CONTENTS

Basic Characteristics of Byzantine Culture

Chen Zhiqiang(4)

Basic Characteristics of Byzantine culture include its inheritance from the classical Hellenic civilization and the Roman Empire and its tolerance of culture pluralism and its enlightenment in vast sea of darkness of East-Mediterranean during Medieval times, when different nomadic ethnic groups invaded into the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines protected the ancient civilizations from destroying by the intrusions, and formed its culture system with plentiful content and unique feature. Byzantine culture deeply impacted on its neighbors including Slavonic people before the 10th century, Arabian people before the 8th century, and Italian intellectuals of the Renaissance.

Reasons for Justinian I’s Anti-Semitic Policies in Byzantine Empire

Liu Yufang(16)

Justinian I’s anti-Semitic policies embodied inCrpusJurisCivilishad a rather great important significance on Byzantine Jews， Byzantine Empire， even the whole Eastern Mediterranean. To strengthen the power of the Christian churches， to ensure the stability and unity of the domestic political environment， to restore the emptying national treasury， and to occupy the strategic position of the Red Sea， Justinian I became a firm anti-Semitic policies implementer. By doing these， Justinian I not only stroked at Judaism’s influences， suppressed the force armies of Jews and other Judaism’s follower， but also made a hint foreshadowing for Byzantine Empire’s Hellenistic transformation and the situation in Eastern Mediterranean in near future. Marked asCrpusJurisCivilis， Justinian I had pushed the Byzantine anti-Semitic activities into a new height.

The Authorship of“Fredegar” and the Century-long Controversy

Chen Wenhai(25)

ChronicleofFredegarwas one of the key materials appearing in the Frankish Kingdom in the early Middle Ages. Like many other medieval chronicles， it was anonymous. Focusing on the problem of its authorship， a long academic controversy， which began in the late 19th century， has been in the process， and thus three major schools were formed. Krusch， a German historian， believed that three authors had contributed to the chronicle. Hellmann， another German historian， maintained that the number was two. Goffart， a Canadian historian， insists that a single author was responsible for the chronicle. No consensus to the problem has been achieved by far. However， the academic controversy greatly promoted the deep understanding of the chronicle， and benefited much to the study of the Frankish history.

Reconstruction of Civilization and Regeneration of History in the Early Modern Europe

Zhang Naihe(35)

The early modern Europe saw the rise of the Renaissance and its core of humanism which was based on the economic changes and sprouts of capitalism. Humanism drew people’s attention from the other world to this side of the world， as made religion give place to history. The critical spirit of history and social reason of history resulted from humanism， and led to the regeneration of history which is a centre of the reconstruction of civilization in the early modern Europe. Historical auxiliaries simultaneously grew up with the regeneration of history， and developed into a cornerstone of modern European history. The topic is helpful to further understand modern European civilization and history.

A New View on Alexander IIand the Peasant Reform of 1861 in Russia

Zhang Guangxiang Li Zhenwen(46)

The background of Alexander II’s Peasant reform is not a serfdom economic crisis and peasant uprisings， but the ideological crisis of the serfdom and the political crisis after the Crimean War. The ideas， institutions and tactics of starting reform all inherited the policy of the Russian government on peasant issues in the first half of the 19th century. Alexander II played the role of moderator and balancer in the reform. Violating the nobility’s will， he persisted that they must become the initiator of the reform， so that maintained the balance of aristocracy and the nobility. On the issues of land and redemption， he required to balance the interests of landlords and peasants. In the political struggles around reform， he maintained the authority of the highest will and the ambiguous personal position in the meanwhile， which led to the struggles of reformers and conservatives into struggles for the Tsar’s support.

On the Policy of the Soviet Union to Germany and the Outbreak of Cold War

Li Fengyan(58)

How to deal with the Germany was a core strategic issue for the Soviet， American and British governments， and which related to the peace and prosperity of the European future. The Soviet policy towards Germany aimed to weaken Germany to maintain the Soviet security， and made it to be a base and fortress for protecting spheres of influence in the Eastern Europe and expanding socialist influence. The American and British governments were committed to make Germany as a barrier to resist the Soviet expansion. The conflict of strategic goals among them made the German issue a blasting fuse of the cold war. The conflict had multiple characteristics of geopolitics， international security and value idea， and which was sensitive， complex， interlinked， so the three governments all kept caution but tough， the German issue eventually become the crux of the cold war.

The law interpretations of Russian serfdom reform

Tang Yanfeng(67)

The reform of Russian serfdom in 1861 openeda new stage of historical development, and also had a profound influence in the process of world history. Tsar’s reform complied with the time development , and also was the best choice after balancing the domestic factions battle . The reform of “Declaration” and “General Act” set the tone for reform, some complementary code timely adjusted the direction and degree of the reform, to realize the originally envisioned in land liberation. However the so-called freedom which , farmers getteddid not solve the dilemma of insufficient land, farmers became the freemen with higher tax assignment . The reformists also belonged to the vested interests. Russian village traditional grip, practical orientation of modern reform were the important reason for the reform law failed to fully implement.

Studieson “The Exceeding Constitution Behavior” of President Jefferson: In Case of LouisianaLand Purchase in U.S.A

Shi Qinghuan Li Yue(75)

The Louisiana land purchase in 1803 played an important role whether on territories or on economic values in American history. Nonetheless， the signing of the land purchase treaty has influenced on the American constitutionlism in some way. In fact， under the early constitutionalism， diplomatic powers of American presidents were not only limited， but also very clearly defined. In this context， presidents on diplomacy either acted nothing or excessiveness. Louisianan land purchase of President Jefferson was one outstanding example. Through the “exceeding constitution behavior” but without violating the Constitution，President Jefferson was the first to exercise this diplomatic power what former presidents had not done， and to create a political precedent.

A Study on School-to-Work Opportunity Policy of the United States at the End of the 20th Century

Gao Song(86)

In the 1990s， US Federal Government started a vocational education policy， School-to-Work Opportunity policy. After the enactment of the School to Work Opportunity Act of 1994， employment-oriented education programs spread to secondary schools of the whole nation. STWOA aimed to help every student further his/her study， get the first high salary job by integrating existing vocational and academic curriculum， to strengthen relationships between secondary and post- secondary schools. It insisted that every student should receive vocational education by school-based learning， work-based learning and connecting activities which consist of vocational education activities， and that states should build up partnerships of employers， schools， teachers， parents， communities， and education specialists. This reform made lots of achievements in promotion of student education and employment， and of enterprise development.

A Study of the Origin of Ancient Egyptian Writing

Liang Shan(93)

Theorigin of ancient Egyptian writing is one of the most important symbols of Egyptian civilization. This article regards lots of marks and pictures on the stone， pottery， seals， labels and so on as the main basis， analyzing the technical conditions of the origin of Egyptian Writing. From Paleolithic Period to 3320 BC (Tomb U-j)， ancient Egypt accumulated a lot of marks and pictures， and cultivate principles of the creation of writing with their development， some signs have the function of logogram and ideogram. That is to say，the technical conditions of the origin of Egyptian writing have emerged very early. In addition， by investigating the early material culture， the scope of social intercourse， the establishment of local regime of ancient Egypt， analyzing the social conditions of the origin of Egyptian writing. From 3320 BC to about 2900 BC (the beginning of the reign of Den)， the emergence of some local regimes， especially a unified state， frequent exchanges with foreign countries and the increased number of scribes are the important social conditions for the emergence of Egyptian writing. Therefore， the generation of the ancient Egyptian writing is under the technical and social condition interacted on each other， both of them are indispensable， they promoted the origin of ancient Egyptian writing together.

The study of the character of Mitsubishi zaibatsu national policy societies

Sun Yan(101)

Mitsubishi zaibatsu is in close relationship with the Japanese government and war， thus to explore the nature. In the early Meiji， Iwasak Yataro rely on the relationship such as countrymen and pupils of the same master with political figures likeGoto Shojiro and okuma shigenobu to develop maritime industry， closely cooperate with the government， highlighted the Mitsubishi’s political-merchant nature. After multiplex management， Mitsubishi become a Concern cabal monopolies in early Taisho period. After the construction of the Mitsubishi zaibatsu， it focus on developing heavy industry， dedicated to ships， aircraft， tanks， chemical and other industries， take the Japanese army’s military orders， help its aggression. Meanwhile， Mitsubishi zaibatsu gather information for the government， take on the government financial investigation， transfer to the company of national policy agency. After the July 7th incident， the Mitsubishi zaibatsu’s stores in China do their best to cooperate with the Japanese army boosting national policy of aggression against China， Mitsubishi zaibatsu has completely transformed into company of national policy agency.