張耀東

問

“no matter+疑問詞”或“疑問詞+后綴ever”如何運用？

答 No matter what happened， he would not mind.

Whatever happened， he would not mind.

替換：no matter what=whatever

no matter who=whoever

no matter when=whenever

no matter where=wherever

no matter which=whichever

no matter how=however

注意：no matter不能引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句。

No matter what you say is of no use now. （×）

Whatever you say is of no use now. （）

你現(xiàn)在說什么也沒用了。（whatever you say是主語從句）

Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given. （×）

Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given. （）

囚犯們只能給什么吃什么。

until和till有哪些區(qū)別？

答 此兩個連詞意義相同。肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某時”，動詞必須是延續(xù)性的。否定形式表達的意思是“直至某時才做某事”。動詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可以。正確使用這兩個連詞的關(guān)鍵之一就在于判斷句中的動詞該用肯定式還是否定式。

肯定句：

I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜時醒了。

Wait till I call you. 等著我叫你。

（在肯定句中可用before代替：Lets get in the wheat before the sun sets.）

否定句：

She didnt arrive until 6 oclock.

她直到6點才到。

Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.

公共汽車停穩(wěn)后再下車。

I didnt manage to do it until you had explained how.

直到你教我后，我才會做。

（1）until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。

Until you told me， I had heard nothing of what happened.

直到你告訴我以前，出了什么事我一點也不知道。

（2）until when疑問句中，until要放在句首。

—Until when are you staying？

你待到什么時候？

—Until next Monday.

待到下周一。

注意：否定句可用另外兩種句式表示。

（3）not until ... 在句首，主句用倒裝。

Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.

直到19世紀初，人類才知道熱能是什么。

Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.

直到我開始工作，我才認識到了我已蹉跎了多少歲月。

問：只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞？

答 1. 在there be句型中，只用that，不用which。

2. 在不定代詞，如：anything，nothing，the one，all等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which。

3. 先行詞有the only，the very，the same，the last，just修飾時，只用that。

4. 先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that，不能用which。

5. 先行詞既有人，又有物時。

6. 先行詞指物，在主句中作表語時。

7. 為了避免重復(fù)。

8. 先行詞是the way或the reason時，that可作關(guān)系副詞，也可省略。

9. 主句的主語是疑問詞who/which時。

Is this the book that you borrowed in the library？

這是你在圖書館借的那本書嗎？

Who that break the window should be punished.

誰打碎了窗戶都要受到懲罰。

All that is needed is a supply of oil.

所需的只是供油問題。

Finally， the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.

那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。

問如何區(qū)分定語從句和同位語從句？

答 1. 定語從句修飾先行詞，它和先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，是補充說明的關(guān)系。

The plane that has just taken off is for London.（定語從句）

The fact that he has been dead is clear. （同位語從句）

2. 定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在句中充當(dāng)成分，有時可以省略；同位語從句主要由that引導(dǎo)，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when，where，how，why，whether，what等詞引導(dǎo)，充當(dāng)成分。

The news he told me is true.

The news that he has just died is true.

The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. （定語）

The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.

3. 同位語從句和先行詞一般可以用be動詞發(fā)展成一個完整的句子，而定語從句不可以發(fā)展成一個完整的句子。

The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. （同位語）

The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.

The fact that the moon moves around the earth is known to all.

The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.

問關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，有哪些相同之處和不同之處？

答 1. As和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，代表前面整個句子。

He married her， as/which was natural.

He was honest， as/which we can see.

2. as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思。

John， as you know， is a famous writer.

As is known to all， China is a developing country.

He is from the south， as we can see from his accent.

He has been to Paris more than several times， which I dont believe.

注意：當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時，常用which。

Tom was always late for school， which made his teacher angry.

3. 當(dāng)先行詞受such， the same修飾時，常用as。

He is not such a fool as he looks.

I have never heard such a story as he tells.

This is the same book as I lost last week.

注意：當(dāng)先行詞由the same修飾時，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思不同。

She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.

她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。

She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.

她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。

注意：定語從句such ... as ... 與結(jié)果狀語從句such ... that ... 的區(qū)別：as在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作主語，賓語；that在結(jié)果狀語從句中不做成分。

He has such a good laptop as I want to buy.

He has such a good laptop that I want to buy one.

問關(guān)系代詞as與which有哪些句法功能？

答 1. as/which 在特殊定語從句中作主語。

as作主語時，謂語動詞常為連系動詞（主要是be， seem），主語補語為usual、a rule、a matter of fact等時，系動詞be習(xí)慣經(jīng)常省略。行為動詞作as特殊定語從句的謂語時一般用于被動語態(tài)（其中助動詞be常略），不及物的行為動詞在as特殊定語從句中作謂語的極少，常見的有happen一詞。如：

Freddie，as might be expected，was attending the conference.

which作主語時，謂語動詞不限，主動、被動皆可，只是謂語動詞為被動語態(tài)時助動詞be省略。

2. as和which都可以在特殊定語從句中賓語。

3. as和 which在特殊定語從句中作補語。如：

We thought him a gentleman，as/which he could never be.

as特殊定語從句中可以主謂倒裝，which從句中則不能主謂倒裝。

如果先行成分不是主語補語或賓語補語，關(guān)系代詞用which而不用as。如：

He talked like a native，which/as he hardly was.

4. which在特殊定語從句中作定語。

which可以在特殊定語從句中作定語，修飾fact，matter，thing等名詞。這些名詞代表先行成分表達的意義，有時將其略去句義仍然完整。as不能作定語。如：

I was told to go not by train but bus， which advice I followed.