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        Regeneration Cultivation Technology of Flammulina velutipes in Factories

        2015-12-13 07:57:50HongyanMA
        Agricultural Science & Technology 2015年5期
        關(guān)鍵詞:金針菇工廠化食用菌

        Hongyan MA

        Technology Industry Group of Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China

        Flammulina velutipes, widely used as food or a medicine, is of Flammulina species, in the family Physalacriaceae, order Agaricales, class Agaricomycetes, and division Basidiomycota[3].It is extensively distributed in Japan, China, Europe and the US[4]. With crisp and delicate stipe, and sticky and smooth cap[5], it tastes delicious[6], containing rich protein, vitamin and crude fibre[7]. What’s more, it performs excellent in improving intelligence[8]and anti-cancer[9-10],so that innovations are made in terms of production technologies and techniques. For example, the cultivation mode with plastic bags is the simplest,with high biotransformation efficiency and good benefits[11], which is widely applied among factories[12].In contrast,regeneration method mainly adjusts environment factors to induce withering of Flammulina velutipes and makes full use of stipe and base to promote secondary differentiation of base, which produces Flammulina velutipes with better quality and yield compared with traditional methods.Currently,edible mushroom-based enterprises face fierce competition, and the core is related to technology to a great extent.The research made conclusion on different chains of regeneration of Flammulina velutipes in order to resolve the restrictive problems in cultivation and to provide new thoughts of highly-yielding cultivation for practitioners.

        In general, the technological process of Flammulina velutipes cultivation consists of opening bags, inducement to primordium, inhibition, regeneration, bagging and management in growth stage.

        Opening Bags and Inducement to Primordium

        Mushroom hypha would ripe from the 23rdto the 40thd after inoculation,and the ripening stage including formation period, development period and fully-grown period of buds. When culture compost swells, Flammulina velutipes can be shelved from bags.Specifically, plugs and lantern rings can be unplugged and the cultivation bags are bagged with low-pressure polyethylene plastic bags. It is notable that the external bags should be lower than cultivation bags, and the rest can be folded into turnover baskets. Subsequently, inner bag entry is lifted by left hand and plastic films about 3-5 cm away from bag entry is cut by right hand to rip off the thin films at entry.Meanwhile,the temperature of cultiva-tion room can be adjusted to 5-7 ℃,humidity to 85%-92%,and illumination intensity to 50-200 lux for co-stimulatory. After 10 d, then, primordium would form on surface of medium and the primordium would develop to tiny buds after days of cultivation.

        Inhibition and Regeneration

        When buds grow to 2-4 cm in length, the temperature of the cultivation room can be adjusted to 6-9 ℃,and humidity to 60%-70%. With an evaporator and an inner-circulating fan intermittently operated in refrigerating unit, the frontier of buds would lose water fast and fall down. If sporocarps grow sparsely in a small number, the growth period can be extended in case of effects on yield. In general, these aim at inhibiting big fruits, promoting small ones and guaranteeing full growth of the buds,which is an important chain for enhancing yield and quality of sporocarp,under influence of light,humidity and temperature.

        After the inhibition treatment, the temperature of the cultivation room can be adjusted to 9-12 ℃and humidity to 80%-90%. After 2-4 d, new buds would grow from bases of the fallen stipes and by low-temperature cultivation, the buds would grow denser and denser. As time goes on,stipes would extend and sporocarps would grow in a semi-hydrangea shape. It is notable that withering of buds is key for the success of regeneration method. For example, if the withering degree is not high enough,sporocarp would grow again, so that the regeneration process would be affected, and the yield can not be improved,either.

        Lifting Bags

        If sporocarp continues growing,stipe would extend out of the bags,and external films should be pulled up every day. However, the supply of oxygen should be guaranteed, or the grown plants might be tall or short,with uneven flatness.

        Growth Management of Sporocarp

        The suitable temperature for sporocarp growth should be kept in 5-8 ℃and the concentrations of CO2of 8 000-12 000 cm3/m3. It is notable that CO2at a high concentration is conductive to extending of stipe and producing of highly-qualified Flammulina velutipes (Fig.1). Natural ventilation quantity meets the cultivation demands already and therefore,the door of cultivation room can not be kept open for a long term.Furthermore,relative humidity should be 85%-90% in the process of sporocarp growth.If the humidity is too high, for example, the moisture content of grown Flammulina velutipes would be higher also, resulting in poor quality of fruits and short storage term.In contrast,if the humidity is lower, the content of moisture would be lower, so that the quality would be guaranteed and storage term would be longer.

        Besides, if the concentration of CO2is higher and humidity of cultivation room is higher, new buds would grow from cultivation composts, resulting in lodging of plant tips, low yield of regenerated Flammulina velutipes.

        Harvesting

        Flammulina velutipes can be harvested when cap tips curl, shaping bamboo-hat or spherical surface, with diameter of 0.5-1.2 cm and sporocarp length of 16-18 cm (Fig.2). Specifically,the staffs could hold the bases of Flammulina velutipes and sway a little bit to pull the plants out.After harvesting, Flammulina velutipes can be weighed per bag, followed by packaging for marketing(Fig.3-Fig.4).

        However, Flammulina velutipes should be harvested in advance if the following phenomena occur. Firstly, if the cap is too large and sporocarp declines earlier, continuing cultivation would result in aging of Flammulina velutipes and decreasing of the commercial value.Secondly,if Flammulina velutipes is damaged by diseases or insects, continuing cultivation would lead to decomposition of the plant and even destruction of the whole growth environment.

        Conclusions

        Compared with traditional bagging cultivation, regeneration method takes advantages.For instance,the nitrogen source in soyabean cake and wheat bran cane be transformed into amino acid necessary for humans,which indicated that Flammulina velutipes is abundant with nutritional and medical components. Hence, for enterprises with advanced technology in China should conduct large-scale production in refrigerators, with saw dusts as major materials. In conclusion, the yield of Flammulina velutipes reaches 450-460 g and biological transformation rate is in the range of 125% -128% . What’s more, the cultivatedFlammulina velutipes proves better in quality and longer in shelf-life,and the source of raw materials is not confined in a specific region,showing a promising prospect. For governments,therefore, more supports should be given to enterprises engaging in planting Flammulina velutipes in order to stimulate development of leading enterprises with high intensive management and advanced cultivation technology and facilities.

        [1]WEI H(魏華),XIE JJ(謝俊接),WU JW(吳凌偉), et al. Nutritional and healthpromoting functions of Flammulina velutipes (金針菇營(yíng)養(yǎng)保健作用)[J].Natural Product Research and Development(天然產(chǎn)物研究與開發(fā)).1997,9(2):92-95.

        [2]MA YC (馬永春).Cooking and dietary therapy of edible mushrooms(食用菌烹調(diào)與食療)[M].Beijing: China Agriculture Press(北京:中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社),1998,41.

        [3]WANG XQ (王小瓊),ZHANG ZJ (張志軍).The research on white Flammulina velutipes industral production technique and equipment system (白色金針菇工廠化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)與裝備體系研究)[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research (農(nóng)機(jī)化研究), 2011,(10): 236-239.

        [4]CAI HH(財(cái)和暉),LIAO ST(廖森泰),LIU XM (劉學(xué)銘),et al.Advances in studies on components, bioactivity and processing of Flammulina velutipes(金針菇的化學(xué)成分、生物活性及加工研究進(jìn)展)[J]. Food Research and Development(食品研究與開發(fā)),2008,29 (11):171-174.

        [5]WU GD (吳貴道).The cultivation technology of Flammulina velutipes regeneration method in factories (金針菇再生法工廠化栽培技術(shù))[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology(現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)科技),2011,(11):153-154.

        [6]MENG JL (孟俊龍), CHANG MC (常明昌). Industrial annual cultivation technology of white Flammulina velutipes(白色金針菇工廠化周年栽培技術(shù))[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences(山西農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)), 2010, 38 (12): 117-119.

        [7]WANG Q(王瓊),HUANG XM(黃曉梅),ZHANG P(張平),DING L(丁玲).Antioxidant activity of the polysaccharide of Flammulina velutipes (金針菇多糖的抗氧化活性)[J]. Food Research and Development (食品研究與開發(fā)),2014,35(4):66-68.

        [8]CHANG MC (常明昌). Mushroomology(食用菌學(xué))[M]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press (北京: 中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社),2003.

        [9]HUANG Y(黃毅).Edible mushroom cultivation(食用菌栽培學(xué))[M].3 版(the 3rd edition). Beijing: Higher Education Press (北京: 高等教育出版社),2008:178-193.

        [10]CHANG MC (常明昌). Edible mushroom cultivation (食用菌栽培學(xué))[M].Beijing: China Agriculture Press(北京:中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社),2001:83-92

        [11]RUAN HD (阮海東),CHEN XJ (陳秀娟),LIN RB (林戎斌),et al.The optimal allocation of raw materials of white Flammulina velutipes in factories(工廠化栽培白色金針菇原料資源的優(yōu)化配置研究初報(bào))[J]. Fujian Agricultural Science and Technology (福建農(nóng)業(yè)科技),2007(3):37-38

        [12]MENG QG (孟慶國),ZHAO J (趙杰),TIAN H(田浩),WANG Z(王志).Highly-efficient cultivation technology of bag-cultivated Flammulina velutipes(袋栽金針菇高產(chǎn)栽培技術(shù))[J].Shandong Vegetables(山東蔬菜),2008,(1):45-46.

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