Jing WANG, Jichang HAN, Yang ZHANG, Yang WEI

1. Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group, Xi’an 710075, China;

2. Shaanxi Land Construction Group Land Engineering Technology Research Institute, Xi’an 710075, China；

3. Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China

According to Bulletin of China Land and Resources in 2013,the area of farmland reaches 135 133 333 hm2nationwide[1].However,the results of Second National Land Survey, although the number of land meets the demand of 120 333 333 hm2, land quality is not so satisfied, for land pollution is serious and land reserve is insufficient.

It is notable that land consolidation would not only increase farmland area, but also improved farmland quality. Hence, it is important to conduct land consolidation for accomplishing management of both number and quality of farmlands available and guarantee national crop safety. Nevertheless,in some areas,more attention is paid to the number, and farmland quality is usually ignored in program of land consolidation. What’s worse, the phenomenon of occupying highly-qualified farmlands is quite common, resulting in extensive poor farmlands. In practice,the problem of hidden disappearance of farmlands, namely, deteriorating of farmlands,is generally neglected, posing threats to farmland protection[2-3].

In 2014, land consolidation drew attention from central government and highlights were given to land consolidation and construction of highly-qualified farmlands in different conferences and sites, especially for quality of added farmlands. Therefore, it is necessary to attach importance to land consolidation and improve quality of supplementary farmlands.

高中化學(xué)知識不是孤立的存在，而是先后銜接，具有一定的邏輯性，教師可以將與新知有關(guān)的知識制作成微課，讓學(xué)生課前預(yù)習(xí)的時候進(jìn)行觀看，這樣既能幫助學(xué)生鞏固舊知識，引出新知識，也能激發(fā)學(xué)生興趣，順利導(dǎo)入新知識的學(xué)習(xí).比如在學(xué)習(xí)“混合物的分離與提純”之前，教師可以將學(xué)生初中學(xué)過的過濾、蒸發(fā)相關(guān)內(nèi)容做成微課，讓學(xué)生預(yù)習(xí)的時候?qū)⒁呀?jīng)掌握的知識進(jìn)行回顧，從而引出混合物的分離與提純的一般方法，為萃取和蒸餾的學(xué)習(xí)做好鋪墊，激發(fā)了學(xué)生對新知識探究的興趣.

馬克思主義認(rèn)為，社會作為一個有機(jī)體是由多個子系統(tǒng)集成的，社會整體觀要求我們看到整體聯(lián)動的優(yōu)越性，要求我們確立整體大于部分觀念。習(xí)近平指出，共產(chǎn)黨人的初心就是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)人民的根本利益，就是要堅(jiān)持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，這也是對社會各子系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的總規(guī)范。具體說來要把握好以下三個理念：

Importance of Quality of Land Consolidation Program

Guarantee of program quality for farmland protection and crop safety

Although with lots of capitals invested, land engineering research started later, and a systematic theory and technology is unavailable. Therefore,it is necessary for land consolidation industry to strengthen public infrastructure and technology research and highlight science and technology innovation.

On one hand,the position held by land science is not widely accepted[9],and it becomes urgent to construct land engineering theory and science in order to promote the importance of land projects, to cultivate inter-disciplinary talent through training and to allow technicians and managers to learn engineering experience. On the other hand,it is necessary to transfer staffs’concern from self benefits to program quality by formulating the management system of responsibility, rights and benefits to gradually shape competition system and rewards and punishments system.

Precondition of program quality for maintaining farmer’s benefits, promoting social stability and harmony

It is known that farmlands are crucial for farmers. Hence, scientific and rational design of land consolidation program would not only change abandoned lands to fertile lands, but also construct modern agricultural farmlands characterized by squared farmlands, lined road, net-oriented forests,connected channels, standardized farmlands, professional production,mechanized operation and agricultural standard, which integrates land engineering with modern agriculture development and new countryside construction, and improves agricultural production, crop yield, farmer’s incomes, advancing regional sustainable development[4].

For example,Shaanxi Land Construction Group conducted research on mixed soils of soft rock and sands with different proportions and carried out experimental planting in Fuping County and Yuyang demonstration zones, with progress made. Hence, a new model formulates of land comprehensive consolidation and use characterized by high-standard farmland construction and modernized management, changing 4 667 hm2sandy lands into fertile lands, besides increasing farmlands, fixing sands, renovating environment, and accelerating development of eco-agriculture[7-8].

Program quality laying foundation for protecting eco-environment and guaranteeing land engineering sustainable development

Ecological safety lays foundation for human civilization and sustainable development, as well as constructing beautiful China. Xi Jinping, General Secretary, gives emphasis on the importance of conserving and improving eco-environment in terms of protecting productivity, and we can not develop economy at the expense of the environment. Hence, the red line of farmland quality can be considered as ecological red line.

To certain extent, land consolidation program disturbs original land ecosystem,but programs that are scientifically designed and supported by advanced technology, would improve eco-environment, besides increase land area and enhance land quality[5-6].

Program quality as a lifeline of existence and development of land consolidation industry

Quality is a lifeline of land engineering, which concerns rational use of national lands and existence and development of the industry. Nevertheless, some enterprises aims at making profits from land consolidation program, so that economic profits become the major consideration, and program quality will be ignored, which would affects adaptability and investment effects of the program,as well as the reputation of land consolidation industry. Hence, quality should be a priority in land consolidation program.It is necessary to recognize the responsibility of improving program quality and well implement a program to guarantee quality of land program and sustainable development of land consolidation industry.

The Way of Improving Quality of Land Consolidation Program

To intensify research on public infrastructure and Science Technology innovation

With development of urban construction and attention paid to farmland resources, the scale of land engineering is extending recently. In 2013,the capitals from our nation for land consolidated reached 44.264 billion yuan and totaling 20 500 projects were checked, with an area of 2.401 0 million hm2[1]. Based on such huge pro jects and investments, it can be concluded that national lands,and investments of labor, materials and capitals would lose if problems occur, such as excessive pursuit of farmland area,and compensation with poor farm-lands for occupied highly-qualified farmlands. Similarly, with just consideration of the number of farmlands,crop safety would be under severe threats. Therefore, it is necessary to guarantee safety of national crop and quality of land consolidation program.

What’s more, the targets and responsibility of implementing farmland quality should be put into practice strictly by way of incorporate highstandard farmland construction, compensation of farmland quality survey,assessment, and quality objective responsibility system into examination and assessment system of provincial Party committee and governments and to link up the implementation of land quality responsibility objectives with distribution of construction land quota and land consolidation program arrangement to improve the activity in enhancing farmland quality.

水力壓裂技術(shù)可以使煤層與煤層之間的縫隙增大，增加煤層之間的透氣性，使煤層的空間變得更加暢通，便于瓦斯的流動，減少瓦斯因?yàn)闈舛炔煌霈F(xiàn)涌出的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。水力壓裂技術(shù)不僅能夠使煤層的通透性增加，還能降低瓦斯安全事故的發(fā)生率，保證了煤礦開采人員的安全。

However, if original lands are destroyed,and crop yield reduces due to ignoring of land consolidation quality and management, land consolidation program will not return farmlands to farmers.Instead,farmer’s benefits will be threatened, deteriorating conflict between farmers and government,which is adverse for long-term and stable development of rural society.

To improve standards of the industry and implement quality objective responsibility system

During the process of land consolidation program, related departments should well implement the construction procedures of a program,improve monitoring system, and create monitoring methods to allow a whole-process monitoring involving designing, constructing, monitoring and completion of works, which would guarantee quality of a program.

At first, carry out related scientific research,determine scientific research topic, and tackle the key research projects, such as cultivating soil fertility, fixing sands, and improving soils.Secondly, it is crucial to extend new methods, technologies, materials and equipments in construction sites to improve technology and quality of land consolidation by S&T innovations. Finally, it is necessary to construct land consolidation comprehensive integration technology system and transform scientific research achievements into practices to enhance program quality.

To strengthen talent team construction and improve quality recognition

Humans are creators of quality aswell as the performers. It is necessary to intensify talent team construction to guarantee quality of land consolidation program, for only when activity, creativity, and responsibility of people are provided could quality of land consolidation program be guaranteed.

家長樹立科學(xué)的親子閱讀觀是提升親子閱讀價值的前提條件，學(xué)校可以邀請閱讀專家進(jìn)校，為家長提供科學(xué)的親子閱讀理念，指導(dǎo)家長如何進(jìn)行親子閱讀，以及真正理解親子閱讀的內(nèi)涵與價值。學(xué)?？蓪ｉT設(shè)置親子閱讀區(qū)域，把優(yōu)秀的家教讀本推薦給家長，供家長和孩子一起閱讀。通過家校合作，讓家長深刻體會到優(yōu)質(zhì)的親子閱讀活動應(yīng)該是父母不斷激發(fā)孩子的閱讀興趣，豐富孩子的閱讀體驗(yàn)，給孩子提供觀察、提問、思考和表達(dá)的機(jī)會，并和孩子展開交流與探討，豐富他們的思想情感，鍛煉語言及思維能力，增進(jìn)家長與孩子的親子關(guān)系，讓孩子在親子閱讀過程中感受關(guān)愛，體驗(yàn)快樂。

To focus on monitoring and management of program quality and establish long-term quality system

The management of quality is indispensible for improving program quality. Specifically, with consideration of national standards and industrial standard,it is of necessity to formulate farmland quality standard, planning standard, technology standard, and implementation standard and to design specific and feasible examination index and specifications from the perspective to quality management, to form the management centered by quality.For example,recently,different provinces or cities formulate Quality Standard of Newly Added Farmlands of Land Consolidation Program according to local nature and environment,proposing problems in land consolidation, such as ignoring eco-environment and village cultural diversity and intensifying standards in planning,designing, implementing, constructing and management.

However, the achievements of quality of land consolidation program take a long term,which requires insistence. Currently, many programs of land consolidation lack restriction system, which can be concluded as focusing on construction and ignoring maintenance. As a result, the consolidated farmlands would be left uncultivated without subsequent maintenance,and program profits in later period are hardly to be accomplished.Hence, it is of necessity to guarantee follow-up management and establish a long-term system of program quality.After acceptance check, the program should be submitted to rural primarylevel organization and Ministry of Land and Resources should strictly conduct monitoring on consolidated lands, and list related organizations into a blacklist once the management is found poor.At the same time,should intensify cooperation with Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources to guarantee follow-up management of supplementary cultivated land.

Conclusions

Since the 18thCPC National Congress, Xi Jinping, General Secretary, always emphasizes to defend farmland “red line”,including number and quality.The Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Water Resources also propose to advance protection and improvement of farmland quality, and target improving productivity for requisition-compensation balance in order to improve farmland quality management and lay foundation for crop and agricultural production.

With consideration of the change from excessive pursuit of number to the balance of both number and quality,it is both a challenge and an opportunity to construct a new quality system for land consolidation industry.The industry, therefore, should grasp the opportunity to improve quality of land consolidation program and protect farmland red lines and crop safety in order to guarantee agricultural sustainable development and advance social stability and harmony.

The parameters used in the computational process are as follows[26]: nr = 3.2, Γ = 1/0.14 ps, and I = 4 MW/cm2, the others needed are shown in Table 1.

玉米倒伏病害的防治除了合理種植，還要根據(jù)不同玉米品種的差別安排玉米種植密度，同時也要注意鉀、氮及磷肥的合理使用，根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)赝恋氐那闆r進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)难a(bǔ)給。此外，為了預(yù)防在玉米拔節(jié)后氮肥量施加過多，可以將其分為苗期、穗期2次追肥。通過在玉米拔節(jié)后期采取一定措施可以有效防治玉米倒伏，在玉米拔節(jié)后期也要注意中耕培土的實(shí)施，促進(jìn)玉米根部發(fā)育，從而提升玉米植株抗倒伏能力；在玉米拔節(jié)后期可以進(jìn)行植物生長抑制劑的噴施，控制玉米植株高度。

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