建筑設(shè)計(jì)：塞巴斯蒂安·伊拉拉薩瓦爾

模塊學(xué)校，雷蒂羅，智利

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：塞巴斯蒂安·伊拉拉薩瓦爾

位于雷蒂羅行政區(qū)的公共學(xué)校D_162在2010年智利8.8級地震時遭受了結(jié)構(gòu)性破壞，于是有了把產(chǎn)于圣地亞哥的集裝箱運(yùn)到集合場所的模塊化應(yīng)急解決方案。

此項(xiàng)任務(wù)包括在極短時間內(nèi)為120名學(xué)生搭建4間教室。面對如此棘手的問題，我們決定親自來建造它。建造工期為兩個半月，現(xiàn)場組裝用了一星期。每間教室由3個約12.2m（40英尺）長的集裝箱并列構(gòu)成，每兩個集裝箱之間有1.22m（4英尺）寬的間隙，形成一個連接天窗的機(jī)械調(diào)節(jié)裝置，提供自然采光與通風(fēng)，也給教室的室內(nèi)景觀添加了垂直要素。這些天窗在室外被涂成不同顏色，代表著4間不同的教室。與之類似，每個集裝箱表面的彩色亞克力板也營造出立面上的多變效果。

為了在沒有空調(diào)的條件下改善建筑的舒適度，我們使用了雙層墻體，內(nèi)層為膠合板，外層為波紋鋼板。鋼梁混凝土作為建筑基礎(chǔ)以減少現(xiàn)場施工。

對于設(shè)計(jì)和施工的全程控制，使我們有機(jī)會在項(xiàng)目進(jìn)程中不斷改善，嘗試不同材料，包括在把手上使用皮革這種小細(xì)節(jié)，一些看起來完全不會被用于建筑的材料在緊急情況下也會被利用。

在學(xué)校的破損建筑得到修繕之后，這些模塊會被運(yùn)到其他受災(zāi)地區(qū)進(jìn)行重新組裝?！酰ㄐ翂衄?譯）

1 外景/Exterior view

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

聯(lián)合建筑師/Associated Architects: Erick Caro, Cristian Irarrázaval

客戶/Clients: ANAC, Fundación Séptima Cuadra, Damas Francesas de beneficencia.

結(jié)構(gòu)工程師/Structural Engineers: Sebastián Irarrazaval Arquitectos

承建方/Construction: Sebastián Irarrazaval Arquitectos

材料/Materials: 1.83m×12.2m集裝箱，鋼，木，亞克力板/6×40" shipping containers, steel, wood and acrylic panels.

預(yù)算/Budget: 500USD/m2

建筑面積/Floor Area: 220m2

設(shè)計(jì)時間/Design Period: 2010

建造時間/Construction Period: 2010

攝影/Photos: Sebastian Irarrázaval

2 地段位置/Location

3 外景/Exterior view

4. 5 施工中/Under construction

6 外景/Exterior view

7 立面/Elevation

8 剖面/Section

9 平面/Plan

As a result of the 8.8 magnitude earthquake that struck Chile in 2010, the public school D_162 in the district of Retiro was left with significant structural damage. To address the situation, we devised a modular emergency strategy using freight containers manufactured in Santiago and transported to the area of assemblage.

The task consisted in housing, in a very short time, 120 students in 4 classrooms. Faced with the almost impossible mission, we decided to build the school by ourselves. Construction took two and a half months and on-site assembling took one week. Each of the classrooms was comprised of three container units 12.2m (40 ft) in length, placed alongside each other and separated by a 1.22-meterwide (4 ft) interstice, generating an adjustment mechanism that culminates above in skylights, which in addition to providing natural light and force ventilation, lend a vertical dimension to the classroom interiors. These skylights were painted on the outside with different colours signalling each of the four classrooms respectively. Similarly, tinted acrylic panels covering the front of each container create variation along the fa?ade.

In order to improve the comfort of the building in the absence of air conditioners, we used doublewalls composed of a plywood inner layer and a corrugated steel outer layer. To reduce on-site construction, the foundations were done with steel beams attached to the ground with concrete.

Taking absolute control of both design and construction, we had the chance to make improvements during the process and also to try different material solutions, including small details such as applying leather to handles – something totally unexpected for a building born under a critical situation.

Once the school's damages are repaired, these modules will be reinstalled on other sites affected by the earthquake. □

10 外景/Exterior view

11 內(nèi)景/Interior view

12. 13 細(xì)部圖/Detail drawings

評論

李曉峰：適應(yīng)性的箱體模塊小學(xué)

利用集裝箱的組合，將容納貨物的箱體轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槿丝蛇M(jìn)駐的空間單元。這類特殊的“實(shí)驗(yàn)建筑”，以高效的建造以及可再利用的時代特點(diǎn)，近年頗受建筑師及環(huán)境研究者的青睞。智利這座箱體組合的校園建筑卻有著自身的亮點(diǎn)——適應(yīng)性。其一，通過每組3個間隔并列的箱體處理，獲得了適合教室所需的空間尺度和平面形態(tài)；其二，將箱體間預(yù)留狹縫用適當(dāng)?shù)牟牧献龀赏蛊鸬奶齑?，既獲得了柔和的自然采光，又使得被動通風(fēng)成為可能，從而適應(yīng)了南美地區(qū)特殊的氣候條件。這對于大地震后快速有效地獲得安全、可拆裝、非永久性的使用空間，的確非常合適。

易娜：集裝箱改造目前似乎是全球建筑師用來解決快速、廉價(jià)建造的共同策略之一。為了震后盡快復(fù)課，預(yù)制好的集裝箱單元在現(xiàn)場的裝配只用了一周時間。熱工性能方面，通過膠合木板和波紋金屬板構(gòu)成的雙層外墻給予了充分考慮，每個教學(xué)單元之間的“縫隙”部分則通過側(cè)高窗的引入帶來有趣的側(cè)光和新鮮的空氣。簡單的地基處理，明亮的彩色玻璃加外墻，便于拆卸與移動的建造方式，構(gòu)成了一處“適宜”的臨時學(xué)校建筑。

Comments

LI Xiaofeng: Adaptable Modular School

By means of re-composition, shipping containers are transformed into livable spatial units. In recent years, due to its era-characterized efficiency and recyclability, this particular type of "experimental architecture" has found favor with both architects and environmental researchers. The container-turned school building in Chile has yet another merit of its own: adaptability. First, every three containers are placed at proper intervals to generate spatial scale and plan forms required of classrooms; second, the reserved interstices between containers are turned into protruding clerestory windows with appropriate materials, which bring soft, natural light and potential passive ventilation in adaptation to southern Chile's special climatic conditions. This is indeed a highly suitable approach to post-earthquake construction, by which safe, non-permanent and easy-to-dissemble functional spaces can be created with great efficiency.

YI Na: Nowadays, container remolding seems to be a common strategy used by architects worldwide for fast and low-cost construction. In order to resume classes as soon as possible, the on-site assembling of precast container units took only one week. Thermal performance is given full consideration through double-layered exterior walls comprised of plywood and corrugated steel, while the "interstices" between individual classrooms bring interesting sidelight and fresh air through clerestory windows. Simple foundation work, bright-colored glasses and walls, easyto-dissemble and mobile construction means, all make for a "suitable" temporary school building.

Modular School, Retiro, Chile, 2010

Architect: Sebastian Irarrázaval

14 內(nèi)景/Interior view