建筑設計：LAND事務所（克里斯托瓦爾·巴倫蘇埃拉·霍伊斯勒+安哥拉·德洛倫索·阿蘭西維亞）

圣羅莎孔斯蒂圖西翁學校及紀念館，孔斯蒂圖西翁，智利

建筑設計：LAND事務所（克里斯托瓦爾·巴倫蘇埃拉·霍伊斯勒+安哥拉·德洛倫索·阿蘭西維亞）

背景

2010年2月27日，智利遭受了里氏8.8級地震以及海嘯的重創(chuàng)，對位于智利南部中心地帶的孔斯蒂圖西翁市和圣羅莎學校造成了嚴重的影響。沿海城市孔斯蒂圖西翁是受災最嚴重的城市之一，其中80%的破壞集中于老城區(qū)。圣羅莎學校的老土坯磚建筑也破損約50%。

LAND事務所與私營企業(yè)及當?shù)胤钦M織合作，在初期集中解決迫切需求以及提供緊急救助，以推遲需要提供永久性解決方案的時間。這里的永久性解決方案不僅指重建學校，還要把它建成一個更好的城市片段。

地震過去約一年后，一家公私合作模式企業(yè)為圣羅莎學校的重建提供了資金。我們的團隊面臨多方面的任務：修復老城中心地帶，重塑當?shù)靥卣?，改善學習環(huán)境，以及考慮在災后特殊環(huán)境下的建造挑戰(zhàn)。

建筑與城市的修復及重塑地域特征

我們對自己提出的問題是：如何使這樣一個地段尺度上的重建成為一次對城市肌理的重塑？如何改善教學與學習的環(huán)境？

為了完成這個目標，我們提出了3個主要策略：

第一個策略是通過使建筑立面退后4m至內部區(qū)域，創(chuàng)造出一個公共廣場（保留了老城中心古老土坯磚建筑原有的典型樣式要素，從而維持了一個連續(xù)的立面），為孔斯蒂圖西翁市釋放出一個140m2的公共空間。這個廣場同時成為學校主要的入口空間。

第二個策略是用包含學校教堂的雕塑式體量將西北邊緣的廣場融合進來。這個雕塑元素的靈感來源于這座城市海岸線上常見的當?shù)貛r石形態(tài)。

另外，雕塑般的教堂以及公共空間被設計為緬懷地震遇難者的紀念性場所，所有拜訪這里的市民都可以利用。

我們使用當?shù)厮赡咀鳛榻ㄖ闹饕牧?。鼓勵使用當?shù)匾子讷@取的材料和便于重復操作的技術，也是對其地域特征修復的一部分。

建筑與教育

第三個策略是使用被動式可循環(huán)建筑技術來提升教室內的舒適性，避免熱橋來提高墻體隔熱的能源效率。利用屋頂?shù)墓饩€擴散設計，加強天窗的采光效果。

所有體量的外立面都覆以豎向松木條作為通風立面。這些松木上涂有的白色底漆可隨時間逐漸熟化變成天然松木的灰色以保證其耐久性。

1 沿街立面/Street facade

2 沿街立面/Street facade

3 圖示/Diagram

建筑與危機

項目在結構上使用預制SIP（承重斷熱）板作為板材以及支撐預制工字梁的結構柱，在允許大跨度的同時，可以不在室內另加梁。

選擇這種結構和技術出于以下原因：(1)需要使用低成本預制系統(tǒng)來縮短重建時間；(2)在余震重建時期需要緩和勞動力不足；(3)在當?shù)貝毫拥牡孛鏍顩r下需要使用一個輕質的系統(tǒng)。

重建區(qū)域包含的功能有：學校主入口、辦公區(qū)、幼兒園及托兒所、多功能房、計算機室、衛(wèi)生間、教堂、餐廳/廚房、幼兒園庭院、教堂庭院、露天餐飲區(qū)、教工停車場及面向孔斯蒂圖西翁市開放的停車場入口?！酰ㄐ翂衄?譯）

項目信息/Credits and Data

主持建筑師/Principal Architect: Javier Lorenzo

客戶/Client: 智利政府/Government of Chile

結構工程師/Structural Engineer: Yuri Torres

承建方/Construction: Proessa SA

建筑面積/Floor Area: 1400m2

建成時間/Completion: 2013.09

攝影/Photos: Sergio Pirrone

Context

On 27 February, 2010, Chile was struck by an earthquake of 8.8 magnitudes on the Richter scale, which also triggered a tsunami. These events strongly impacted the south central part of the country where the city of Constitución with its Santa Rosa School is located. The coastal city of Constitución was one of the most devastated cities in the country with 80% of destruction concentrated mainly in the historic center. The Santa Rosa School lost about 50% of its facilities allocated inside an old adobe building.

LAND collaborated with private enterprises and local NGOs, focusing in the initial stages on solving immediate needs and providing emergency solutions, so as to postpone the deadlines required to produce permanent solutions. Such permanent solutions refer not only to rebuilding the school itself, but also to turning it into a better piece of urban fabric for the destroyed city.

About a year after the event, a public-private partnership was created to provide funds for the reconstruction of Santa Rosa School. Our team faced multiple tasks posed simultaneously by different needs and roles of the architectural project: re-habilitation of the historic center, re-shaping of local identity, improvement of conditions for learning environment, and consideration of construction challenges under the post-earthquake emergency context. These issues are explained in more details below.

Architecture and urban re-habilitation & local identity re-shaping

The questions we ask ourselves include: how to contribute from the site scale to the reconstruction of the city by re-building a piece of the urban fabric? In Addition, how can we build an environment that would improve teaching-learning performance?

To address these issues, we propose three key strategies:

The first strategy is to create a public plaza for the city by pushing back the building facade about 4 meters into the site (maintaining a continuous fa?ade which also preserves the original formal elements characteristic of the old adobe building at historic center), thus freeing 140m2of public space for the center of Constitución. The plaza also provides main access to the school.

4 教堂入口/Entrance, chapel

A second strategy is to accommodate the plaza space on the north-west extreme with a sculptural element that at the same time hosts the school chapel. This sculptural element was inspired by typical local rock formations seen along the coast of this city.

In addition, the sculptural chapel and the public space provided by the plaza are intended to be a Memorial for the victims of the catastrophe, which all citizens can visit.

We use local pinewood as the main material for the building and its furnishings, promoting the use of wood in urban reconstruction as part of reshaping an identity with locally accessible materials and easily replicable building techniques.

Architecture and education

The third strategy is to use passive sustainable building techniques to enhance classroom comfort, and to increase energy efficiency of wall insulation without thermal bridges or thermo panels. Special emphasis is given to the quality of light through skylights with light diffusers in the ceilings.

On the outside all volumes are lined with plain pinewood to function as ventilated fa?ades. They are painted in white primers, which age gradually by taking the gray color of naturally aged pines to ensure durability.

Architecture and emergency

Structurally, the building is constructed with a prefabricated system of SIP panels, used as panels and also as structural pillars supporting precast beams of LP I-Joists, thus allowing large spans and freeing interiors from additional pillars.

The selection of this structural material and technique is also due to the needs to: (1) shorten rebuilding time by using low-cost prefabricated systems, (2) reduce labor considering scarcity in post-earthquake reconstruction period, (3) use a lightweight system considering the harsh conditions of local ground.

The reconstructed area accommodates the following functions: main school access, administration area, kindergartens and pre-schools, multipurpose room, computer room, bathrooms, chapel, dining and kitchen, kindergarten courtyard, chapel yard, patio dining, faculty parking and parking access open to the city of Constitución.□

5 外景/Exterior view

6 首層平面/Floor 0 plan

7 外景/Exterior view

評論

王舒展：從項目的圖文資料中，能感到建筑師背負著不輕的責任感，卻又受到客觀條件的制約：災后建設資金的匱乏、人力的窘迫、城市物質環(huán)境重建的艱難，以及人們精神創(chuàng)傷的緩慢愈合。也因此感到，這個設計徘徊在災后生活應急的“臨時性”與長期安定深層愈合的“永久性”之間。

在建筑形式與材料的選擇上，建筑師頗費了心思，在“省錢高效”與“體面的紀念”之間找到合適的平衡。松木材料，暗示著災后建設就地取材、隨遇而安的“樸素”；而“雕塑感”的教堂與“儀式感”的柱廊，又分明強調紀念的莊重與永久。這兩者之間存在著隱約的糾結和沖突。

易娜：這所震后加建的學校通過入口立面的退讓所形成的小廣場以及具有雕塑感的小教堂部分，為這個剛剛經(jīng)歷了大地震的城市盡量營造出休閑和紀念的公共空間，作為建筑對城市的一種回饋。

值得一提的是，在建造過程中，為了應對低造價、短工期所采用的基于結構性保溫隔熱板的預制系統(tǒng)（SIP）以及柱子所采用的“工字復合木龍骨”（LP I-joists）系統(tǒng)在國內都比較少見，配以通體采用的松木所產(chǎn)生的自然樸素的質感，使這棟校園建筑整體呈現(xiàn)出一種精致的建造面貌。

8 3D模型/3D model

9 外景/Exterior view

Comments

WANG Shuzhan: From available project images and texts, one can sense that the architects shoulder heavy responsibilities, but at the same time are restricted by objective conditions such as shortages of postearthquake construction funds and manpower, difficulties in physical environment reconstruction, and slow healing of mental traumas. Thus one also feels that the design lingers between the "temporality" of post-disaster emergency living and the "permanency" of long-term settlement and thorough recuperation.

The architects put considerable thoughts in the selection of architectural forms and materials, striking a balance between "economy-efficiency" and "decent commemoration". Pinewood suggests an adaptable "simplicity" of local materials used in postdisaster construction, while the "sculptural" chapel and "ritualistic" portico lay clear emphasis on solemn, lasting commemoration. These two aspects seem to be tangled up in looming conflicts.

YI Na: With its sculptural chapel and its small plaza formed by the setback entrance facade, the school, built after the earthquake, does its best to create a leisure and commemorative public space for the postearthquake city as an architectural giveback.

It is worth mentioning that during the short construction period, structural prefabricated heat preservation & insulation system of SIP panels is adopted to deal with low construction cost, while LP I-Joists are used in columns and beams. Both of these measures are rarely applied domestically; together with the ubiquitous naturalness and simplicity of pinewood, they contribute to the school building's overall appearance of refinement.

Santa Rosa de Constitución School and Memorial, Constitución, Chile, 2013

Architects: LAND(Cristóbal Valenzuela Haeussler+Angela Delorenzo Arancibia)