Zhisheng MA, Yunyun JIA, Yuehui WANG, Ruixia BAI, Jianming LI

Shijiazhuang Pomology Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China

Fruit size is an important breeding objective[1]and an important commercial trait.It is one of the main factors determining the price level of fruit. Fruit size of peach is a genetic trait controlled by multiple genes.Ma et al.reviewed the genetic regularity of peach fruit size[2].Fruit size is affected by soil conditions and cultivation technical measures,such as thinning, pruning, fertilizing, watering, exogenous growth regulators, bagging,reflective film and greenhouse film. In production, in addition to selecting fruit-large cultivar, the fruit size should be enlarged as greatly as possible through taking various measures in the premise of ensuring fruit inner quality. Li et al. ever discussed the ef fect of bagging on fruit size,which was not comprehensive[3]. Currently, the effects of reflective film and greenhouse film on fruit size have not been reviewed. To this end, the research progresses in effect of bagging,reflective film and greenhouse film on peach fruit size were reviewed in this paper so as to provide basis for conducting further studies and producing larger fruit.

Effect of Bagging on Fruit Size of Peach

Bagging, as a major technical measure for improving appearance quality of fruit and controlling diseases,pests and cracking, has been widely used in production. The types of fruit bags that have been currently used in peach researches include double-layer bag, single-layer bag and plastic film bag.

Double-layer bag

Some scholars have studied the effect of double-layer bag on fruit size,but their results are not the same.

Increasing fruit weight Numerous tests showed that double-layer bag could increase fruit weight of peach and nectarine. Chen et al. found that the gray (outer)-black (inner) doublelayer paper bag and gray(outer)-black(inner) double-layer plastic film bag increased the fruit weight of 7-year-old Longmi No.9 by 29.7% and 25.6% re-spectively compared with the control[4].Gao et al.found that the three types of double-layer bags,light purple(outer)-black(inner), light yellow(outer)-black(inner) and dark yellow (outer)-black(inner), all significantly increased the single fruit weight of 5-year-old Xinchuanzhongdao compared with the control and the red(inner)double-layer bags, and among all the treatments,the single fruit weight of dark yellow(outer)-black (inner) double-layer bagging treatment was highest, and it was 36.50% higher than that of the control[5].Ma et al.studied the effect of bagging on fruit of 7-year-old Xiaguang nectarine, and they found that the yellow(outer)-white(inner) doublelayer paper bag and yellow (outer)-black(inner)double-layer paper bag increased the average fruit weight by 15.93% and 21.40% respectively compared with the control[6]. Lin et al.investigated the effects of five types of double-layer bags on 5-year-old Cuimi peach. Among the five types of bags,the light tan (outer)-black (inner),dark taupe(outer)-black(inner) and orange(outer)-black(inner) double-layer bags increased the single fruit weight significantly compared with the red(inner)and white (inner) double-layer bags.The light tan (outer)-black (inner)double-layer paper bag treatment showed the highest single fruit weight, which was increased by 29.55% compared with that of the control[7].Ma et al.conducted a test on effect of bagging on 6-year-old late-mature Sifi peach.They found that the seven types of double-layer bags all increased the single fruit weight compared with the control. Among the seven-types of double-layer bags, the khaki (outer)-black (inner) double-layer paper bag showed the highest single fruit weight,which was increased by 11.95% compared to that of the control. Moreover, the single fruit weights of brown-black(outer)-white(inner) and yellow-black(outer)-white(inner) double-layer paper bags were also higher[8]. In Wanmi peach varieties, yellow(outer)-white (inner) double-layer paper bag could significantly increase the single fruit weight compared with the control[9].

Reducing fruit weight Some studies have shown that the black(inner)double-layer bag decreases the single fruit weight. Li et al. found that the fruits of 18-year-old Shuojin No.3 that were bagged with yellow(outer)-black(inner) double-layer paper bags were all smaller than those of the control[10].Under protected cultivation, the conventional yellow (outer)-black (inner)double-layer bag decreased the single fruit weight of Huyou 018 by 5.91%[11].In the 8-year-old Bayue peach and Beijing No.24, the yellow(outer)-black(inner) double-layer bag also decreased the single fruit weight compared with the no bagging treatment[12].In addition, some other studies also showed that the single fruit of double bagging treatment was lower than that of the control[13-14].

No effect on fruit size Wang et al.fount that there were no significant differences in single fruit weight of Qinwang peach or Qinguang No.2 nectarine between the double bagging)[light yellow (outer)-black (inner)]and control treatments[15-16].In the 4-5-yearold Huimin peach, the gray (outer)-red (inner) double-layer paper bag produced no significant effect on fruit size[17]. There were also some other studies showing that double bagging had no significant effect on fruit weight compared with the control[11,18].

Single-layer bag

Increasing fruit weight Some studies suggested that single-layer bag could increase fruit weight of peach.In 4-year-old Wanmi peach,the gray(outer)-black (inner) single-layer bag increased the single fruit weight by 61%compared with the control[9]. The Xiaolin single-layer white bag increased the single fruit weights of two nectarine varieties by 11.2%-19.0%and 7.32%,respectively[19-20]. The fruit weights and sizes of Cuimi and Yingzui peach that were bagged with single-layer paper bags were all increased compared with the control[7,21].

Reducing fruit weight Some tests suggested that single-layer bagging decreased the single fruit weight. Qin et al. found that the single bagging(black)decreased the fruit weight of 8-year-old Xinchuanzhongdao peach[13].Chen et al. conducted a test on effect of bagging on 4-5-year-old Huimin peach. The results showed that the gray (outer)-black (inner)single-layer bag decreased the single fruit weight by 18.89%[17].After bagged with singlelayer bags,the fruits of 6-year-old Hujingmilu peach all become smaller compared with those of the control.Among all the treatments, the fruits of the orange single-layer bag treatment were smallest,followed by those of the white and yellow single-layer bag treatments[22]. The single fruit weights of Cuimi and Yanhong peaches bagged with single-layer bags were all lower than that of control[7,14].

No effect on fruit size Some scholars bagged the fruits of Qinwang,Qinguang No.2 and Yingguang No.4 with yellow(outer)-black(inner) or light gray (outer)-black (inner) single-layer bags. The results showed that no significant differences were found in fruit size between the treatment and control groups[15-16,23]. The fruit weight was all not increased significantly by single-layer sulfate paper bag, white single-layer paper bag, yellow single-layer bag, single-layer newspaper bag,brown single-layer waterproof paper bag or single-layer paper bag[5,6,12,17-18].The single newspaper bagging treatment did not increase the single fruit weight of Hujingmilu peach or Xinchuanzhongdao peach significantly compared with the control[5,22].

Plastic-film bag

There are rare tests on plastic film bagging in peaches. Similar to double bagging and single bagging, plastic film bagging also showed different results in peach fruits. Chen et al.bagged the fruits of Longmi No.9 and the other 9 peach varieties with colorless and breathable plastic film bags.The results indicated that the peach fruits bagged with plastic film bags were all larger than those of the control[4,24]. The weights of single-layer purple plastic film bagged fruits of Cuimi peach were a litter higher than those of the control (P＞0.05)[7].Wang et al. bagged the fruits of Qinwang peach and Qinguang No.2 with breathable plastic film,and their single fruit weights were decreased by 8.93%and 9.49%respectively compared with that of the control[15-16].

Effect of different bagging time on fruit size

The bagging time mainly produced two kinds of effects on fruit size.First, early bagging increased the single fruit weight compared with late bagging. Second, early bagging decreased the single fruit weight compared with late bagging. The average single fruit weights of the nine peach varieties that were bagged on June 4thwere all increased in varying degrees compared with those bagged on June 14th. Among the nine peach varieties,the single fruit weights of 92-1(28.40%), Zaohong No.2 (26.94%)and Yuhualu(26.75%)were increased more greatly[24]. The study results of Li et al. indicated that the single fruit weight of early bagging treatment was lower than that of late bagging treatment; the earlier the bagging is, the smaller the fruits are;the later the bagging is,the larger the fruits are[10,25].

Effect of Reflective Film on Fruit Size of Peach

The test results showed that reflective film could increase single fruit weight[26-29]. But there were also some researches considering that reflective film had no effect on single fruit weight[30-32]. In the same experiment,the single fruit weights of some varieties were increased, but of some other varieties maintained constant[33].However,there have been currently no reports on reflective film decreasing single fruit weight.

Effect of Greenhouse Film on Fruit Size of Peach

Under protected cultivation,single fruit weight is generally reduced. The single fruit weight of Shuguang nectarine cultivated in greenhouse was reduced by 17.65% compared to that cultivated in open field[34]. Different greenhouse films decrease single fruit weight in varying degrees.The vertical and horizontal diameters of fruits under greenhouse film added with antifog film were reduced by 1-4 cm compared with those under greenhouse film coated with anti-fog film[35].Under conditions of facility cultivation,the single fruit weight of 3-year-old Chunjie peach showed no significant difference between the shade treatment and natural light treatment at the early and middle growth stages, but it showed significant difference at the late growth stage[36]. Wang et al. considered that facility cultivation generally increased fruit size by 4.08%-14.8%, which was mainly due to low temperature at night during the first rapid growth period in greenhouse, promoting flesh cell division[37].

Discussion and Suggestions

Variation of fruit weight after bagging and reason analysis

The bagging may increase fruit weight, decrease fruit weight or produce no significant effect on fruit weight compared with the control,which were consistent with the study results in Fuji apple[38]. The reduced apple size is caused by early bagging,and the changed microenvironment produces adverse effects on strong cell division of young apples, reducing apple size[39].The increased apple size may be caused by that appropriate bagging avoids the damaging effects of high light to auxin, thereby increasing apple size[40]. Some other studies also consider that the increased apple size is caused by post-bagging increased temperature in the microenvironment and reduced evaporation on apple surface,which reduced moisture loss during the growth and development of fruits[41]. It remains unknown that why the single fruit weight of peach is changed after bagging. The possible reason is that the bagging changes the microenvironment around peach fruits, affecting cell number or cell size. The late bagging only affects cell size, while the early bagging may affect cell number.

Effect of different type of bag on fruit size

Different types of bags have different effects on fruit size. No definite conclusions have been made, but some trends can be seen.

Double-layer bag According to statistics, among the 25 literatures in which double-layer bag produced effect on fruit size,the single fruit weight was increased in 14 out the 25 literatures, and was decreased in 5 literatures,and in the other 6 literatures,the single fruit weight was not changed.Among the 14 double-layer bags which increased the single fruit weight,there were 10 black bags, 2 white bags and 2 red bags. The weights of fruits bagged with black(inner) doublelayer bags were not only higher than those of the control, but also higher than those of fruits bagged with white(inner)or red(inner)double-layer bags.In addition, the brown-black (outer)-white (inner) double-layer paper bag and yellow-black (outer)-white(inner)double-layer paper bag also increased the fruit size. Therefore, it can be concluded that black(inner)or black(outer)double-layer bag is trended to increase single fruit weight, but Xiaolin double-layer bag [yellow(outer)-yellow(inner)]decreases or produces no effect on single fruit weight.

Single-layer bag and plastic-film bag According to statistics, the Xiaolin single-layer all increased the single fruit weight in the two literatures.But the gray(outer)-black(inner)singlelayer bag generally reduce or produce no effect on single fruit weight. Newspaper bag is one kind of single-layer bags.In the four literatures with newspaper bagging treatment, the single fruit weight was increased in one literature, but no significant differences were found in single fruit weight between bagging treatment and control groups in the other three literatures.There are rare reports on plastic film bagging tests, so no definite conclusions have been made.

Reflective film and greenhouse film

There are rare reports on effect of reflective film on fruit size. Reflective film is generally laid before the ripening of fruits so as to increase light intensity,improving fruit quality.In theory,the laying of reflective film will only increase single fruit weight, instead of reducing fruit weight, which is consistent with previous reports. The researches on effect of facility cultivation on fruit quality are abundant, but on fruit size are rare. Greenhouse film changes the whole climatic conditions inside greenhouse,including temperature, humidity and light, which are all changed with the changes in weather.At present, in order to shorten growth period, the covering time of greenhouse film is generally prolonged. The reduced light intensity inside greenhouse is disadvantageous to growth and development of fruits. In addition,the temperature inside greenhouse is greatly affected by the weather,so it is difficult to be completely regulated by the human will.Therefore,the effect of greenhouse film on fruit size is more complex than those of bagging and reflective film.This kind of effect is multifaceted, and it is not determined by a single factor.

Suggestion on conducting further comprehensive study on effect of bagging on fruit size

Characteristics and inner microenvironment of fruit bags The microenvironment inside fruit bags plays an important role in growth and development of fruits, and the characteristics of fruit bags(i.e.transmittance and permeability) affect the microenvironment inside fruit bags. There are rare reports on effect of transmittance of fruit bags on fruits, but to our knowledge, there are no researches on effect of permeability of fruit bags on fruits. In the researches on bagging,the transmittance and permeability of fruit bags should be determined.In addition, the microenvironment inside fruit bags, such as variation laws of light,temperature and humidity,should be studied comprehensively so as to provide a basis for analyzing changes in fruit size.

Bagging time and bag type As mentioned in previous studies, the bagging time is not uniform, and the description is also not uniform. In some studies, the bagging is carried out 30 d after the flowering period; in some studies, the bagging is carried out 50-55 d after the flowering period;while in some studies, the bagging is carried out at an absolute time, such as a certain day,not an absolute phenological period. So the bagging should be conducted at a scientific time, and the effect of different bagging time on single fruit weight should be made clear. In the same area, the tests of different types of fruit bags should be carried out so as to further clarity the effects of different types of fruit bags on fruit size and to screen out the fruit bags that can increase fruit size.

Excluding other interference factors influencing fruit size There are many factors influencing fruit size.So the test design should be enhanced, and the other interference factors should be unified. In particular,the comparison of fruit size should be carried out under the same loading conditions.Thus the test results will be more accurate and reproducible.

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