易立,郭芳
正五聚素蛋白3(pentraxin 3,PTX3)是1992年由Breviario等[1]發(fā)現(xiàn)的一類炎癥因子,為五聚體結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白。PTX3與C反應(yīng)蛋白(C reactive protein,CRP)屬同一個(gè)超家族,但PTX3基因較CRP基因恒定,在動(dòng)物與人屬進(jìn)化過程中高度保守。
PTX3抑制病原體感染的確切分子機(jī)制還尚未明確,目前有幾種推測(cè):①直接與病原體相結(jié)合,功能類似于可溶性模式識(shí)別受體;②通過與C1q結(jié)合調(diào)控補(bǔ)體活性;③促進(jìn)病原體被巨噬細(xì)胞和樹突狀細(xì)胞識(shí)別[2]。在腦膜炎球菌和結(jié)核感染的病例,PTX3的血漿濃度與感染的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[3]。PTX3可以降低流感病毒感染后的病毒載量[4],以及降低小鼠腦部鏈球菌感染后的死亡率[5],證實(shí)PTX3在細(xì)菌和病毒感染時(shí)具有保護(hù)作用。
近年來,PTX3在巨細(xì)胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)感染中的保護(hù)作用開始受到關(guān)注。在一項(xiàng)涉及321例接受器官移植患者的多中心、隨機(jī)、開放的大型臨床試驗(yàn)中,有251例患者人巨細(xì)胞病毒(human cytomegalovirus,HCMV)聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)檢測(cè)陽性。接受抗病毒治療前和治療21 d后,分別檢測(cè)患者血漿中的PTX3、趨化因子CXCL16(CXC chemokine ligand 16,CXCL16)和von Willebrand因子(von Willebrand factor,vWF)水平。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PTX3、趨化因子CXCL16和vWF是器官移植患者抗CMV治療效果和臨床預(yù)后的獨(dú)立相關(guān)因素[6]。
動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),CMV感染BALB/c小鼠后,PTX3通過TLR9/MyD88信號(hào)通路激活樹突狀細(xì)胞內(nèi)的干擾素調(diào)節(jié)因子3(interferon regulatory factor 3,IRF3),以及促發(fā)保護(hù)性的Th1反應(yīng)(如IL-12p70產(chǎn)物和IFN-r產(chǎn)物CD4+T細(xì)胞生成增加),不僅削弱CMV的原發(fā)感染,而且抑制了病毒的再激活,使小鼠生存期延長(zhǎng)。外源性給予PTX3一周后,靜脈注射肺曲菌,可以緩解炎癥反應(yīng),改善預(yù)后,而且呈劑量依賴性[7]。
PTX3是血管疾病的新的血管炎性生物標(biāo)志物。PTX3在血液中的存在時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),易檢測(cè);基因更為恒定,受干擾因素少,不受總膽固醇、高密度脂蛋白、血紅蛋白、吸煙、肥胖和性別等因素影響,是研究動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化炎癥反應(yīng)的可靠指標(biāo)[8]。
PTX3主要由單核巨噬細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞及成纖維細(xì)胞接受重要炎癥因子IL-1和腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)刺激后生成,而動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊中富含單核巨噬細(xì)胞等產(chǎn)生PTX3的主要細(xì)胞,說明PTX3在動(dòng)脈組織中產(chǎn)生,并參與了炎癥細(xì)胞促動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的過程。
PTX3在卒中中的作用越來越受到重視,已經(jīng)成為卒中嚴(yán)重程度、腦缺血后水腫和膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞反應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵因子。在大腦中動(dòng)脈閉塞模型中,PTX3基因敲除組小鼠和野生型小鼠相比,梗死區(qū)的新生血管和血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體2(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2,VEGFR2)明顯減少[9]。體外試驗(yàn)證實(shí),PTX3能促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖和新生血管的形成。PTX3通過調(diào)節(jié)梗死區(qū)域新生血管的形成,保護(hù)血腦屏障的完整性,來促進(jìn)卒中后功能的恢復(fù)[10]。PTX3的缺乏會(huì)導(dǎo)致血腦屏障完整性的破壞、細(xì)胞水腫、膠質(zhì)瘢痕形成[11]。提示PTX3可能會(huì)成為卒中治療藥物選擇的新靶點(diǎn)。
PTX3對(duì)急性心肌梗死3個(gè)月內(nèi)發(fā)生死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)率較CRP高,而且PTX3的血濃度與心力衰竭的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[12]。Taro等[13]檢測(cè)了259例接受冠狀動(dòng)脈造影患者血PTX3和CRP水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛組的PTX3水平比穩(wěn)定型心絞痛和正常冠脈組均高,雖然CRP和PTX3均與不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛有相關(guān)性,但是,PTX3的相關(guān)性在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上比CRP強(qiáng)。因此提示PTX3可能比CRP更能反映導(dǎo)致斑塊破裂的活動(dòng)性炎癥。
在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),PTX3在小鼠體內(nèi)可抑制動(dòng)脈損傷后的血管內(nèi)膜增厚,從而減輕血管狹窄。PTX3基因敲除小鼠表現(xiàn)出更嚴(yán)重的中性粒細(xì)胞聚集和炎癥反應(yīng)[14],而且小鼠頸動(dòng)脈竇及升主動(dòng)脈中動(dòng)脈硬化樣病變的面積明顯增加[15],在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊組織中,也發(fā)現(xiàn)有PTX3表達(dá),且其濃度與斑塊破裂的脆性相關(guān)[16]。
上述研究說明,PTX3具有抗炎、穩(wěn)定斑塊、抗動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化和促進(jìn)梗死區(qū)新生血管生成的作用,已成為心腦血管疾病患者風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)和指導(dǎo)治療的新的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。
正常情況腦內(nèi)檢測(cè)不到PTX3表達(dá),但神經(jīng)病理狀態(tài)下,包括急性缺血和出血性卒中、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血、癲癇、腦外傷,其表達(dá)顯著增高,并與疾病預(yù)后和死亡率相關(guān)[17-18]。有報(bào)道,蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者腦脊液的PTX3水平增高,提示繼發(fā)性腦血管痙攣出現(xiàn)時(shí)間提前[19]。PTX3在大腦中動(dòng)脈閉塞的小鼠模型的血漿、腦、肝臟和脾臟的表達(dá)均高于對(duì)照組和假手術(shù)組[20]。提示PTX3可能是急性腦損傷的早期預(yù)測(cè)標(biāo)志物。
臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究均發(fā)現(xiàn),在一些慢性中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病,例如帕金森病和阿爾茨海默病,有PTX3表達(dá)的增高[18,21]。其作用機(jī)制可能是通過膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié)β淀粉樣蛋白沉積,以及巨噬細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的瀕死神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞吞噬作用。還有研究報(bào)道,多發(fā)性硬化患者血漿PTX3水平的增加與復(fù)發(fā)期的殘疾程度相關(guān)[22]。
綜上所述,PTX3參與了炎癥反應(yīng)、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性疾病和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病等多種病理過程,尤其是在臨床中的作用日益受到重視,但其作用機(jī)制目前還未完全明了,尚需更多的研究來進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
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