劉年橋

高中英語(yǔ)有幾個(gè)語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)，如非限制性定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、省略、分詞作狀語(yǔ)等都是語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)，學(xué)生難以理解。下面從人教版教材Unit3 Book8中reading（L60 P3）句子：More people from all over the world，attracted by the climate and lifestyle，will still immigrate to California入手，淺析這幾個(gè)語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)的用法和相互關(guān)聯(lián)。

1. More people from all over the world，attracted by the climate and lifestyle，will still immigrate to California，句中-ed分詞分句作狀語(yǔ)，表示人們?nèi)mmigrate的原因。-ed分詞表示被動(dòng)或完成，這里-ed分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)more people from all over the world。又如，The castle，burnt down in 1845，was never rebuilt.（城堡于1845年被燒毀，再未重建。）這里燒毀的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)，形成被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

-ed分詞前也可以帶連詞，如when、though/although、as if/as though、if、even if、once、unless、until等等。如，

Even if invited，I wont go.即使受到邀請(qǐng)，我也不去。（a）

When heated，ice will melt into water.冰加熱會(huì)變成水。（b）

上面兩個(gè)句子中-ed分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)都是句子的主語(yǔ)，都有被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

值得注意的是分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，要用-ing分詞。如

Climbing to the top of the tower，we saw a magnificent view.

這里climbing的邏輯主語(yǔ)是we，表示主動(dòng)關(guān)系。

-ing分詞前也可以帶連詞，如

He wrote his greatest novel while working as an ordinary seaman.（c）

Though understanding no Greek，he was able to communicate with them.（d）

上面兩句鐘的-ing分詞與句子的主語(yǔ)形成主動(dòng)關(guān)系。比較下面例句：

Seeing from space，we find the earth is blue.Seeing的邏輯主語(yǔ)是We，用-ing分詞表主動(dòng)。

Seen from space，the earth is blue.Seen的邏輯主語(yǔ)是The earth，用-ed分詞表被動(dòng)。

結(jié)論：分詞充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子主語(yǔ)，以此判斷主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)，且分詞前可帶連詞。

以上-ed分詞和-ing分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)都是句子的主語(yǔ)，也就是說(shuō)依附于句子主語(yǔ)，如果-ed分詞和-ing分詞帶有自己的獨(dú)立的邏輯主語(yǔ)，就構(gòu)成所謂的“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。如

The last bus having gone，we had to walk home.⑴

The question（having been）settled，the meeting adjourned.⑵

2. 從句也可作狀語(yǔ)，所以More people from all over the world，attracted by the climate and lifestyle，will still immigrate to California，可以擴(kuò)展成主從復(fù)合句：As they are attracted by the climate and lifestyle，more people from all over the world will still immigrate to California，對(duì)比兩句可看出狀語(yǔ)從句的省略，就是省略主語(yǔ)和操作詞be。如

While（I was）waiting，I was reading some old magazines.

If（it is）carefully done，the experiment will be successful.

因此，上面例句（a）、（b）、（c）、（d）變成狀語(yǔ)從句依次是：

Even if I am invited，I wont go

When it is heated，ice will melt into water

He wrote his greatest novel while he was working as an ordinary seaman.

Though he understood no Greek，he was able to communicate with them.

結(jié)論：狀語(yǔ)從句如果從句主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)一致可以省略主語(yǔ)和操作詞be。如果主從句主語(yǔ)不一致，就可以構(gòu)成獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，上面⑴、⑵句相當(dāng)于：

As the last bus had gone，we had to walk home.

Since/After the question had been settled，the meeting adjourned.

從上面一、二可以看出：

More people from all over the world，attracted by the climate and lifestyle，will still immigrate to California，

=As they are attracted by the climate and lifestyle，more people from all over the world will still immigrate to California，

這兩個(gè)句子的變化形式，有助于學(xué)生掌握分詞的基本用法狀語(yǔ)從句，也有助于理解非限制性定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、從句中的省略之間的聯(lián)系。其實(shí)，英語(yǔ)在其發(fā)展過(guò)程中已形成一個(gè)完整的語(yǔ)法體系。學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中只要細(xì)心體會(huì)，學(xué)起來(lái)必然事半功倍！

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]王晶.解析英語(yǔ)介詞的構(gòu)成及用法[J].齊齊哈爾醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào).2010（06）.