(jiān)測儀是將傳感器連接在患者的呼吸管道內(nèi),優(yōu)點(diǎn)是直接與氣流接觸,識(shí)別反應(yīng)快。缺點(diǎn)為傳感器重量較大,增加額外死腔量,不適用于未插氣管導(dǎo)管的患者。旁流型二氧化碳監(jiān)測儀是經(jīng)取樣管從氣道內(nèi)持續(xù)吸出部分氣體作測定,傳感器并不直接連接在通氣回路中,且不增加回路的死腔量,不增加部件的重量,對(duì)未插氣管導(dǎo)管的患者改裝后的取樣管經(jīng)鼻腔仍可作出精確的測定。本次研究采用的N-85型PetCO2檢測儀屬于旁流型檢測儀,采用非色散紅外和微液流技術(shù)(采用獨(dú)特的二氧化碳采樣技術(shù),采樣流速50mL/min[11],死腔量?。s0.3mL),不僅可以應(yīng)用于插管機(jī)械通氣新生兒[12-13],還可以應(yīng)用于自主呼吸新生兒。
如同氣管插管新生兒一樣,有自主呼吸的高危新生兒也需要密切觀察和監(jiān)護(hù),其中PetCO2檢測是十分重要的無創(chuàng)監(jiān)護(hù)指標(biāo),有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)異常的動(dòng)脈血二氧化碳水平,從而減少支氣管肺發(fā)育不良、腦室周圍白質(zhì)軟化等不良預(yù)后發(fā)生,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),使用旁流技術(shù)在自主呼吸高危新生兒鼻前庭內(nèi)采樣所獲得的PetCO2[(37.6±6.3)mmHg]略低于PaCO2[(40.2±7.4)mmHg,P= 0.017]。PetCO2與PaCO2呈顯著正相關(guān)(r=0.947,P= 0.000),提示PetCO2可以較好地反映PaCO2,有助于減少PaCO2檢查次數(shù)。
有研究認(rèn)為,氣管插管早產(chǎn)兒的PetCO2與PaCO2輕度相關(guān),但兩者差值較大,早產(chǎn)兒PetCO2不能反映PaCO2[14]。Tai等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在非插管新生兒,無論是早產(chǎn)兒組還是足月兒組,PetCO2與PaCO2之間差值均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。而本次研究中,早產(chǎn)兒組PetCO2值[(38.3± 6.3)mmHg]略低于PaCO2[(40.3±7.0)mmHg],差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=1.314,P=0.193),早產(chǎn)兒組PetCO2與PaCO2相關(guān)性良好(r=0.970,P=0.000),提示自主呼吸早產(chǎn)兒,PetCO2同樣可以較好地反映PaCO2。
據(jù)報(bào)道,呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病的嚴(yán)重程度影響呼氣末二氧化碳檢測儀的準(zhǔn)確性,通氣血流失調(diào)比例越嚴(yán)重,PetCO2與PaCO2之間的差值越大,但是各項(xiàng)報(bào)道的結(jié)果并不完全一致[15-19]。在本次研究中,呼吸疾病組P(a-et)CO2為-1~8.2 mmHg,平均(4.9±2.1)mmHg,明顯高于無呼吸疾病組[-1~5mmHg,(1.8±0.8)mmHg],差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=9.901,P=0.000),提示呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病對(duì)PetCO2預(yù)測PaCO2水平的準(zhǔn)確性有一定的影響,但此差值仍在臨床可接受的范圍內(nèi),且呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病組PetCO2與PaCO2仍然呈顯著正相關(guān)(r=0.920,P=0.000)。
盡管PetCO2同樣可以較好地反映PaCO2,但仍應(yīng)當(dāng)謹(jǐn)慎解釋PetCO2數(shù)值和趨勢圖。當(dāng)新生兒張口呼吸、低通氣和低潮氣量時(shí),通過鼻前庭處的氣體流速可能降低,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致PetCO2的讀數(shù)降低,從而引起誤差[20-21]?;颊叩男姆喂δ芎徒M織灌注情況的變化也會(huì)影響PetCO2和PaCO2相關(guān)性[22]。且有研究結(jié)果表明,較高的呼吸速率和更短的呼氣時(shí)間都可能導(dǎo)致測量時(shí)肺泡氣體不足,引起誤差增大[19,23]。
綜上所述,鼻前庭內(nèi)PetCO2水平可用于預(yù)測自主呼吸新生兒PaCO2水平,當(dāng)新生兒無呼吸疾病時(shí)準(zhǔn)確性更高,有助于減少PaCO2檢查次數(shù)及反復(fù)動(dòng)脈穿刺相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。但是,由于本研究樣本量較少,采用的是時(shí)間點(diǎn)研究,且時(shí)間點(diǎn)局限在生后6~24 h,也未對(duì)這些新生兒進(jìn)行持續(xù)的PetCO2監(jiān)測。將來還需進(jìn)行多中心的持續(xù)監(jiān)測并進(jìn)行受試者工作特征曲線分析等深入研究,以增加PetCO2監(jiān)測在新生兒科的臨床實(shí)用價(jià)值。
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Correlation between end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide in nasal vestibule of the spontaneously breathing neonates
MA Bingsong1,2SUN Dianjun1GAO Zibo1HU Jinhui1HUA Shaodong3WU Rong1▲
1.Neonatal Medical Center,Huai'an Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University Medical Academy,Jiangsu Province,Huai'an223002,China;2.Department of Pediatrics,People's Hospital of Guanyun County,Jiangsu Province,Lianyungang222200,China;3.NICU,Bayi Children's Hospital Affiliated to General Hospital of Beijing Military Command,Beijing100700,China
Objective To understand the correlation between end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure(PetCO2)and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PaCO2)in nasal vestibule of spontaneously breathing neonates,and verify the reliability of PetCO2in reflecting PaCO2in spontaneously breathing neonates.Methods From May 2014 to July 2015,85 spontaneously breathing hospitalized neonates were randomly selected in Neonatal Medical Center of Huai'an Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University Medical Academy.PetCO2values in nasal vestibule were recorded,while extracting radial arterial for blood gas analysis.According to gestational age,neonates were divided into preterm group(39 cases)and term infant group(46 cases);according to the presence of respiratory system disease,neonates were divided into respiratory disease group(25 cases)and without respiratory disease group(60 cases).PaCO2and PetCO2levels were compared by t test and correlated using Pearson correlation.Results The overall average mean value of PetCO2was lower than that of PaCO2[(37.6±6.3)vs(40.2±7.4)mmHg,t= 2.406,P=0.017](1 mmHg=0.133 kPa).There was agood correlation between PetCO2and PaCO2levels among all paired samples(r=0.947,P=0.000).PetCO2of the preterm group was lower than PaCO2,there was no statistically significant difference(t=1.314,P=0.193).PetCO2of the term infant group was lower than PaCO2,the difference was statistically significant(t=2.032,P=0.045).The difference between PetCO2and PaCO2levels was significant only in the respiratory disease group[(40.1±6.2)vs(45.0± 7.6)mmHg,t=2.494,P=0.016],but not in the without respiratory disease group[(36.6±6.1)vs(38.4±6.2)mmHg,t= 1.368,P=0.174].The correlation between PetCO2and PaCO2in the respiratory disease group(r=0.920,P=0.000)was lower than that in the without respiratory disease group(r=0.980,P=0.000).The difference of PaCO2and PetCO2[P(a-et)CO2]in the respiratory disease group[(4.9±2.1)mmHg]was higher than that of thewithout respiratory disease group[(1.8±0.8)mmHg],and the difference was statistically significant(t=9.901,P=0.000).Conclusion PetCO2of nasal vestibule can provide an accurate and noninvasive estimate of PaCO2levels in spontaneously breathing neonates,especially in the neonates without respiratory disease.
Neonate;Nasal vestibule;End-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure;Arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide
R614
A
1673-7210(2016)01(c)-0106-04
2015-10-14本文編輯:任念)
江蘇省淮安市重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(社會(huì)發(fā)展)項(xiàng)目(HAS2015004)。
馬丙送(1981.11-),男,揚(yáng)州大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院2013級(jí)兒科專業(yè)在讀碩士研究生;研究方向:新生兒疾病診治。