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        黑米通過上調(diào)小腸ABCG5/8和ABCA1基因表達(dá)降低膽固醇水平

        2015-12-13 05:41:33申婷婷王佳楠張澤生
        食品科學(xué) 2015年9期
        關(guān)鍵詞:黑米高脂小腸

        馬 娜,申婷婷,趙 江,王佳楠,張澤生,王 浩,*

        (1.天津科技大學(xué)食品工程與生物技術(shù)學(xué)院,天津 300457;2.天津科技大學(xué)生物工程學(xué)院,天津 300457;3.南開大學(xué)濱海學(xué)院,天津 300270)

        黑米通過上調(diào)小腸ABCG5/8和ABCA1基因表達(dá)降低膽固醇水平

        馬 娜1,2,申婷婷2,趙 江1,王佳楠3,張澤生1,王 浩1,*

        (1.天津科技大學(xué)食品工程與生物技術(shù)學(xué)院,天津 300457;2.天津科技大學(xué)生物工程學(xué)院,天津 300457;3.南開大學(xué)濱海學(xué)院,天津 300270)

        以高脂膳食飼喂致高膽固醇小鼠為動物模型,研究黑米對小鼠血脂水平及小腸膽固醇代謝相關(guān)基因調(diào)控的影響。將48 只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠隨機分成高脂對照組和3 個實驗組(白米組、黑米低劑量組、黑米高劑量組),測定血清中總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)及高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)水平,氣相色譜法檢測肝臟中膽固醇含量,實時熒光定量聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)(real-time polymerase chain reaction,real-time PCR)分析調(diào)控小腸膽固醇合成、吸收、轉(zhuǎn)化及排泄基因HMG-CoA-R、MTP、ABCG5/8、ABCA1、NPC1L1等的mRNA表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果表明:與高脂對照組相比,白米組小鼠血清中TC、TG、HDL-C含量無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,但黑米低、高劑量組小鼠血清中TC和TG含量降低,且HDL-C含量顯著或極顯著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。與高脂對照組相比,白米組小鼠肝臟中膽固醇含量無顯著變化,黑米低劑量組顯著降低(P<0.05),黑米高劑量組極顯著降低(P<0.01)。Real-time PCR結(jié)果顯示,與高脂對照組相比,黑米低、高劑量組ABCG5/8、ABCA1 mRNA表達(dá)水平均極顯著上調(diào)(P<0.01);黑米低劑量組NPC1L1 mRNA表達(dá)水平降低(P<0.05),黑米高劑量組極顯著降低(P<0.01)。黑米對高脂膳食飼喂致高膽固醇小鼠膽固醇代謝平衡的調(diào)節(jié)可能是通過增加小腸中膽固醇的排泄并抑制其吸收實現(xiàn)的。

        黑米;小鼠;ABCG5/8;ABCA1;NPC1L1

        心腦血管疾病已經(jīng)成為威脅人類健康的頭號大敵[1],高血脂癥是引起心腦血管疾病的一個主要原因。因此,通過日常飲食調(diào)節(jié)對預(yù)防和治療心腦血管疾病具有重要意義。

        黑米富含花色苷,研究顯示膳食給予黑米花色苷或黑米皮提取物能夠調(diào)控機體氧化應(yīng)激平衡、血脂代謝、炎癥水平等[2-5]。Ling Wenhua等[6-7]報道了膳食黑米和黑米皮不僅可以降低實驗動物的血脂水平、抑制動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生和發(fā)展,還可以降低機體氧化應(yīng)激水平和提高抗氧化酶活性,并推測該作用與其花色苷類物質(zhì)有關(guān)。

        因此,本實驗以高脂喂飼致高膽固醇血癥雄性C57BL/6J小鼠為模型,以添加白米為對照組,研究黑米對小鼠血脂水平及小腸膽固醇代謝相關(guān)基因調(diào)控的影響,并對其機理進(jìn)行初步探討,以期為居民健康膳食提供科學(xué)指導(dǎo)依據(jù)。

        1 材料與方法

        1.1 動物、材料與試劑

        清潔級雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,體質(zhì)量18~20 g,購自北京維通利華實驗動物技術(shù)有限公司。

        黑米(碳水化合物含量78.7%、蛋白質(zhì)含量9.8%、脂肪含量2.9%、花青素含量1.4%)、白米(碳水化合物含量79.1%、蛋白質(zhì)含量9.5%、脂肪含量1.1%) 市售。

        三甲基硅烷(trimethylsilane,TMS) 美國Supelco公司;TRIzol、SYBR Premix Ex TaqⅡ、cDNA合成試劑盒 寶生物工程(大連)有限公司;總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)試劑盒、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)試劑盒、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)試劑盒 中生北控生物科技股份有限公司。

        1.2 儀器與設(shè)備

        Fresco17/21冷凍離心機 美國Thermo公司;UVmini-1240紫外-可見分光光度計 日本島津公司;iCycler實時定量PCR儀、GelDoc XR System凝膠成像系統(tǒng)、電泳儀 美國Bio-Rad公司;安捷倫7890A氣相色譜儀 美國Agilent公司。

        1.3 方法

        1.3.1 動物分組與飼養(yǎng)

        將48 只清潔級雄性C57BL/6J小鼠飼喂普通飼料適應(yīng)1 周后,根據(jù)體質(zhì)量隨機分成4 組,每組12只,自由攝食飲水。鼠糧配方見表1。記錄小鼠的進(jìn)食量以及體質(zhì)量。8 周后斷頸處死小鼠,眼眶取血,離心分離血清,—20 ℃保存待測;分離小鼠內(nèi)臟,稱質(zhì)量,—80 ℃保存。

        表1 鼠糧成分組成及含量Table 1 Composition and ingredients of the control diet and three experimental diieettssg/kg

        1.3.2 小鼠血清血脂水平測定

        參照試劑盒說明書提供的方法測定小鼠血清總膽固醇、甘油三酯和高密度脂蛋白膽固醇含量。

        1.3.3 肝臟膽固醇含量測定

        采用氣相色譜法(gas chromatography,GC)進(jìn)行肝臟組織中膽固醇含量的測定,具體參見實驗室之前發(fā)表論文的方法[8]:肝臟組織經(jīng)氯仿-甲醇溶液(2∶1,V/V)勻漿后提取不皂化物,N2吹干,TMS衍生化,以豆甾醇為內(nèi)標(biāo)利用GC檢測。

        1.3.4 小腸膽固醇代謝相關(guān)基因mRNA表達(dá)水平測定

        Trizol法從腸組織中提取總RNA,反轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA(37 ℃ 15 min;85 ℃ 5 s;4 ℃,終止)。取上述產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行Real-time PCR擴增(95 ℃預(yù)變性30 s;PCR反應(yīng):95 ℃ 5 s,60 ℃ 30 s,40 個循環(huán);溶解步驟),以GAPDH為內(nèi)參基因。GAPDH:上游5’-G C C T T C C G T G T T C C T A C C-3’,下游5’-CTTCACCACCTTCTTGATGTC-3’;HMG-CoA-R:上游5’-CCAATGGCAACAACGGAAGG-3’,下游5’-GAATCACAAGCACGAGGAAGAC-3’;ABCA1:上游5’-CAGAAGTTGGATGGATTAGATTGG-3’,下游5’-T T G C C T G G T T G G T C T C A T T G-3’;ABCG5:上游5’-GTTCCAAGACTGCTTCTC-3’,下游5’- ATGACTGCCTCTACCTTC-3’;ABCG8:上游5’-TTGGACAACCTGTGGATAG-3’,下游5’-ATAGAGTGGATGCGAGTTC-3’;MTP:上游5’-GCCACATCTGTCACTACCTAC-3’,下游5’-CACCTGCCACTTGCTTCC-3’;NPC1L1:上游5’-CCAACAGGAACAAGAACAAG-3’,下游5’-GACAAGGCTATCACAACTATG-3’。

        1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析

        實驗數(shù)據(jù)之間比較采用t檢驗,P<0.05具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

        2 結(jié)果與分析

        2.1 黑米對小鼠血脂水平的影響

        圖1 小鼠血清中TC、TG、HDL-C含量的變化Fig.1 Changes in serum TC, TG and HDL-C in mice fed with control diet and three experimental diets

        由圖1可知,經(jīng)過8 周喂養(yǎng),與高脂對照組和白米組相比,黑米低、高劑量組小鼠血清中的TC、TG含量有降低趨勢(P>0.05);與高脂對照組相比,黑米低劑量組HDL-C含量顯著升高(P<0.05),黑米高劑量組HDL-C含量極顯著升高(P<0.01)。

        黑米富含花色苷,近年來的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),富含花色苷的食物或者食物提取物對于血脂異常有明顯的改善作用,花色苷對血脂的調(diào)節(jié)作用主要表現(xiàn)在降低TC、TG水平,提高HDL-C水平方面[9]。Xia Min[10]和Ling Wenhua[6-7]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)黑米或黑米皮可以升高載脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠和兔子HDL-C水平,從而抑制動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生。本實驗中黑米低、高劑量組小鼠體內(nèi)HDL-C含量明顯升高(P<0.05),這與上述文獻(xiàn)[6-7,10]的研究結(jié)果一致。

        2.2 黑米對小鼠肝臟膽固醇含量的影響

        圖2 小鼠肝臟中膽固醇含量的變化Fig.2 Changes in hepatic cholesterol levels in mice fed with control diet and three experimental diets

        由圖2可知,與高脂對照組相比,白米組小鼠肝臟中膽固醇含量沒有顯著變化,黑米低劑量組小鼠肝臟中膽固醇含量顯著降低(P<0.05),黑米高劑量組極顯著降低(P<0.01)。

        2.3 黑米對小鼠小腸中HMG-CoA-R、NPC1L1、ABCG5/8、ABCA1、MTP mRNA表達(dá)的影響

        圖3 黑米對高脂小鼠小腸HHMMGG-CCooAA-R、NPPCC11LL11、AABBCCAA11、AABBCCGG55/8和MMTTPP mRNA表達(dá)水平的影響Fig.3 Effect of three experimental diets added with white rice or black rice at various dosages on mRNA levels of HMG-CoA-R, NPC1L1,ABCA1, ABCG5/8 and MTP in mice fed with a high fat and high cholesterol diet

        三磷酸腺苷結(jié)合盒轉(zhuǎn)運體A1(ATP-binding cassette transporter A1,ABCA1)作為介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞膽固醇流出的關(guān)鍵轉(zhuǎn)運體,具有介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂質(zhì)流出,維持細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)穩(wěn)態(tài)的功能,對防止動脈粥樣硬化形成具有重要意義[11-12]。ABCA1的功能是將細(xì)胞內(nèi)的膽固醇轉(zhuǎn)運到細(xì)胞外,再經(jīng)HDL運送至肝臟代謝形成膽汁酸,從而完成膽固醇代謝。ABCA1途徑在膽固醇流出中有重要地位,研究顯示,過表達(dá)ABCA1可以明顯抑制動脈粥樣硬化病變的進(jìn)程[13]。ABCG5/8(ATP binding cassette transporter subfamily G members 5/8)能夠限制膽固醇在小腸中的吸收,同時把膽固醇排向腸腔。最近的研究表明,ABCG8基因多態(tài)性與膽固醇吸收有關(guān),影響膽固醇內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)[14]。Yu Liqing等[15]研究表明,膽固醇飲食可誘導(dǎo)腸內(nèi)ABCG5和ABCG8的表達(dá)。Real-time PCR結(jié)果顯示,與高脂對照組相比,給予黑米膳食可極顯著上調(diào)小鼠小腸內(nèi)ABCA1、ABCG5/8 mRNA的表達(dá)(P<0.01);NPC1L1(Niemann-pick C1-like 1)蛋白在哺乳動物小腸中大量表達(dá)[16],主要介導(dǎo)小腸從飲食和膽汁中吸收游離的膽固醇進(jìn)入腸黏膜[17-18]。Altmann等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NPC1L1基因敲除小鼠腸膽固醇吸收水平下降72%。本實驗結(jié)果顯示,與高脂對照組相比,黑米低、高劑量組NPC1L1 mRNA表達(dá)水平均顯著或極顯著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),表明小腸中游離膽固醇的吸收極有可能減少;小腸和肝臟是體內(nèi)膽固醇內(nèi)源合成的主要器官,細(xì)胞通過HMG-CoA還原酶(HMG-CoA-R)催化合成膽固醇,這是膽固醇合成的限速步驟[19-20],體內(nèi)研究表明,膽固醇能夠在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平上調(diào)節(jié)HMG-CoA-R,不同動物的調(diào)節(jié)方式可能不同,大鼠主要在翻譯水平調(diào)節(jié),而倉鼠和小鼠則表現(xiàn)在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平上[21-22],PCR結(jié)果顯示,與高脂對照組相比,小腸HMG-CoA-R mRNA表達(dá)有下降趨勢(P>0.05);微粒體甘油三酯轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白(microsomal triglycerol transfer protein,MTP)主要參與新合成的載脂蛋白脂化形成新的脂蛋白顆粒[23],并將合成的脂蛋白轉(zhuǎn)運到細(xì)胞外[24]。結(jié)果顯示,與高脂對照組相比,MTP mRNA表達(dá)有下降趨勢(P>0.05)。

        3 結(jié) 論

        膽固醇代謝平衡主要包括以下三方面:膽固醇(食物或膽汁中)的吸收,內(nèi)源膽固醇的從頭合成以及膽固醇的轉(zhuǎn)化和外排[25]。膽固醇的吸收主要發(fā)生在小腸內(nèi),腸道中吸收的膽固醇主要來自于食物、膽汁等,經(jīng)過小腸的膽固醇約有50%被吸收。本實驗結(jié)果表明:與高脂對照組相比,給予黑米膳食后小鼠體內(nèi)NPC1L1 mRNA表達(dá)水平顯著或極顯著降低,ABCA1和ABCG5/8 mRNA表達(dá)水平極顯著升高,故黑米對高脂膳食飼喂致高膽固醇小鼠膽固醇代謝平衡的調(diào)節(jié),可能是通過增加小腸中膽固醇的排泄并抑制其吸收實現(xiàn)的。

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        Black Rice Reduces Cholesterol Level by Upregulating ABCG5/8 and ABCA1 mRNA Expression in Intestines

        MA Na1,2, SHEN Tingting2, ZHAO Jiang1, WANG Jianan3, ZHANG Zesheng1, WANG Hao1,*
        (1. School of Food Engineering and Biological Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; 2. College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; 3. Binhai College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300270, China)

        The influence of black rice on serum lipid (TC, TG, HDL-C) levels and the expression of intestinal cholesterol metabolism-related genes (HMG-CoA-R, MTP, ABCG5/8, ABCA1 and NPC1L1) induced by high fat and high cholesterol diet (HFHC) was investigated in mice. Male mice (n = 48) were divided into four groups. They were fed a HFHC diet alone (C group, n = 12), or supplemented with 52.6 g/100 g corn starch or with white rice (C+W group, n = 12),26.3 g/100 g black rice (C+BL group, n = 12) or 52.6 g/100 g black rice (C+BH group, n = 12). After administration for 8 weeks, blood samples were collected for lipid measurements and viscera were removed at the end of the protocol. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were assayed by commercial kits. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to determine cholesterol content in hepatic cells. The mRNA expression levels of intestinal HMG-CoA-R, MTP, ABCG5/8, ABCA1 and NPC1L1 were detected by real-time PCR. The contents of serum TC,TG and HDL-C in the experimental groups were similar with those of the control group. However, HDL-C in the black rice groups was significantly elevated when compared with that of the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Hepatic cholesterol content were significantly decreased in the C + BL(P < 0.05)and C + BH(P < 0.01)groups when compared with that of the C group. The mRNA expression levels of ABCG5/8 and ABCA1 in intestines were up-regulated by dietary back rice(P < 0.01) when compared with those of the C group. The expression level of NPC1L1 mRNA was downregulated in the C + BL (P < 0.05) and C + BH (P < 0.01) groups. The increase of cholesterol excretion and the inhibition of cholesterol absorption in intestines may explain the mechanisms underlying the hypolipidemic effect of black rice.

        black rice; mice; ABCG5/8; ABCA1; NPC1L1

        TS201.4

        A

        1002-6630(2015)09-0136-05

        10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201509025

        2014-06-11

        國家自然科學(xué)基金青年科學(xué)基金項目(31201322);“十二五”國家科技支撐計劃項目(2012BAD33B05);天津市高等學(xué)??萍及l(fā)展基金計劃項目(20100609);天津科技大學(xué)大學(xué)生實驗室創(chuàng)新基金項目(1314A216)

        馬娜(1990—),女,碩士研究生,研究方向為食品營養(yǎng)學(xué)。E-mail:nana1191086372@163.com

        *通信作者:王浩(1979—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向為食品營養(yǎng)與健康。E-mail:wanghao@tust.edu.cn

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