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        輕度認(rèn)知障礙磁共振擴(kuò)散張量成像研究的Meta分析

        2016-06-27 06:34:10王東東姜春暉王儉
        磁共振成像 2016年2期
        關(guān)鍵詞:Meta分析帕金森病

        王東東,姜春暉,王儉

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        輕度認(rèn)知障礙磁共振擴(kuò)散張量成像研究的Meta分析

        王東東,姜春暉,王儉*

        [摘要]目的 用Meta分析法評(píng)價(jià)磁共振擴(kuò)散張量成像對(duì)輕度認(rèn)知障礙(mild cognitive impairment, MCI)的診斷價(jià)值。材料與方法 使用計(jì)算機(jī)檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)Pubmed、CNKI、萬(wàn)方、維普等,收集有關(guān)磁共振擴(kuò)散張量成像對(duì)MCI研究的文獻(xiàn),檢索時(shí)限均為自建庫(kù)至2015年1月31日。從文獻(xiàn)中提取輕度認(rèn)知障礙組與正常對(duì)照組(NC)所使用的定量指標(biāo)各向異性(fractional anisotrophy, FA)值對(duì)不同腦區(qū)(額葉、頂葉、顳葉、枕葉、后扣帶束、海馬、海馬旁回、內(nèi)囊后肢、上、下縱束、穹窿、胼胝體膝部及壓部、鉤束)的測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù),用Meta分析軟件(Review manager 5.3)對(duì)最終符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行匯總分析,獲得匯總加權(quán)均數(shù)差(weighted mean difference, WMD)及95%可信區(qū)間(95%CI)。結(jié)果 共納入47篇文獻(xiàn)(30篇英文、17篇中文),MCI組的FA值低于NC組,匯總WMD及95%CI為–0.05[–0.05, 0.04],上述腦區(qū)除枕葉外差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論 MCI患者存在腦白質(zhì)微細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)的損害,彌散張量成像(diffusion tensor imaging, DTI)技術(shù)能夠提供MCI的早期診斷指標(biāo)。

        [關(guān)鍵詞]輕度認(rèn)知障礙;擴(kuò)散張量成像;Meta分析;帕金森病

        作者單位:新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院影像中心核磁室,烏魯木齊 830054

        接受日期:2016-01-06

        王東東, 姜春暉, 王儉. 輕度認(rèn)知障礙磁共振擴(kuò)散張量成像研究的Meta分析.磁共振成像, 2016, 7(2): 81–89.

        *Correspondence to: Wang J, E-mail: jeanw1265@sina.com

        Received 5 Nov 2015, Accepted 6 Jan 2016

        輕度認(rèn)知障礙(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)是介于正常老化和老年癡呆(alzheimer disease, AD)之間的中間過(guò)渡階段,MCI轉(zhuǎn)化為AD的概率高,因此,加強(qiáng)MCI群體的研究,對(duì)AD的早期診斷以及早期干預(yù)有著非常重要的意義。彌散張量成像(diffusion tensor imaging, DTI)技術(shù)是在彌散加權(quán)成像(diffusion weighted imaging, DWI)的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)的,能夠更精確地描述水分子的各向異性(fractional anisotrophy, FA),通過(guò)測(cè)定MCI患者不同腦區(qū)的FA值,根據(jù)FA值的變化可為MCI患者的早期診斷提供可靠的有價(jià)值的影像學(xué)資料。國(guó)內(nèi)外使用DTI技術(shù)研究MCI的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)非常多,但常由于種種原因造成研究結(jié)果存在較大的差異。為客觀的評(píng)價(jià)DTI技術(shù)對(duì)MCI的診斷價(jià)值,本研究全面收集國(guó)內(nèi)外公開(kāi)發(fā)表的中英文文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行Meta分析。

        1 材料與方法

        1.1文獻(xiàn)檢索

        文獻(xiàn)檢索主要包括中文檢索及英文檢索,搜索Pubmed、CNKI、萬(wàn)方、維普等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),中文檢索詞“輕度認(rèn)知障礙”或“輕度認(rèn)知功能損害”或“輕度認(rèn)知功能損傷”、“擴(kuò)散張量成像”或“彌散張量成像”或“磁共振擴(kuò)散張量成像”或“磁共振彌散張量成像”。英文檢索詞“magnetic resonance imaging”、“diffusion tensor imaging”、“mild cognitive impairment”或“mild cognitive disorders”,發(fā)表年限從建庫(kù)至2015年1月31日。

        1.2納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

        納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)選擇的文獻(xiàn)為2015年1月31日前公開(kāi)發(fā)表的中、英文文獻(xiàn)且文獻(xiàn)中的研究對(duì)象為“人類”;(2)MCI以記憶減退主訴,時(shí)間超過(guò)6個(gè)月并由知情者確認(rèn),其余認(rèn)知功能相對(duì)正常,簡(jiǎn)易精神狀態(tài)檢查(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)總分≥24分;(3)日常活動(dòng)能力無(wú)顯著缺損,無(wú)任何精神或神經(jīng)病史,MRI檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)除了腦萎縮和深部白質(zhì)少量T2WI高信號(hào)(最大直徑<1 cm)外,無(wú)其它異常改變;(4)利用DTI對(duì)MCI患者和正常對(duì)照組(NC)特定的腦區(qū)(額葉、頂葉、顳葉、枕葉、后扣帶束、海馬、海馬旁回、內(nèi)囊后肢、上、下縱束、穹窿、胼胝體膝部及壓部、鉤束)進(jìn)行FA值的提取,所得數(shù)據(jù)均以±s表示。

        排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)公開(kāi)發(fā)表的中文及英文以外的文獻(xiàn);(2)所研究數(shù)據(jù)無(wú)法獲取的文獻(xiàn);(3)尚未發(fā)表或重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn);(4)發(fā)表類型為綜述、講座、會(huì)議、個(gè)案報(bào)道、述評(píng)等。

        1.3文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)與資料提取

        參考Newcastle-Ottawa[1]標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),由2名評(píng)價(jià)員對(duì)文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量方法學(xué)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)程如遇不一致,則經(jīng)第三方共同商討解決。評(píng)價(jià)后,在納入的文獻(xiàn)中提?。海?)文獻(xiàn)第一作者、研究國(guó)家、發(fā)表年限、磁場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度、MCI組和NC組例數(shù)、平均年齡、性別比例;(2)不同腦區(qū)(額葉、頂葉、顳葉、枕葉、后扣帶束、海馬、海馬旁回、內(nèi)囊后肢、上、下縱束、穹窿、胼胝體膝部及壓部、鉤束)的FA值,若含有雙側(cè)大腦半球的數(shù)據(jù),則統(tǒng)一選取左側(cè)。

        1.4數(shù)據(jù)分析

        用Meta分析軟件(Review manager 5.3)對(duì)MCI組和NC組整體腦區(qū)及不同腦區(qū)的FA值分別進(jìn)行比較。在α=0.05水平下,以χ2檢驗(yàn)對(duì)各組比較進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),若P≥0.05,則不拒絕同質(zhì)性假設(shè),采用固定效應(yīng)模型(fixed effects models,F(xiàn)EM)進(jìn)行分析;若P<0.05,則拒絕同質(zhì)性假設(shè),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型(random effects models,REM)進(jìn)行分析。根據(jù)相應(yīng)的效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析,獲得匯總加權(quán)均數(shù)差(weighted mean difference,WMD)及95%可信區(qū)間(95%CI),同時(shí)繪制森林圖(forest plot)。

        2 結(jié)果

        2.1文獻(xiàn)檢出結(jié)果及納入文獻(xiàn)基本特征

        共初檢出437篇文獻(xiàn),通過(guò)評(píng)價(jià)和篩選共納入47篇文獻(xiàn)(30篇英文[2-31]、15篇中文[32-48]),文獻(xiàn)篩選流程見(jiàn)圖1,納入文獻(xiàn)基本特征見(jiàn)表1。

        圖1 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程及結(jié)果Fig. 1 Literature screening process and results

        表1 納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征Tab. 1 Basic characteristics of the literature

        續(xù)表1 納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征Continued tab. 1 Basic characteristics of the literature

        2.2數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果

        47篇文獻(xiàn)共包含174項(xiàng)比較,如圖2所示。其中19篇含有MCI組與NC組額葉的FA值比較,15篇含有MCI組與NC組頂葉的FA值比較,16篇含有MCI組與NC組顳葉的FA值比較,12篇含有MCI組與NC組枕葉的FA值比較,22篇含有MCI組與NC組后扣帶束的FA值比較,8篇含有MCI組與NC組海馬的FA值比較,9篇含有MCI組與NC組海馬旁回的FA值比較,6篇含有MCI組與NC組內(nèi)囊后肢的FA值比較,9篇含有MCI組與NC組上縱束的FA值比較,4篇含有MCI組與NC組下縱束的FA值比較,3篇含有MCI組與NC組穹窿的FA值比較,23篇含有MCI組與NC組胼胝體膝部的FA值比較,23篇含有MCI組與NC組胼胝體壓部的FA值比較,5篇含有MCI組與NC組鉤束的FA值比較。其中,海馬旁回、穹窿、鉤束等腦區(qū)FA值的匯總使用的是固定效應(yīng)模型,額葉、頂葉、顳葉、枕葉、后扣帶束、海馬、內(nèi)囊后肢、上、下縱束、胼胝體膝部及壓部、等腦區(qū)使用的隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。

        圖2 整體森林圖Fig. 2 Integrated forest map

        2.3Meta分析結(jié)果

        整體森林圖(圖2)所示,合并后病變共3664處,正常對(duì)照共3775處,整體匯總WMD及其95%CI為–0.03[–0.04,–0.03],差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。額葉FA值合并后,病變共428處,正常對(duì)照為555處,額葉匯總WMD及其95%CI為–0.04[–0.06,–0.02],差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。頂葉FA值合并后,病變共283處,正常對(duì)照為271處,頂葉匯總WMD及其95%CI為–0.02[–0.03,–0.01],差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。顳葉FA值合并后,病變共307處,正常對(duì)照為336處,顳葉匯總WMD及其95%CI為–0.06[–0.08,–0.03],差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。枕葉FA值合并后,病變共230處,正常對(duì)照為215處,枕葉匯總WMD及其95%CI為–0.01[–0.03,–0.00],差異不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。后扣帶束FA值合并后,病變共485處,正常對(duì)照為507處,后扣帶束匯總WMD及其95%CI為–0.03[–0.04,–0.02],差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。海馬FA值合并后,病變共176處,正常對(duì)照為166處,海馬匯總WMD及其95%CI為–0.04[–0.05,–0.03],差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。海馬旁回FA值合并后,病變共196處,正常對(duì)照為241處,海馬旁回匯總WMD及其95%CI為–0.02[–0.02,–0.01],差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。內(nèi)囊后肢FA值合并后,病變共130處,正常對(duì)照為98處,內(nèi)囊后肢匯總WMD及其95%CI為–0.03[–0.05,–0.01],差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。上縱束FA值合并后,病變共204處,正常對(duì)照為157處,上縱束匯總WMD及其95%CI為–0.03[–0.05,–0.01],差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。下縱束FA值合并后,病變共61處,正常對(duì)照為49處,下縱束匯總WMD及其95%CI為–0.03[–0.06,–0.01],差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。穹窿FA值合并后,病變共118處,正常對(duì)照為237處,穹窿匯總WMD及其95%CI為–0.02[–0.03,–0.01],差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。胼胝體膝部FA值合并后,病變共478處,正常對(duì)照為425處,胼胝體膝部匯總WMD及其95%CI為–0.04[–0.06,–0.02],差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。胼胝體壓部FA值合并后,病變共486處,正常對(duì)照為436處,胼胝體壓部匯總WMD及其95%CI為–0.03[–0.05,–0.02],差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。鉤束FA值合并后,病變共82處,正常對(duì)照為82處,鉤束匯總WMD及其95%CI為–0.02[–0.02,–0.01],差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。

        3 討論

        Meta分析已廣泛應(yīng)用于醫(yī)學(xué)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域之中,在醫(yī)學(xué)影像學(xué)中主要應(yīng)用于兩大方面:一是對(duì)影像技術(shù)的測(cè)量指標(biāo)的評(píng)價(jià),如Sexton CE等[49]的研究;二是對(duì)影像診斷實(shí)驗(yàn)效能的評(píng)價(jià),如李樹(shù)金等[50]的研究,本文所使用的方法與前者類似,即從文獻(xiàn)中提取MCI組和NC組的例數(shù)及為連續(xù)性數(shù)據(jù)的結(jié)果指標(biāo)x±s,通過(guò)Meta分析軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)合并得到加權(quán)均數(shù)差及森林圖等,用來(lái)評(píng)估DTI技術(shù)對(duì)FA值測(cè)量結(jié)果有一個(gè)全面、整體的認(rèn)識(shí)。

        在Meta分析軟件Review manager 5.3中,連續(xù)性變量采用W M D進(jìn)行比較分析。當(dāng)總體WMD>0(或某研究的95%CI上下限均大于0)時(shí),或在森林圖中某個(gè)研究的95%CI的橫線不與無(wú)效豎線相交,且該橫線落在無(wú)效線右側(cè)時(shí),可認(rèn)為實(shí)驗(yàn)組某指標(biāo)的均數(shù)大于對(duì)照組,實(shí)驗(yàn)因素可增加某指標(biāo)的均數(shù);當(dāng)總體WMD<0(或某研究的95%CI上下限均小于0)時(shí),或在森林圖中某個(gè)研究的95%CI的橫線不與無(wú)效豎線相交,且該橫線落在無(wú)效線左側(cè)時(shí),可認(rèn)為實(shí)驗(yàn)組某指標(biāo)的均數(shù)大于對(duì)照組,實(shí)驗(yàn)因素可增加某指標(biāo)的均數(shù)。

        DTI主要利用水分子的分?jǐn)?shù)FA來(lái)表示,F(xiàn)A可以反映纖維束軸突結(jié)構(gòu)的方向程度,反映結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性,反映各向異性的彌散張量強(qiáng)度信息,與髓鞘的結(jié)構(gòu)完整性、纖維的密度及走向一致性均具有密切關(guān)系,能夠反映白質(zhì)纖維束是否完整。除磁場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度外,F(xiàn)A值受擴(kuò)散敏感梯度方向和掃描所選取的b值的影像。如果已知被測(cè)腦白質(zhì)纖維的張量方向,那么沿3個(gè)編碼方向即可得到全部的信息;如果被測(cè)纖維的張量方向未知,只要梯度方向達(dá)到最優(yōu)化,6個(gè)以上編碼方向即可確定FA值。本研究中納入的文獻(xiàn)中所取的編碼方向均在6個(gè)以上。Yoshiura等人[5 1]得出,當(dāng)b值≥600 s/mm2時(shí),各個(gè)感興趣區(qū)所測(cè)得的FA值不會(huì)隨著b的改變而變化。研究表明在MRI功能成像中DTI對(duì)于區(qū)分正常老化、MCI及AD最有幫助[52]。Zhang等人[53]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MCI病人與正常對(duì)照組相比較其纖維回路的FA值下降,特別是在左側(cè)半球,而且本文的納入文獻(xiàn)中左側(cè)大腦半球差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義者居多,故本文分析若存在雙側(cè)大腦半球數(shù)據(jù)的均統(tǒng)一選取左側(cè)大腦半球。

        本文共包含174項(xiàng)比較,合并后得到3664處病灶和3775處對(duì)照,匯總分析得出WMD及其95%可信區(qū)間為–0.03[–0.04,–0.03],差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。整體匯總表明MCI組與NC組的FA值相比較是降低的,這預(yù)示著在MCI人群中存在著廣泛區(qū)域的腦白質(zhì)損害,這種損害可以通過(guò)FA值進(jìn)行測(cè)量所得,F(xiàn)A值和認(rèn)知功能的變化密切相關(guān)[54-55],而且MCI人群腦白質(zhì)完整性的損害是早于相應(yīng)腦區(qū)體積的變化[56]。納入分析的各個(gè)腦區(qū),額葉和頂葉白質(zhì)和MCI人群的執(zhí)行功能密切相關(guān)[5];MCI組的顳葉、后扣帶束、海馬旁回等區(qū)域的腦白質(zhì)完整性的改變比相應(yīng)皮質(zhì)厚度的改變?cè)谠缙谠\斷AD時(shí)更敏感,而且這些區(qū)域與記憶功能密切相關(guān)[8];MCI組海馬區(qū)的FA降低,海馬是參與記憶與認(rèn)知功能的重要結(jié)構(gòu),可以通過(guò)白質(zhì)纖維通路產(chǎn)生各種記憶功能[57];鉤束是額葉運(yùn)動(dòng)性語(yǔ)言區(qū)和眶回之間的聯(lián)絡(luò)纖維,與記憶和行為密切相關(guān);上縱束與執(zhí)行控制功能[58]和工作記憶有關(guān)[59],上、下縱束起著傳遞從大腦后部到大腦前部的感官、視覺(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)等體覺(jué)信息[60];胼胝體是連接雙側(cè)大腦半球最大的纖維束,有研究表明胼胝體白質(zhì)的不完整與AD的發(fā)生有關(guān)[60];穹窿是下丘腦最粗大的傳入纖維,穹窿損傷可增加引起情景記憶障礙的可能[51]。這些腦區(qū)的相關(guān)功能符合MCI患者出現(xiàn)的臨床表現(xiàn)。

        腦區(qū)分別進(jìn)行比較時(shí),枕葉匯總分析得出WMD及其95%可信區(qū)間為–0.01[–0.03, –0.00],95%可信區(qū)間與無(wú)效線相交,差異不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),這與納入文獻(xiàn)中大多數(shù)觀點(diǎn)一致,說(shuō)明在MCI尚未過(guò)渡到AD時(shí),枕葉白質(zhì)的纖維束是完整的、沒(méi)有損傷的。其中,額葉、顳葉、胼胝體膝部進(jìn)行匯總分析時(shí),合并后所得結(jié)果存在高度的異質(zhì)性,這是由于本文納入的部分文獻(xiàn)不是單純使用感興趣區(qū)(region of interest,ROI)測(cè)量的FA值,而是(還)使用了基于體素分析的技術(shù),還有部分文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行合并時(shí)“額上回”歸于額葉、“顳橫回”歸于顳葉進(jìn)行匯總等,此外這些被納入的文獻(xiàn)中在選取病例時(shí)存在著納入個(gè)體間的變異等。由于基于體素的分析是在像素水平對(duì)腦MR圖像進(jìn)行的一種自動(dòng)而又客觀的分析技術(shù),與ROI相比受人為因素的影響較小,混雜因素較少,因此引起上述部位的高度異質(zhì)性。

        綜上所述,本文將DTI對(duì)輕度認(rèn)知障礙診斷的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行匯總分析,避免了大多數(shù)研究樣本量小的不足,大大增加了研究的樣本量,提高了匯總分析結(jié)果的可信度。通過(guò)匯總分析可知,在未發(fā)展為AD時(shí)的MCI人群中,已存在多區(qū)域的腦白質(zhì)纖維的損害。DTI作為一種無(wú)創(chuàng)的顯示活體大腦白質(zhì)神經(jīng)纖維通路的方法,在臨床上有廣闊的運(yùn)用前景。本文也存在著以下不足之處:(1)本文的納入文獻(xiàn)僅限于公開(kāi)發(fā)表的中英文,存在著語(yǔ)種的偏倚;(2)部分納入文獻(xiàn)不僅采用了ROI分析,而且有基于體素的分析方法,存在測(cè)量偏倚;(3)少數(shù)文獻(xiàn)樣本量較少,存在選擇偏倚;(4)本文未做出與AD的鑒別,沒(méi)有將結(jié)果與疾病分級(jí)指標(biāo)MMSE進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)分析。希望在以后的研究中,對(duì)以上不足進(jìn)行改善。

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        Measurement of diffusion tensor imaging in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a meta analysis

        WANG Dong-dong, JIANG Chun-hui, WANG Jian*
        MRI room of Imaging Center, the first affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China

        Key wordsMild cognitive impairment; Diffusion tensor imaging; Meta-analysis;Parkinson disease

        AbstractObjective: To investigate the value of MR diffusion tensor imaging in diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with Meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: A search in computer databases such as PubMed, CNKI WanFang and VIP Data was performed, the relevant literature which are related to the MR diffusion tensor imaging in diagnosis of MCI were collected from the date of the above mentioned databases’ establishment to January 31, 2015. The measured data of MCI and normal control (NC) was extracted from different brains (frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, posterior cingulated fasciculus, hippocampus,parahippocampal gyrus, posterior limb of the internal capsule, fasciculus longitudinal superior, fasciculus longitudinal inferior, fornix, genu of corpus callosum, splenium of corpus callosum, uncinatus fasciculus), the relevant articles were analyzed with the Review Manager 5.3 to achieve weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence level CI. Results: Totally 47 articles including 30 English articles and 17 Chinese articles were collected. The outcome indicates the values of FA in the MCI group are lower than that in the NC group, and the WMD with 95% CI is –0.05[–0.05,0.04], the values of FA of both the above metioned brains have significantly statistical difference except occipital lobe. Conclusion: The microstructural white matter in MCI group have been impaired, DTI can provide early diagnosis index of MCI.

        通訊作者:王儉,E-mail:jeanw1265@sina.com

        收稿日期:2015-11-05

        中圖分類號(hào):R445.2;R742

        文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A

        DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2016.02.001

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